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An Introduction to
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)
Mehrshad Mehrpouya
mehrshad.mehrpouya@uniroma1.it
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Types of Materials
- Metals
- Ceramics
- Polymers
- Composites
- Semiconductors
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• Piezoelectric materials
• Shape memory alloys
• Magnetic shape memory alloys
• Magnetorheological
• PH sensitive polymers
• Halochromic materials
• Thermochromic materials
• Chromogenic systems
• Electrochromic
• Smart Grease
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Example: Nitinol
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Geographic distribution
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Material behavior
in Micro-size
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Characteristic temperatures:
Martensite TEMPERATURE Austenite
Mf Ms As Af Mf=Martensitic Finish
(twinned)
Ms=Martensitic Start
As=Austenitic Start
Af=Austenitic Finish
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Stress
Triggers for
Martensitic
Transformation
(MT) Temperature
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Step 3:
• Bend the Wire
• It remains in its
Martenesite Phase
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Pseudoelasticity
or Superelasticity
(SE)
SMAs
Shape Memory
Effect (SME)
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A mix of roughly 50% nickel and 50% titanium is the most common SMA.
Also CuZnAl and CuAlNi are widely used.
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Superelastic behavior
T > Af
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Applications of
superelastic behavior
• Orthodontal braces
• Frames for eyeglasses
• Underwires for brassieres
• Antennas for cellular phones
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Detwinning
e
Cooling
Heating/Recovery
T
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
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Inactive
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The applications
of SMAs
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Medical Stents
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SMAs Stents
Nitinol is used in medicine for
stents: A collapsed stent can be
inserted into a vein and heated
(returning to its original expanded
shape) helping to improve blood
flow. Also, as a replacement for
sutures where nitinol wire can be
weaved through two structures
then allowed to transform into it's
pre-formed shape which should
hold the structures in place.
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The wires in the picture are used to replace the actuator. Electric
pulses sent through the wires allow for precise movement of the
wings, as would be needed in an aircraft. This reduces the need
for maintenance, weighs less, and is less costly.
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SMAs Microactuators
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SMAs Micro-actuators
SMAs can generate the mechanical work
in shape of large actuation force and
displacement during the phase
transformation. This deformation is
produced due to cooling and heating
cycle as two significant elements in SMA
actuators. The main parts of the SMA
actuators include; SMA part, mechanical
system, electronic control system, the
fixture body and the effective element
with recovering capability based on the
employed stress.
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SMAs Micro-actuators
The most common applications of NiTi thin films are
concentrated on microactuators due to their particular
capabilities in MEMS, such as micropumps, microvalves,
microgrippers, micropositioners, microsprings,
microspacers, and microwrappers, etc.
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