Professional Documents
Culture Documents
When Yielding occurs in any material, the distortion strain energy per unit volume at the
point of failure equals or exceeds the distortion strain energy per unit volume when
yielding occurs in the tension test specimen.
In the three dimensional stress situation, the state of stress at a particular location is fully
defined by three principal stress 1 , 2 , 3 .
The strain energy at a particular location of the element can be segregated into three
categories, namely:
(a) Total strain energy per unit volume of the stressed element, arising from the principal
stresses 1 , 2 , 3 .
(b) Strain energy per unit volume arising from the change of volume caused by a
hydrostatic stress, which is uniform in all three directions
(c) Strain energy per unit volume arising from distortion of the element, and which can be
considered as being the difference between (a) and (b).
Uni-Axial stress
In this case the stress situation consists of two principal stresses 1 , 2 , and the strains1 are
given by:
1 1 1
1 1 2 , 2 2 1 , and 3 1 2
E E E
This is the case of three principal stresses 1 , 2 , 3 , and the strains in the directions of the
principal stresses are then given by:
1
1 1 2 3 (1)
E
1
2 2 1 3 (2)
E
1
3 3 1 2 (3)
E
The total strain energy is the strain energy caused by the three principal stresses 1 , 2 , 3 .
It is given by
1 1 1
U 11 + 2 2 + 3 3 (4)
2 2 2
Substituting the three strains 1 , 2 , and 3 in equations (1),(2) and (3) into equation (4)
yields:
U
1
12 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
2E
(5)
The stress that causes change of volume only (hydrostatic stress) may be considered as the
average of the three principal stresses av , and derived from the expression:
2 3 (6)
av 1
3
1
Mechanical Engineering Design; Shigley, Joseph, pg 124, McGraw Hill, Seventh Edition, 2004
2 31 2
U v 3 av 1 2 = av 2 (8)
2E 2E
Substituting the value of av from equation (6) into equation (8) yields:
U v 31 2 1 = 31 2 2
2
2 3
1 2 3
2E 3 9 * 2E
Uv
1 2 2 32=
1 2 2
2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
1 1
6E 6E
Uv
1 2 2
6E
1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 (9)
This U v is the strain energy per unit volume caused by the uniform (hydrostatic) stress,
which is part of the three principal stresses 1 , 2 , 3 .
The distortion energy can then be obtained as the difference between the total strain energy at
the location of principal stresses, and the strain energy due to the hydrostatic portion of the
stresses at the same location. The distortion energy is then derived from the expression:
U d U -Uv
Where,
U d Distortion energy in the element at the location of principal stresses 1 , 2 , 3
U
1
12 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
2E
(5)
Uv
1 2 2
6E
1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 (9)
Therefore,
Ud =
1
2E
12 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 -
1 2 2
6E
1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
Ud =
1
6E
3 12 2 2 3 2 6 1 2 2 3 1 3 -
1
6E
12 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 * 12 2 2 3 2 2 * 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
1 2 3 12 23 13 1 2 3
1 3 2 2 2 6 2 2 2
Ud =
6E 2 2 * 2 2 2 2 * 2
1 2 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3
1 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 12 23 13
Ud =
6E 2 2 * 2 2 2
12 23 13 1 2 3
Ud =
1
6E
12 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 2
Ud =
1 2 2
6E
12 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
Ud =
1 2
2 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
1 (10)
3E
But
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 =
1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2
2
Therefore
Ud =
2 * 3E
1
1 2 2 2
2 2 3 1 3 (11)
1 2 2 3 2 1 3 2
Ud = 1 2 (12)
6E
For the simple tension test specimen, the three principal stresses when yielding occurs are:
1 = S y , 2 =0, 3 =0
When Yielding occurs in any material, the distortion strain energy per unit volume at the
point of failure equals or exceeds the distortion strain energy per unit volume when
yielding occurs in the tension test specimen.
1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 = 2S y 2
1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2
= Sy (14)
2
The expression on the left hand side of equation (14) is therefore considered as the
equivalent stress e , which causes failure by yielding. The equivalent stress is then given
by:
1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2
e = (15)
2
This is derived by adjusting the yield strength of the material in simple tension with an
appropriate factor of safety f .s. The design equation then becomes:
2 2 2 Sy
e = 1 2 2 3 1 3
= (16)
2 f .s.
The principal stresses 1 , 2 , 3 are first determined by stress analysis. Such analysis
describes the principal stresses as a function of the load carried, and the geometry and
dimensions of the machine or structural element.
The equivalent stress in the design equation is then expressed in terms of the dimensions of
the machine or structural element, while the right hand side is the tensile yield strength of
the material.
The factor of safety is simply a number chosen by the designer. The factor of safety together
with the strength of the material, gives the working2 (design, allowable) stress expected in the
machine part. The solution to the design equation then gives the minimum dimensions
required to avoid failure of the element by yielding.
2
Working Stress, page 527,Handbook, Metals Engineering Design, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME)