A study on impact of sanitation issues on the life of

People living in Jagdamba camp, New Delhi, India

Dissertation submitted to the

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
In partial fullfillment of the required award of the degree of
MASTER OF ARTS ( SOCIAL WORK)

BY

SHAHAB HASSAN KHAN

MSW, SEM- IV

SUPERVISED BY
DR. VIRENDRA B. SHAHARE

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK

UGC CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDY
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI-110025
2017-2019
 INDEX

DECLERATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1. An Overview of Sanitation.
2. Introduction about the community.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 Importance of research methodology in research study.

 Research Design
 Research Methods
 Sources of Data
 Sample size and Selection
 Data Collection Technique
 Data Analyses Plan
 Limitations and Challenges
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 6: ANNEXURE

 Interview schedule
CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES
 DECLERATION

This is to certify that the present research titled “Sanitation issues and its impact on
the life of community people at Jagdamba Camp” is based on original research and
has not been submitted in part of whole for any other diploma of any university. The
works of other authors, wherever they have been duly acknowledged and mentioned
at relevant places.

SHAHAB HASSAN KHAN

 CERTIFICATE

On the basis of the declaration submitted by Shahab hassan Khan student of M.A
Social Work, III Semester 2016, I hereby certify that the dissertation titled
“Sanitation issues and its impact on the life of community people at Jagdamba
Camp” which is submitted to the Department of Social Work, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi in partial fulfillment for the requirement for the award of the degree of
Master of Arts in Social Work, is an original contribution with existing knowledge
and faithful record of research carried out by him under any guidance and supervision.
To the best of my knowledge, this work has not been submitted in part of full for any
degree or diploma to this university or elsewhere.

DATE: Signature and Name of the Supervisor

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. V.B Shahare, Department of

social work, JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA for his extraordinary cooperation, invaluable
guidance and supervision. This project is result of his staking generous attitude. I
would like to thank Mithun Kumar and other agency workers specially for their
valuable suggestions and useful comments throughout this research work.

I would also like to express my heartfelt thanks to all the respondents who
participated in the research and made it possible for me to complete the research.

I owe and respectfully offer my thanks to all my teachers, noble parents for their
constant moral support and mellifluous affection which helped me to achieve success
in every sphere of life and without their kind devotion this project would have been a
sheer dream.

I am also thankful to my all colleagues and friends for their constructive discussions,
perseverance and encouragement during this research work.

I sincerely acknowledge the efforts of all those who have directly or indirectly helped
me in completing my research successfully.

It is the kindness of these acknowledged person that this project sees the light of the
day.

SHAHAB HASSAN KHAN

 PREFACE

The worker during his field work visited community on regular basis and the most
visible issue of the community was sanitation problem. Open and over flowing
drainage was common sight in the community. There was absence garbage disposal
system in the community. The research study focuses upon the sanitation condition
and its effect on the people living inside the community.

Swechha is a Delhi based NGO that works in the field of environment and informal
education and hygiene. So the worker chose the area of sanitation to gain an in-depth
to understanding of the perspectives, viewpoints and opinions of the people in the
camp.

In the present day scenario govt has launched programs for addressing the issues of
sanitation and hygiene but condition in slums and unauthorized colonies are no better.
The worker has mainly focused on the condition of the sanitation and its effect on
people living in Jagdamba camp.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Impure drinking water, inadequate infrastructure and absence of essential sanitation
are causing much trouble for poor people living in slums in Delhi. Sanitation issues
play an important role in continuation and alleviation of poverty. Thousands of people
fall ill and die due to the lack of sanitation facilities in the slums. Diseases like
diarrhea and dengue, typhoid are very common disease in slums and the reason
behind the spread of these diseases is lack of sanitation facilities. Access to clean
drinking water and proper sanitation facilities is the important and common need of
the slums.

Human being produce different kind of waste and their waste is treated through
different processes for making the surroundings more convenient for human living.
Problems starts when wastes are not treated and disposed on a routine basis. These
untreated waste turn hazardous and gives birth severe problems. Slum areas still lack
adequate mechanism for disposal and treatment of waste produced. This problem is a
very stark feature of heavily populated slums of big cities and due to this risk of
infectious disease increases specially among infants, old people and people with poor
immune system.

Sanitation facilities are not enough and in other words, one can say that 4 out of 10
people don’t have proper sanitation and also they are not aware enough about the
advantage of it. Most of the people defecate in the open or use unsanitary facilities,
with a serious risk of exposure to sanitation-related diseases. India’s performance on
providing proper sanitation facilities, one of the major goals of Millennium
Development Goals, has been very weak and if the MDG sanitation target is to be
achieved, innovative approaches need to be developed to reduce the time span from
policy making to services delivery.

Human excreta have been found as a major source of transmission of many infectious
diseases including cholera, typhoid, infectious hepatitis, polio, cryptographers, and
Triassic. Poor people are living in slum areas due to lack of enough money to afford a
good household and inadequate sanitation gives them number of diseases which needs
a lot of money to treat. At the end, the money they were saving goes into treatment of
several diseases time to time which leads to a number of financial and economic costs

including direct medical costs associated with treating sanitation-related illnesses and
lost income through reduced or lost productivity and the government costs of
providing health Page 4 of 13 services. Additionally, sanitation also leads to time and
effort losses due to distant or inadequate sanitation facilities, lower product quality
resulting from poor water quality, reduced income from tourism (due to high risk of
contamination and disease) and clean up costs. Increases in female literacy (due to
increased school attendance where proper sanitation facilities exist) contribute to
economic growth.

The progress of sanitation is very slow. Many people do not realize the health and
economic benefits to the individual, the community and to society from improving
sanitation. Sanitation had not been a priority issue in government’s scheme of things
and most of the time government has focused on poverty eradication programs. The
high cost of improving sanitation is often cited as a barrier to implementing sanitation
projects. Now, authorities have started realizing the importance of sanitation programs
and stakeholders have become aware that poor sanitation has a health impact and its
repercussions are dangerous.

Sanitation is required for all human beings. To avoid diseases, air or water borne, man
should take care to maintain his personal and oral hygiene and also should take care
of the surroundings around him making sure that they are clean. Ill effects of bad
sanitation are not seen as an immediate effect; rather it manifests itself in the future
affecting the people and everything in the surroundings. This is a major problem
especially in the slum areas where the poor people live. Here the infrastructure is poor
which leads to bad sanitation. Improper drainage system leads to a lot of pollutants
being released in the atmosphere by the open sewer system, which directly affects
animals and humans. Pollution is not only emissions from vehicles, it is also due to
rotting garbage, which decomposes and releases hydrogen sulfide gas, which has a
rotten egg smell. Apart from the bad odour, it also harbors the growth of many deadly
bacteria and viruses, which cause serious diseases. One of the major diseases in
children is the Blue Baby Syndrome (Metheglobonimea) is caused due to nitrate
concentration of the ground water due to the excessive formation of Nitrates from
waste dumps which seeps into the ground water. When a baby ingests water with
excessive nitrate concentration, the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.
This often causes death. Such is the after effect of bad sanitation condition.

Over 50 per cent of population lives in slums and unauthorized localities in Delhi and
they live in very congested localities. Majority of them do not have accesses to safe
drinking water and sanitation facilities. They faced number of sanitation issue and
problems throughout the Delhi. The sewage condition of the slum localities is very
poor. Despite being capital and fastest growing metropolitan city of India, Delhi does
not have a proper sewage disposal and drainage system. Delhi’s drainage system is
over burdened by the huge population living in Delhi’s slum. Due to poor drainage
system water logging is visible in most of the slums which is the major cause of
waterborne diseases cholera and dengue.

New Delhi, the capital of India is the home of around 20 million people. This city is
considered to be having a glorious past, ambitious present and a bright future. It is one
of the most preferred investment hubs in the country. It has provided efficient
infrastructure, high standard of living, and spacious streets to its inhabitants. It is at
the height of advancement and modern life style; some people here enjoy high-end
and luxurious life with numerous facilities. But, we seldom look at the slum clusters
which are even situated in posh areas of the city.

Urban poor are struggling for their survival in a globalized era and in times of rapid
urbanization. Delhi is experiencing the impact of these changes at multiple levels, and
the worst impact is felt by the poorest of poor, living in urban slums. People migrate
to cities with a dream to earn a better livelihood. But their hopes and aspirations are
far from the reality, when they start living in slum locations and face a daily challenge
in accessing water and sanitation facilities. It is highly surprising that according to
survey conducted in 2011, over 1/3 of the Delhi’s estimated population live in slums
with no basic resources like clean water and proper food. Proper system of cleaning
roads, disposal of garbage & waste water, proper toilets and other essential facilities
that are required for maintaining hygienic condition are absent. In absence of support
from MCD, the slum clusters have their own alternative mechanism, which include
private sweepers, disposal to nearest dustbin, throwing on roadside and other means.

According to latest statistics, 55-56% children living in slums and so called

unauthorized colonies in Delhi defecate in the open. Even infants, women are forced
to go nearby plot to defecate due to lack of public toilets. This is a serious problem
and needs to be look upon seriously and immediately. It not only puts them at the risk
of facing exploitation but also poses a serious health challenge to the affluent colonies
located near these areas. Women especially face harassment as it becomes a challenge
to go out and defecate. Few months ago some men tried to grope a woman when she
went out in the evening to defecate. Even if someone wants to use the brimming
broken toilet, they can’t as the ceiling can collapse anytime. People living in slums
with help of NGOs have written many times to DUSIB (Delhi Urban Shelter
Improvement Board). The officials often assure that work will begin soon and give
lame promises to construct new toilet blocks and they also say that the budget has
been passed.

Just about 35 years, or may be much earlier, 50 per cent of Indians will live in urban
settlements. Going by the current trends, most of this growth will happen in the slums
that typically characterize shanty locations where one can see people defecating in
open, living in unhygienic conditions, queuing up for hours to fetch a bucket of
drinking water and so on. Addressing these problems of the urban poor needs an
inclusive development and their participation. While about 30 per cent of the urban
Indians still do not have pipe water connections at their homes, almost 20 per cent
households lack toilets on their premises. For the urban poor, it is still worse. While
there is no assurance of quality for the water they get through pipes at home or road
side taps and tankers, the fact that they live in shanty locations exposes them to all
sorts of health hazards.

Statistics suggest that about a quarter of the slums are located around drains. Water
logging affects more than 50 per cent of the urban slums. Majority of the slums are
also situated besides waste dumping yards. Even though safe drinking water,
sanitation and living in a healthy environment are considered basic needs in the
country, the urban poor continue to remain deprived of them. The capital city of India
has grown nearly 42 times since 1901, but half of it still lives in slums, unauthorized
colonies and in about 860 jhuggi-jhonpri clusters. Nearly 20 per cent of its residents
do not receive drinking water on their premises, 20 per cent have no toilets and four
per cent defecate in the open. More than two thirds of Delhi has yet to be covered by
sewerage lines.

Government considers illegal settlements by the urban poor a bottleneck in providing

basic amenities. However, cities such as Agra testify to the fact that despite owning
the properties legally, the poor have not been able to access piped water supply. In
Agra’s slums, 96 per cent of the people own their premises, but only 60 per cent of
them get water supply from the municipality. Ground water extraction for drinking
water is a huge problem in such cities.Cities that have grown the most have grown
more in the slums. For example, Mumbai, world’s fifth largest city, where 78 per cent
of people live in slums. Slums in Mumbai are known for their large habitation size,
population density and extremely unhygienic living conditions. Reports show
infectious diseases in the slums of Mumbai are always in alarming proportions. Some
other cities face another type of a problem and Bhubaneswar is a typical example. The
city gets more than double of the water it requires – from both surface and ground
water sources – but the distribution is highly inequitable. Two third of the slums don’t
get safe drinking water. About 80 per cent of the slum dwellers defecate in the open.

Managing septage is yet another mountainous task for India’s urban areas. As per
Census 2011, piped sewer systems are only available to 32.7 per cent urban
households. Rest of the households rely on on site sanitation systems, such as septic
tanks, use public toilets, or defecate in the open. India needs much better, scientific
and locally adaptable management of septage. Manual scavenging, a traditional
practice, has been banned with the enactment of the Prohibition of Employment as
Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013. Septage is mostly handled
mechanically, but manual scavenging is still in practice mainly because the existing
cesspool suckers – that come either with trucks or tractors – cannot reach the narrow
lanes. Manual scavengers, usually belong to the Dalit community, living in some of
the most unhygienic conditions in the cities.

Seventy-two per cent urban households have a water source on their premises.
However, having a source inside one’s complex does not guarantee the quality of
water one gets. Statistics make us believe that only 32 per cent of India’s population
receives treated water. However, many cities report regular cases of hepatitis and other
water borne epidemics due to contamination both at source, pipelines and point of use.

Women living in urban slums and on pavements go through several hardships and
challenges in their day to day life. They queue up for hours to fetch water from public
posts or tanks, face humiliation and even sexual harassment while defecating in open,
and get exposed to infections. The poor condition of public toilets also exposes them
to infections and other health hazards. Indian urban spaces, especially the slums, are
known for visuals of children defecating in the open – alongside drains and railway
tracks, and all other possible spaces that are near to their habitation areas.
Unknowingly therefore, the children become the cause of their own woes. Statistics
point that at least 1,600 Indian children under five years of age die every day due to
diarrhoea caused by lack of proper sanitation. Routine open defecation is also found
to be the primary cause of India’s stunting epidemic, which affects an estimated 48
per cent of the country’s children.

India’s urban planning is undergoing a revolutionary change. The current government

at the Centre has embarked upon an ambitious plan of modernizing India’s urban areas
through 100 smart cities and a revamped urban renewal mission, named AMRUT, for
another 500 cities, taking over from the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission (JnNURM. The Swacch Bharat Mission has already become an important
programme. To facilitate all these programmes, the Union cabinet announced in April
2015that over Rs 2 lakh crore will be invested into urban areas over the next five
years.

Population Foundation of India (PFI) has a programme called the Health of the
Urban Poor (HUP) that works to promote safe drinking water, clean and affordable
sanitation and hygiene and with it better health among the urban poor in India. We see
these new developments as huge opportunities for the urban poor, who constitute
almost half of the urban population.

Situation as it exists in India’s urban areas particularly in slum and slum like areas
with regard to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH).

ABOUT THE COMMUNITY

Jagdamba camp comes in Ward no. 88-s-of Chirag Delhi, it is a part of South Delhi
municipal corporation. Mrs. Pooja Jakhar is member of municipal corporation of
Delhi from this ward. The camp comes under the Malviya Nagar Police Station, it has
Hauz Khas as its tehsil and New Delhi as its District. The camp comes in Greater
Kailash constituency of Delhi state legislature, Mr. Saurabh Bharadwaj is
MLA(Member of legislative assembly) from this constituency, and it is part of New
Delhi constituency of Lok Sabha, Mrs. Meenakshi Lekhi is MP(Member of
parliament) from this constituency. The community also has a local leader, he lives in
the community only. Mr. Shabab Ul Huq is the community leader at present.

Total approximate population of the Jagdamba Camp is 25000. The number of total
voters in the camp according to Electoral roll of 2019, State- (U05) National Capital
Territory of Delhi is 2481, with 1384 Men voters and 1127 Female voters. The camp
has people of nearly all the castes like, Yadav, Sharma, Bisht, Das, Mandal, Gujar and
Muslim. Most of the people of the community are of two religions only i.e. Hinduism
and Islam. As trainee has mentioned earlier that the camp has people from most of the
parts of the country. Most of the people are from Central and Eastern India.

The education status of the people of the Camp is very low. The education status of
those people who are above 35 is very low, even the education status of the youths of
the community is not very good, most of the youths of the Camp are school Drop out.
The education status of women is also very low. There might be reasons like poverty,
conservative thinking, unavailability of schools and infrastructure behind the illiteracy
of the people who are above 35 or 40 years of age, but the illiteracy of youths at the
time when they have the availability of most of the facilities is really very shocking

Jagdamba camp is facing the issue of poor drainage system and water logging like
other slum community. This problem is one of the major concern of the community
people. Diseases like Diarrhea, Dengue, Malaria and jaundice are very common
within community. There is absence of services provided by the M.C.D. People also
complain about continuous ignorance from the political parties

According to community people political leaders are only visible during election.
M.C.D tried solving issue by demolishing homes which were made on open drainage
line but this didn’t helped and it made the situation worse. M.C.D didn’t remove the
debris after demolishing the homes and it choked the existing sewer line which has
worsened the situation. This issue has affected the health, financial and social aspect
of life. This issue has also given birth to other issues.
 SEX RATIO OF THE SLUM

In the slum of Jagdamba camp the number of total voters according to Electoral roll
of 2019, State- (U05) National Capital Territory of Delhi is 2481, with 1384 Men
voters and 1127 Female voters. This represents the sex ratio in the camp.
 RELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY OF THE COMMUNITY

In Jagdamba camp slum community two major forms of religion are followed which
are Hinduism and Islam. According to the community people 70% are Hinduism
practitioner

CHAPTER 2
 LITERATURE
REVIEW

India has a population of almost 1.2 billion people. Major percentage of population
has no access to toilets. Most of these numbers are made up by people who live in
urban slums and rural areas. A large populace in the rural areas still defecates in the
open. Slum dwellers in major metropolitan cities, reside along railway tracks and have
no access to toilets or a running supply of water. The situation in urban areas in terms
of scale is not as serious as rural areas. However what escalates problems in urban
areas is poor sewerage systems and highly congested living conditions.

Sewerage systems, if present at all, suffers from poor maintenance which often leads
to overflow of raw sewage. Today, cities are highly populated. Over 20 cities have
over a million residents, including the metropolises of Mumbai, New Delhi and
Kolkata. In these places the existing sewerage systems, built to serve a population of
around 3 million people, can’t handle the waste water produced by an average of
12-14 million residents.

What makes matters worse is that the existing infrastructure isn’t suited to cater to the
needs of an exponentially growing population. Waste water treatment facilities are
inadequate- India neither has enough water to flush out city effluents, nor does it have
enough sewage treatment plants. A report suggests that only 30% of India’s water is
treated. The rest of the water makes its way into streams and rivers inducing another
major problem-water pollution. According to the country’s tenth 5 year plan, 75% of
India’s surface water resources are polluted and 80% of this is due to sewage alone.

According to Manjari Manisha ( 2015 )Eighty eight percent identified infections are
created by water, sanitation and natural contamination which prompts mortality and
incapacity. Adults and children get diarrhoea and different diseases from ingesting the
disease causing germs in human excreta, these results in dehydration, malnutrition,
fever, and even death, particularly of children, and those with bargained insusceptible
immune systems in the same way as more established persons and HIV/AIDS patients.
Different diseases associated with fecal transmission are polio, hepatitis A and E,
intestinal worms, skin diseases like scabies, and eye contamination s like trachoma
that can result in visual impairment. Polio can occur due to ore-fecal contamination,
and intestinal worms can result in cognitive hindrance and pallor physical distortions
and inabilities, and hepatitis can induce liver disappointment.
Every 20 seconds, a child dies of preventable waterborne disease. In India, 72 of the
1000 children failed to achieve their fifth birthday. The real executioners are
gastrointestinal diseases, pneumonia, preterm birth complications, diarrhoea and
malaria19. Diarrhoea is the second highest reason for death among children under five
internationally. Lacking accessibility and access to safe and clean drinking water,
essential enhanced sanitation, and poor hygiene cause about 88 percent of all
mortality due to diarrhoea.

Reena Singh ( 2008 ) stated that One of the most significant changes in the process
of worldwide urbanization has been the growth of mega cities. It offer numerous
opportunities for progress and better standard of living but at the same time they often
remain in a crisis mode with respect to housing, water and sanitation, health and other
basic amenities which are prerequisites for an acceptable standard of living. Although
they develop in different locational settings, they still contain numerous
commonalities with each other irrespective of their location in developed or
developing world. Post World War II rapid process of urbanization began in the
developing world, followed by intensive industrialization and Introduction and
Overview 5 migration into the cities. UN forecasts suggest that the proportion of
population living in cities would reach 60.2% by 2030. Subsequently, the number of
mega cities (those with 10 million inhabitants or more) will increase from 17 in 2001
to 21 in 2015. Currently, two-third of these large cities is located in the developing
world and one-seventh in India alone. Indian mega cities are typically characterized
by its haphazardness; extreme congestion, wide disparity and close existence of
formal and informal quarters. These are some features that make Indian mega cities
unique and interesting to be studied in terms of basic service provisions and
accessibility of environmental and social infrastructure, particularly water and
sewerage.

Rakesh Roshan ( 2015 ) in his article has said that New Delhi, the capital of India is
the home of around 20 million people. This city is considered to be having a glorious
past, ambitious present and a bright future. It is one of the most preferred investment
hubs in the country. It has provided efficient infrastructure, high standard of living,
and spacious streets to its inhabitants. It is at the height of advancement and modern
life style; some people here enjoy high-end and luxurious life with numerous facilities.
But, we seldom look at the slum clusters which are even situated in posh areas of the
city.

Urban poor are struggling for their survival in a globalized era and in times of rapid
urbanization. Delhi is experiencing the impact of these changes at multiple levels, and
the worst impact is felt by the poorest of poor, living in urban slums. People migrate
to cities with a dream to earn a better livelihood. But their hopes and aspirations are
far from the reality, when they start living in slum locations and face a daily challenge
in accessing water and sanitation facilities. It is highly surprising that according to
survey conducted in 2011, over 1/3 of the Delhi’s estimated population live in slums
with no basic resources like clean water and proper food. Proper system of cleaning
roads, disposal of garbage & waste water, proper toilets and other essential facilities
that are required for maintaining hygienic condition are absent. In absence of support
from MCD, the slum clusters have their own alternative mechanism, which include
private sweepers, disposal to nearest dustbin, throwing on roadside and other means.

According to latest statistics, 55-56% children living in slums and so called

unauthorized colonies in Delhi defecate in the open. Even infants, women are forced
to go nearby plot to defecate due to lack of public toilets. This is a serious problem
and needs to be look upon seriously and immediately. It not only puts them at the risk
of facing exploitation but also poses a serious health challenge to the affluent colonies
located near these areas. Women especially face harassment as it becomes a challenge
to go out and defecate. Few months ago some men tried to grope a woman when she
went out in the evening to defecate. Even if someone wants to use the brimming
broken toilet, they can’t as the ceiling can collapse anytime. People living in slums
with help of NGOs have written many times to DUSIB (Delhi Urban Shelter
Improvement Board). The officials often assure that work will begin soon and give
lame promises to construct new toilet blocks and they also say that the budget has
been passed.

Slums are also an integral part of Delhi, it can be left unattended. Government of
Delhi should take immediate measures to improve the sanitation conditions of the
slums so that people could get better place to live in and fulfill their dreams.

Kavita Wankhade (2014) One of the biggest concerns at the household level remains
that of water contamination, and the consequent impact on health. There are multiple
routes of transmission of pathogens, and hence contamination. First, the public source
of water itself might have been rendered ‘unsafe’ by the time it reaches the household.
There is newspaper reportage which highlighted water contamination in the public
supply systems, caused by leaking pipes. However, it is likely that water supplied by
public sources is less contaminated, as the water is treated before distribution, and
there are periodic checks carried out by the utilities. Second, the water supplied by
private players might be contaminated—this is the area on which there is least
information.

Finally, a large number of households are directly dependent on groundwater, and

there is evidence to prove that groundwater aquifers in Indian cities are polluted.

While geogenic contaminants like flouride and arsenic are a serious concern in parts
of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh and parts of West Bengal respectively,
cities across the country show signs of groundwater contamination from
anthropogenic sources. Domestic sewage is a major source of groundwater
contamination both due to improper disposal of sewage and leakages in the sewer
network. The groundwater in Bangalore is artificially recharged and the aquifer
polluted by leaking sewer lines and the disposal of sewage into the lakes of Bangalore.
Industrial effluents also contaminate aquifers severely as demonstrated by the case of
dyeing and bleaching industries in Tirupur, small medium and heavy industries in
Coimbatore and Ludhiana . Besides these, anthropogenic contaminants like
organochlorine pesticides including banned ones like DDT and HCH are found in the
groundwater in Hyderabad , Delhi and Jaipur.

In addition, there is the possibility of water contamination within households. Studies

have identified two domains of disease transmission: public and domestic domains.
Domestic domains refer to the area under the control of the household and there
have been studies that demonstrate that even with improved public sources, there is

likelihood of water contamination due to household storage mechanisms and

behaviour. A study carried out in Calcutta slums found there was water contamination
in water storage within the house, specifically water for non-potable uses, even when
the water source was not contaminated. In addition, only 50 per cent of urban
households have any form of treatment mechanisms at the household level

Akshay Gupta ( 2017 ) in his article has quoted world bank that despite being well
endowed with water, Delhi’s water supply is erratic and unequally distributed; its
residents receive water for only a few hours a day, while many cities in
sub-Saharan Africa provide better services to their citizens even with much less
water. Having water flow regularly through pipes ensures better quality of water by
preventing pollutants from being sucked in, thus making an erratic water supply a
major public health hazard. Some studies suggest that while quality of water is
indeed an important cause of infectious diseases, inadequate water supply can
result in similar disease environments by preventing households from maintaining
better sanitary conditions. Open drains also pose a fairly widespread problem.
Figures from the 2011 Census indicate that for 37.3% of households in urban India,
waste water is released from the house through an open drainage system. Even in
Delhi, 36.6% of households had open drainage systems and 4.2% had no drainage
at all.

As public health policy in India turns towards issues of sanitation, it is critical to

identify the root causes of diseases such as diarrhoea that are rife despite being
easily preventable, so that policy initiatives can be better targeted and more
successful. Several studies, including a multi-country analysis in 2008, revealed
that a greater burden of diarrhoea is associated with increased risk of stunting,
where the child is shorter than the normal height for her age. Diarrhea infections in
children from poor regions during their first two years might cause an 8 cm growth
shortfall and a ten IQ point decrements on average before they reach the age of ten.
Malnutrition in Zimbabwe has been found to reduce lifetime earnings by 12% due
to the effect on schooling. Given our findings and observations, and the literature
on sanitation and water supply, we are inclined to believe that the state of public
infrastructure plays a crucial role in determining child health outcomes through its
impact on the reduction of infections. Keeping in mind the impact of early
childhood health on life outcomes and human capital, this is a public health issue
with far-reaching implications. With initiatives such as Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan attempting to address open defecation and improve toilet access,
there is a need for a simultaneous focus on improving the drainage systems that
these new toilets will connect to and to recognize that sanitation issues are closely
interlinked with the goal of maximizing the advantage of India’s demographic
dividend.

Matthias Williams (2010) reports over 40 million slum dwellers across India, many of
whom cannot afford to pay for private tankers to supply water, the basic amenities of
clean water and toilets remain elusive, say aid workers.New Delhi is one of the fastest
growing and most densely populated cities in India, with about 1,000 migrants arriving
every day - most heading to slum colonies scattered around the city in search of a better
life. An estimated 4 million people live in slums - almost 30 percent of the capital’s
population. Yet many have to defecate in the open and have no choice but to drink and
bathe in contaminated water. In southwest Delhi’s Mangla Puri slums, women fill
buckets up from the only two working pipes that serve the 2,000 residents of this
over-crowded, densely populated colony. They wait patiently as a tiny trickle passes
through a plastic pipe into their containers. “We are tired of living like this,” said
Satinder Singh Raghav, a 25-year-old driver.“The past four days, we didn’t have any
water and when we do get it, it is very little.”Residents - most of whom live in families
of around six in tiny one-room cheek-by-jowl concrete units - say they cannot afford to
buy water and resort to knocking on doors in the nearby affluent enclaves begging for
the vital resource.

Sanitation standards in Mangla Puri are also poor. The two open water pipes sit
alongside massive piles of rotting garbage and open drains filled with sewage, plastic
and other rubbish. Piles of human waste from the few public toilets available are
dumped out in the open less than 50 meters from the slum dwellings and there is an
unbearable stench as pigs roll around in puddles of sewage. Aid workers say poor
sanitation contaminates scarce ground water. “One of the reasons for contamination of
groundwater is human waste which is percolating into the same water that people are
drinking,” said Indira Khurana, Water Aid’s director of policy and partnerships.
Although access to clean drinking water has improved in many parts of the country, the
World Bank estimates that 21 percent of communicable diseases in India are still
related to unsafe water. Globally, unsafe water kills hundreds of thousands of people
every year. Poor drinking water and hygiene practices are resulting in mass cases of
diarrhoea across the country, which cause more than 1,600 deaths daily, the World
Bank adds. Experts say groundwater is also polluted with chemicals from industry and
agriculture such as fertilizers, as well as high concentrations of fluoride and arsenic.

Pruss-Ustun A, Bos R and others (2008) analyzed the country data of disease burden
attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, insufficient hygiene and
inadequate management of water resources. It highlights how much disease could be
prevented through increased access to safe water and better hygiene. The study
provides epidemiological evidence and economic arguments for fully integrating
water, sanitation and hygiene in countries' disease reduction strategies. It also
provides the basis for preventive action by all relevant sectors managing critical water
resources and services in support of public health efforts. The burden of certain water
related diseases viz., diarrhea, malnutrition, intestinal nematode infections, lymphatic
filariasis, trachoma, scistosomiasis, malaria and other diseases (dengue, Japanese
encephalitis and onchocercisis) are described and quantified. The study suggests
further investigation on various factors related to water, sanitation and hygiene which
includes water hardness, lack of which has been associated with cardiovascular
disease; fluoride in drinking-water, high concentrations of which are associated with
dental and skeletal impairments; arsenic content of drinking-water, which is
associated with various cancers; spinal injury, which is a risk related to recreational
water environments; legionellosis, which is associated with poorly maintained
artificial water systems. It also suggests that while some health impacts are small at a
global level they could reach high local or national importance.

Annette Pruss David Key, Lovnaa Fewtrell and Janic Bilthear (2002) estimated the
diseases burden from water, sanitation and hygiene at the global level taking into
account various disease outcomes, mainly diarrhea diseases. The study calculated
disability – adjusted life years (DALYS), an index that combines the burden from
death and disability in simple index and permits the comparison of burden from water,
sanitation and hygiene with the other risk factor diseases. The study divided the world
population into typical exposure scenarios for fourteen geographical regions. The
scenarios have been matched with relative risk information obtained mainly from
earlier studies. The study also estimated the disease burden from water, sanitation and
hygiene to be 4 percent of all the deaths and 5.7 percent of the total disease burden
occurring worldwide, taking into account diarrhea disease, scistosomiasis, trachoma,
ascariasis and hookworm disease. These estimates are based mainly on intervention
studies. Other water and sanitation related diseases remain to be evaluated. This
preliminary estimation of the global disease burden caused by water, sanitation, and
hygiene provides a basic model that could be further refined for national or regional
assessments. This significant and avoidable burden suggests that, it should be a
priority for public health policy. The results indicate that, the high potential for
disease reduction by simple interventions like safe drinking water storage and
disinfection in the home which is illustrated by the difference of the disease burden of
minimal and realistic approaches. The study observes that, there is a need for
additional research to understand the complex web of risk factors involved in
faecaloral transmission of diseases. Such information will allow policy makers to act
on reducing faecal oral diseases in better targeted method.

Vijay Prasad (2001), concluded that the sanitation system was not governed by
machines, but by manual labour. The refuse was removed by sweepers as quickly as
possible, using carts and Lorries. They then either buried the refuse in sanitary land-
fills or dumped the refuse in water courses. The sanitation system survived only
through a greater intensification of labour and a creative use of the environment. The
labour process, far from holding back development, enabled the system to survive.
Without that creative flexibility there would be no sanitation system at all. The
sanitation question in a capitalist state is framed by the nexus between technology and
capital. The limit for the development of capitalist modern city (i.e. as bourgeois

thought's self-image) is not something extraneous, something ancient or outside, but it

is itself its limit. In other words, the limit of capitalist modernity is its constituents:
the social nexus between technology and capital. Within this framework, one that
relied upon the sweepers at the same time as it reviled them, the dalits will find no
emancipation. Technology is not a neutral thing, since it is imbedded within the social
relations that produce and use it. The emancipation of the dalits cannot come by
technology alone, but also through the rearrangement of the social relations.

Sushmita Sengupta (2018) The declaration of ODF status is a slippery issue as the
rush to achieve targets has led to false claims in the past. From 2001 to 2011 the
percentage of households with toilets in UP increased only from 19.2 to 21.8.
However, UP is now reporting that 94 per cent households have toilets in September
2018. This means the number has quadrupled in the last seven years. “One cannot
escape from suspecting that UP may have resorted to inflated reporting as in the past,”
says Naresh Chandra Saxena, former secretary with the Union ministry of rural
development. Sanitation being a state subject, SBM has given states autonomy to
conduct state supported surveys to check ODF status in villages and report back to the
Centre.

To understand how these villages declared themselves ODF, Down To Earth visited

the Kannauj district near the river Ganga and the assembly seat of Samajwadi Party

leader Akhilesh Yadav that has already achieved 100 per cent toilet coverage, with 80

per cent of it during SBM. The Centre checks a small sample of ODF villages/districts
for final evaluation. The MDWS advisory states that ODF declaration on behalf of the

villages must come only after local committees have ensured that a village has
individual household toilets in each household and no open defecation is taking place.

A broad guideline is given by MDWS for the states which includes seeing that no

visible faeces is found in the village premises and all toilets in the village are using

safe technology for the disposal of faeces. Verification of open defecation free status

is done twice; once in three months post self-declaration and then six months later. So

the whole verification process is completed in nine months. The state can use its own
team or get external experts.

According to Anuj Dewan (2017) A World Bank report says that by 2020, wars will
be fought over water, a trailer of which can be seen in the slums of Delhi where
people struggle and literally fight to fill a few buckets of water. Sometimes, the
altercations go out of hand and eventually lead to brawls and even police cases. This
violence is an indication of the near future, as it could spill over to other residential
areas as well. The recent Jat agitation for reservations in Haryana, not only destroyed
property worth thousands of crores, but it also took a toll on the lives of people living
in the neighbouring states such as Delhi by snatching them of their daily water needs.
But, 15% of Delhi’s population which resides in slums were probably unaffected by
this Haryana incident as water crisis is a way of life for them. Even the higher income
group colonies have been facing water shortage for years. This is so, because rapid
urbanisation, increasing population and growing demand for energy, industry and
agriculture is putting unending pressure on the natural resources such as water.

On the one hand, the per capita demand for water is gradually increasing and on the
other, the mismanagement of water is reducing the per capita supply. This increasing
gap between demand and supply could lead to an environmental and human disaster.
The nation is already witnessing droughts in several states that have led to mass
migration from rural areas to cities. “The problem of water has not been given the
attention that it demands and deserves and it is going to be very severe in the near
future,” says Arun Kansal, Head of Department (Water Studies) at TERI University.
He says that since Delhi is a state as well as urban agglomeration, it has to depend on
interstate agreements and its implementation to manage its water needs. The interstate
politics between Delhi, Haryana and Punjab over water has been in the news off late
but concrete solutions and agreements are still a far-fetched dream.
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is a systematic way to solve a problem. It is a science of

studying how research is to be carried out. Essentially, the procedures by which
researchers go about their work of describing, explaining and predicting phenomena
are called research methodology. It is also defined as the study of methods by which
knowledge is gained. It aim is to give the work plan of research.
The way in which research is conducted may be conceived of in terms of the research
philosophy subscribed to, the research strategy employed and so the research
instrument utilized in the pursuit of a goal the research objectives - and the quest for
solution of a problem- the research question.
The main objective of this chapter is to make a focus on the methodological approach
adopting in the study. It also tries to view the process used to collect and analyze data
to portray the factors affecting the education in slum area in Nehru Nagar, New Delhi.

Importance of research methodology in research study

It is necessary for a researcher to design a methodology for the problem chosen. One
should note that even if the methods considered in two problems is same the
methodology may be different. It is important for the researcher to know not only the
research methods necessary for the research under taken but also the methodology.
For example, a researcher not only needs to know how to calculate mean, variance
and distribution function for a set of data, how to find out a solution of a physical
system described by mathematical model how to determine the roots of algebraic
equation and how to apply a particular method but also need to know which is
suitable method for the chosen problem? What is the order of accuracy of the result of
a method? What is the efficacy of the method? And so on. Consideration on these
aspects constitutes research methodology.

Research Design

For a research one has to prepare a research design. A research design is a plan of
proposed research work. It should indicate the various approaches to be used in
solving the research problem, sources and information related to the problems and,
time frame and the cost budget. Essentially, the research design creates the foundation
of the entire research work. The design will help perform the chosen task easily and in
a systematic way. Once the research design is completed the actual work can be
initiated. The first step in the actual work is to learn the facts pertaining to the
problem. Particularly, theoretical methods, numerical techniques and other relevant
data and tools necessary for the present study have to be collected and learn.

It is not necessary that every theory, technique and information in the topic of the
research is useful to the present work. Further, the validity and utility of the
information gathered should be tested before using them.

The research follows qualitative approach. The basic and applied researches can be
qualitative and quantitative both. Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative
phenomenon involving quality. It is non-numerical, descriptive, applies reasoning and
uses words. Its aim is to get the meaning, feelings and describe the situation. We
measure and weighs things in the study of substance or structure Can we weigh or
measure patterns? We cannot weigh or measure patterns. But to study patterns? We
must map a configuration relationship. That is, structures involve quantities whereas
patterns involve qualities. If one wishes to investigate why certain data are random
then it is qualitative research. If the aim is to study how random the data is, what is
the mean, variance and distribution function then it becomes quantitative.

Research Methods

A combination of content analysis, interview with a structured questionnaire has been

used in the research. Use of different methods will reduce the biasness in the study
and work as reliable tool for research. Interview method helps the researcher to collect
data by face to face contact from the respondents. Interview is a systematic method by
which a person enters into the life of even a stranger and can bring out needed
information and data for research proposal. The researcher conduct the interview
using interview method. The questions were both open and close ended. Close ended
questions were to save the time and a small portion of open ended questions were
used to have in-depth knowledge and insight of the respondents.

Sources of Data
The data for this study was collected basically from two sources:
Primary: Data obtained through interviews, observation. Primary source of data
provides first hand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under
investigation. The researcher would collect the primary data for the study by
conducting interviews in the community.

Secondary: Secondary sources are those materials which digest, analyze,

evaluate and interpret information contained within primary sources or other
secondary sources. The secondary data for the research would be collected through
books, journals, National and International publications and research papers.

Sample size and Selection

In this research the sample size was 30 and it was random sampling selection. The
researcher has conducted with people above the age of 16 irrespective of their gender
from Jagdamba camp slum in Malviya nagar
.

Data collection Technique

To collect the data mainly interview method was used. In qualitative research, the
researcher randomly selected the respondents in the research area and administers a
strict interview schedule to them
In the present study, sample of respondents were selected from Jagdamba camp slum.
Which is situated in Malviya nagar, New Delhi.

Data Analysis Plan

Data analysis is where the researcher continually reflects on collected data, moving
deeper for understanding and representing data, and deriving an interpretation of the
larger meaning of data. The essence of this study is to convert large qualitative and
quantitative data into condensed forms to facilitate easy interpretation and
understanding for readers. The data collected were articulated in tabular form,
analyzed both manually and statistically, presented by charts and transcribed into texts
A relationship between data and variables was established by interpreting statements.
Results are presented through narrative text, simple computations and logical
reasoning.

Limitations and challenges

Through a single research all the aspects of an issue cannot be addressed. The present
study is not an exception. It also has some limitations and those are as follows:

(a) Study Area:

The most mention able limitation of this study is that, is that it was conducted
only on 30 people of the Jagdamba camp and through this it is very difficult to
have a macro view of sanitation issues and its impact on community people. The
study will deal with only few aspects of sanitation issues impact on community
people. So, there may be some crucial area which should have been addressed
but because of time constraints those aspects could not be covered.

(B) Getting proper information:

The focus of this study is basically evaluate the effects of sanitation issues on the
life of people at Jagdamba camp. To make them understood about interview
questions and having correct information from them was very challenging.
People were also afraid to talk. They thought it is a government investigation so
they were hesitant to give information.

( C ) Limited time:
Time was another constraint in the research. The time for the data collection was
not enough according to the researcher. During the research, the researcher had
to deal with difficulties such as communication problem etc. All these problem
cut down the fixed time of the field survey. So conducting the research in the
given time was a great challenge.

( D ) Limitation of Sample size:

Due to time constraints the study was conducted on a limited no of respondents.
Therefore, a holistic picture of the field survey could not be captured.

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS AND
DISCUSSION
 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

RESPONDENT’S PROFILE

Age of the respondents

According to the survey, the maximum age group of respondents was between 15-25,

However, 9 respondents were in the age group of 25-35, 3 respondents were in age
group of 35-45 and another3 respondents were in age group of 45-75.

Sex of the respondents

According to the survey,there are 67% are female respondents and 33% are male.
Majority of the respondents are female they were uncomfortable with talking to an
unknown person. It was easy for interviewer to interview male candidates but it was
also necessary to know the point of view of females about the research topic. That’s
why trainee conducted interview of 10 female respondents.

Educational qualification

According to the survey the qualification of the respondents out of 30 respondents ,

10 of them have done or currently pursuing their higher education ,3 of them
completed their secondary education or pursuing it, 7 have completed primary
education and 5 of the respondents are illiterate. Highest number of respondents have
completed or pursuing higher education because interviewer interviewed mostly
young generation people who are first generation learner of ir home.
Occupation of respondents

According to survey highest number of the respondents are students because most of
the interviewee were young. A good number respondents were also in private jobs
that includes daily wage labourer, security guard, house keeping, Peon etc. This
survey clearly indicated that majority of the population is engaged in jobs that doesn’t
require any of skills. All of the jobs mostly belong to informal so there is no job
security and being unemployed is common in the Jagdamba camp. A good number of
female respondents are also employed. Most of the female respondents are employed
as maid in near by Malviya nagar colony.

1) Availability of water in the house?

According to the survey 56% respondents said that they didn’t face any problem in
case of availability of water for non drinking purposes. They said that non drinking
water is available 24 hours and they have enough water for handling daily household
chores. The 24 hour water facility run by state through maintaining common water
taps in the community.

44% respondents reported that there is limited availability of water. They said as they
have to fill water through common taps it is really difficult for them to store water in a
very huge quantity. They also reported that they are forced to use community
washroom as they can’t store water in such huge quantity.

There was no respondent who said that they are facing acute shortage of water. It is
really appreciating that none of the respondents complained about acute shortage of
water.

2) Availability of portable drinking water

All the respondents that responded there is no availability of portable drinking water
in the community. Each and every house in the community gets portable drinking
water through common tap. The community tap which provides drinking is called as
sonia vihar wala nal. This community tap was started in 2016 Aam aadmi party
according to the respondents. The timing of these community taps are 6 to 10 in the
morning and 6 to 10 in the evening. Respondents also complained about the quality of
the drinking water and said they boil and they drink. These community taps are
available at every 100 metre in the community.

Respondent 8- Hum log pi nahi sakte is paani ko sidhe ubaal kar pina padta hai

3) What are the sources of non portable water?

According to the survey there are two major and only source of non portable water in
the community. First and the oldest source of water is Jal board pipe line. There are
common taps in community through which this pipeline is attached. This source
provides 24 water service. The water which comes through this pipeline is not fit for
drinking so this source of water is used for non drinking purposes.

Second and the new source of non portable water is sonia vihar pipeline. This pipeline
was installed in 2016 by Aam Aadmi party. This source provides drinking water in
the community. Services are available from 6 to 10 in the morning and evening.

4) Presence of solid waste management services in the

community.
According to the survey all the respondents reported that there was no presence any
solid waste management services. When interviewer asked interviewee they said that
these was no solid waste management in the community. They even said that not even
a single garbage collector comes to the community. People carry waste to dumping
place which around 500 metre from the community. They do this on regular basis.
Respondents even said that few people throw garbage inside the community. They
said this practice has led to the choking of drainage system in the community. These
is not even a single public dustbin in the community.

5) Presence of drainage system

According to the survey all the respondents said that there is drainage system in the
community. All the houses of the community is linked with this drainage system.

6) Failure in the drainage system

According to the survey all the respondents said that there is failure in the drainage
system. First thing which they said that the current drainage system is over burdened.
They said that the drainage system is really old. Respondents said that this drainage
system was made when the number of houses in the community was very less.
Respondents even said that people have build their houses on the drainage line which
is illegal. This has hampered the structure of drainage line. Respondents also
complained that as there was no solid waste management service in the community
and people in the community have been throwing waste in the drainage system. This
practice has choked the drainage system.

7) Frequency of water logging in the community

According to the survey 35% interviewees said that water logging is very frequent in
the community. They said sometimes water logging takes place for months sometimes.
45% said that it is not very frequent but it takes place from time to time . They say
during monsoon water logging is like a tradition in the community. 20% said that it
never takes place in their locality.

8) Major steps taken against failures in the drainage system?

According to the survey, interviewees reported that major step taken against the
failure of the drainage system is construction of new drainage line. Earlier community
people use to clean the drainage line on their own. Youths of the community also
formed the group which use to clean drainage on regular basis. People time to time
called politicians and pressurized them to take action.

9) Approach of community people towards the problem

According to the survey, interviewees reported that community people use to clean
drain on their own. Youths of the community also formed the group which use to
clean drainage on regular basis. People from time to time called politicians and
pressurized them to take action.

10) Issues faced in the community related to the water

lodging

According to the survey interviewees reported that the biggest problem which they
faced due to water logging is that water enters their house. As it is a waste water it is
almost impossible to the house. Respondents said that it is almost impossible to walk
in streets when there is water logging. Children have to take leave due to the water
logging. People also have to leave their work due to water logging this leads them
towards financial instability as they are employed in informal sector where they get
salary on daily basis. As water logging takes places due to the blockage of drainage
which contains waste water so the smell which comes out from water logging is
unbearable.

11) Does issues related to water logging effect the family

health?
 According to survey 93% respondents reported that the issues related to water
logging has been affecting people health. Only 7% respondents said that they don’t
consider issues related water logging has any effect on the health of the community
people.

12) Common diseases which occur due to water lodging

According to the survey and after consulting the doctors of mohalla clinic interviewer
came conclusion that most common disease is typhoid. This takes place due to
impurity in water. The second most common disease is malaria. It has become like an
annual tradition that malaria will spread in the community. Malaria is common
because water logging creates suitable environment for birth of mosquitoes in the
community. Skin diseases are also very common because people forced to walk to the
streets which are filled waste water.

13) How diseases affect the working of community people?

According to the survey respondents said they are mostly employed into daily wage
jobs and if they taken even one they will not be given salary of that day. If any person
fall ill for a longer period then he or she will loose job as they are employed in
informal sector. There is no job security. Most of the community from lower income
category falling ill leads to financial burden on these people.

14) Managing your medical expenses

According to the survey reported that they prefer going to government hospitals as
they are not very expensive. Only those people go to private hospital who have BPL
card because they get subsidy. Few people who are bit financially stable they also go
to small private clinics.

15) Assistance provided by government authorities or NGOs

According to the survey interviewees said that there are no NGOs that provide any
kind assistance to community people for managing medical expenses. Government
provides assistant by providing free medical sevices at government hospitals.
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

In the absence of public provisioning, the urban poor often construct toilets, drawing
on their own savings. Cost remains a major concern. While on-site sanitation systems
are often purported to be cheaper, as discussed above they can require more
investment from households, which often cannot afford even the waste removal costs.
It is ironic, that the poor should need to invest more than middle-income and rich
households, many of them connected to sewerage networks typically subsidized
through public investments. Policy needs to be cognizant of this additional burden on
the urban poor.

If the poor spend more on the construction of individual toilets, then there is some
case for redistribution of some funds from expensive city-level sewerage systems to
assist poor households with the costs of their on-site systems, including access to safe
removal facilities. Given the mixed records of toilet subsidies in rural India, however,
this needs to be thought through carefully, and certainly needs to be demand led.
Moreover, some public funding needs to be reserved for “soft” activities like
communications and awareness generation.

Land ownership and tenure security remain key challenges with regard to services
for the poor, whether in the case of self- or public provisioning for toilets. Few studies
explore access to sanitation facilities across the range of the tenure continuum. One
study that explores this in detail found that in the case of self-provisioning, security of
tenure matters more than legal status per se, while in the case of government
provisioning a clear legal status was more important.

In India, slum improvement programmes have been limited to slums with clear legal
status. Delinking public provisioning from legal status has been proposed as a way to
close the sanitation deficit. But security of tenure is also important. Many poor
households construct individual toilets with their own investments, and experience
has shown that they are more likely to invest in improving their living conditions if
they have secure tenure. Thus, there is need both for government to extend service to
urban poor households, irrespective of land ownership, and to enable
self-provisioning by providing tenure security through appropriate methods. Space
constraints. Space constraints, particularly in metropolitan areas, can get in the way of
access to individual toilets for the urban poor. Community toilets are often seen as a
solution when there are severe space constraints or where the issue of tenure security
cannot be solved easily.These facilities can be located on private or public land,
provided by public utilities or run in private–public partnership mode. However, they
face a range of problems, the most prominent being lack of proper maintenance. In
addition, these toilets need to be financially sustainable, whether funded by the public
utilities or with operating costs met by user fees, in the form of either a monthly pass
or pay-per-use. Policy needs to address the critical concerns of tenure security,
affordability and space constraints in order to meet this challenge of ensuring access
for the poor. To summarize, the policy priorities are: addressing deficits in the entire
waste cycle, expanding focus to all cities, putting faecal sludge management systems
in place, and addressing the needs of the urban poor – particularly the issues of tenure
security and cost sharing. While it is not possible to treat these concerns in this paper,
it needs to be highlighted here that concerns of institutional strengthening and
capacity building remain central to the challenge. The next section provides an
overview of the current policy framework in India, and identifies how far it has
moved on the above fronts.

While the recent attention to sanitation in both media and policy circles is a welcome
step, there is an urgent need to expand attention to the whole Waste water cycle to
achieve public health outcomes. This implies paying attention not only to Waste water
conveyance and treatment, but also to less visible concerns like poor construction of
on-site systems and lack of operations and maintenance. Given the scale of deficits (in
both sanitation and finance), it is important to find solutions that will enable access
for the maximum number of households, and also enable more cities to put in suitable
systems of conveyance and treatment. This paper has argued that putting appropriate
faecal sludge management systems in place is a promising way ahead. Further, there
is a need to understand that the access of the urban poor is critical not only for them,
but to achieve the objective of city-wide sanitation. Sanitation is a public good, the
benefits of which will accrue only if everyone has access to sanitation services.
Provisioning of services to the urban poor posits a vexed set of challenges like tenure
security, which go beyond financing

Finally, there have been considerable initiatives in India to tackle the urban sanitation
problem. While most of these efforts hold promise, more needs to be done.
Specifically, as the new government in India launches its new urban programs, it is
essential to take the above priorities into consideration.
CHAPTER 6

ANNEXURE
 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
TOPIC- SANITATION ISSUES AND ITS IMPACT ON THE LIFE OF
COMMUNITY PEOPLE AT JAGDAMBA CAMP

OBJECTIVE
1. To study the socio-economic condition of the people living in Jagdamba Slum
in Delhi.

2. To assess and examine the sanitation issues and problems at Jagdamba camp.
3. To review the programmers/policies by run the government for improving the
sanitation condition at Jagdamba camp.

4. To study the impact of sanitation on the life people at Jagdamba camp.

5. To prepare and suggest plan for improving the sanitation condition.

INTERVIEWEE INFORMATION
NAME-
AGE-
SEX-
EDUCATION-
OCCUPATION-
FAMILY MEMBERS

S.N NAME RELATIONS AGE SE OCCUPATIO EDUCATIO INCOME RELIGIO CASTE

HIP X N N N
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Is there an availability of water in your house?

2. Do you get a portable drinking water if no, then how you fetch water for drinking?
3. What are the sources of water for other purposes?

4. Is there any solid waste management facility in the community? If “no” then how
do you manage your solid waste?

5. Is there any drainage system?

6. Is there any failure in the drainage system?

7. Does such failure leads to water lodging?

8. Is water lodging frequent in your locality?

9. What are the major steps taken against such failures in the drainage system?

10.What were the approaches from the community people?

11.What issues are faced in the community related to the water lodging?

12.Does such issue effect your family health? If yes, how?

13.What are the common diseases which occur due to water lodging?

14.How illness due to such diseases affects your working profession?

15.How you manage your medical expenses?

16.Is there any assistance provided by government authorities or NGO?

CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES