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09 GSM BSS Network KPI (Handover Success Rate) Optimization Manual
09 GSM BSS Network KPI (Handover Success Rate) Optimization Manual
09 GSM BSS Network KPI (Handover Success Rate) Optimization Manual
Manual INTERNAL
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GSM BSS Network KPI (Handover Success Rate) Optimization
Manual INTERNAL
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GSM BSS Network KPI (Handover Success Rate) Optimization
Manual INTERNAL
Keywords
Abstract
By analyzing the factors that affect the Handover Success Rate (HOSR) on the BSS side, this
document provides a method of quickly locating the cause of low HOSR or slow handover. In
addition, this document provides measures for optimizing the HOSR, thus meeting field engineers'
working requirements for solving handover problems. This document is used for optimizing the
KPIs of network performance and monitoring the network quality.
Abbreviations Expansion
BQ Bad Quality
MR Measure Report
MS Mobile Station
NE Network Element
TA Timing Advance
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Table of Contents
1 Basic Principles............................................................................................................................ 8
1.1 Definition.............................................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Theory.................................................................................................................................. 8
1.3 Recommended Formula....................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Measurement Point.............................................................................................................. 9
2 Influencing Factors..................................................................................................................... 11
4 Optimization Cases..................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 A Handover Fails Because the BSIC Cannot Be Decoded.................................................11
4.2 A Handover Fails Because Frequency Sequencing of the MS Is Different from That of
the BSC.................................................................................................................................... 11
4.3 A Handover Fails Due to Unreasonable Parameter Configuration......................................11
4.4 The Number of Failed Incoming BSC Handovers Increases Because the Handover
Request Does Not Contain Class Mark 3.................................................................................11
4.5 An Incoming BSC Handover Fails Because the A Interface Phase Flag Is Set Wrongly
................................................................................................................................................. 11
4.6 Because the Idle Burst Is Enabled, the Interference Increases, the Receiving Quality
Decreases, and the HOSR Becomes Low................................................................................11
4.7 Different HOSRs Resulting from Different Cause Values Contained in the Clear
Command Messages Sent by Different Switches.....................................................................11
5 Information Feedback................................................................................................................. 11
5.1 TEMS Log Files About Problem Cells.................................................................................11
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List of Tables
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List of Figures
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1 Basic Principles
1.1 Definition
Handover is an important function in mobile communication systems. As a means of radio link
control, handover enables users to communicate continuously when they traverse different cells.
The HOSR is the ratio of the number of successful handovers to the number of handover requests.
The major purpose of handover is to guarantee call continuity, improve speech quality, reduce
cross interference in the network, and thus provide better services for mobile station (MS)
subscribers.
1.2 Theory
The HOSR is an important KPI of the call hold type. According to the processes, this KPI can be
divided into two types: Handover Success Rate and Radio Handover Success Rate. According to
the relations between involved network elements (NEs), this KPI can be divided into three types:
Success Rate of Intra-BSC Handover, Success Rate of Incoming BSC Handover, and Success Rate
of Outgoing BSC Handover. The HOSR is an important KPI assessed by operators because the
value of the HOSR directly affects the user experience.
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Measurement Report
CHAN ACT A1
Handover Command
Handover B1
Access
Handover detect
PHY INFO
SABM
EST IND
UA
Handover Complete
Handover Performed
C1
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Measurement
Report
Handover
Handover Required
Request A3
A2
CHAN ACT
CHAN ACT ACK
Handover
Request ACK Handover
Command Handover
B2
Handover Command
Access B3
Handover
detect
PHY INFO
PHY INFO
SABM
EST IND
UA
Handover Complete
C2
Handover
Clear
Complete
Command
C3
Clear Complete
The measurement points illustrated in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2 are as follows:
A1——Measurement point of Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handover Requests and Internal Intra-
Cell Handover Requests
B1——Measurement point of Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handover Responses (Incoming
Internal Inter-Cell Handovers) and Internal Intra-Cell Handover Commands
C1——Measurement point of Successful Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handovers and Successful
Internal Intra-Cell Handovers
A2——Incoming External Inter-Cell Handover Requests
B2——Incoming External Inter-Cell Handover Responses (Incoming External Inter-Cell
Handovers)
C2——Successful Incoming External Inter-Cell Handovers
A3——Outgoing External Inter-Cell Handover Requests
B3——Outgoing External Inter-Cell Handover Commands (Outgoing External Inter-Cell
Handovers)
C3——Successful Outgoing External Inter-Cell Handovers
Replaced with corresponding measurement points, the formulas for calculating different types of
HOSR can be as follows:
Success Rate of Handover: (C1<Successful Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handovers> +C3)/
(A1<Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handover Requests> +A3)
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Success Rate of Radio Handover: (C1 <Successful Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handovers>
+C3)/(B1<Number of Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handover Responses> +B3)
Success Rate of Intra-BSC Handover: C1/A1
Internal Radio Handover Success Ratio per cell: C1/B1
Success Rate of Incoming BSC Handover: C2/A2
Success Rate of Incoming BSC Radio Handover: C2/B2
Success Rate of Outgoing BSC Handover: C3/A3
Success Rate of Outgoing BSC Radio Handover: C3/B3
Note:
If the BSC receives the Clear Command message sent by the MSC during an
inter-BSC handover, the current version does not count this case as a failed
handover. If a subscriber hangs up the phone during an intra-BSC handover, the
current version counts this case as a failed handover.
2 Influencing Factors
According to the cases and experience of the existing network, the factors that influence the
handover include the following types:
Hardware and transmission failures
Data configuration
Congestion
Coverage problems, and uplink and downlink imbalance
Interference
Clock problems
Failed inter-BSC/inter-MSC handovers
For details about all these factors, see section 3.2"Methods for Optimizing Handover Problems."
This chapter provides solutions to the problems about the handover when the following conditions
are all met:
The data configuration complies with the baseline of related parameters.
There is no problem about the engineering quality.
The coverage is good.
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I. Classification Description
Before analyzing the problem about the HOSR, determine the following points about handover
classification:
(5) Decide the scope of the failed handover. If the low HOSR occurs in all the
cells, check the problem from such aspects as the handover feature
parameters, the A interface circuits, and the BSC clock.
(6) If the low HOSR does not occur in all the cells, find out the TOP n poorest
cell. Then, proceed with the following steps specific to the cell.
(7) Distinguish whether there is any problem in the wireless interfaces
according to the differences between the HOSR and the Radio HOSR. The
Radio HOSR must be greater than or equal to the HOSR. If the HOSR is
much smaller than the Radio HOSR, analyze the problems about the
terrestrial links and the capacity. If the HOSR is a little different from the
Radio HOSR, consider the problems about the coverage and the
interference.
(8) Query the success rates of outgoing/incoming external/internal inter-cell
handovers in the handover performance measurement to analyze whether a
failed outgoing or incoming handover occurs. Analyze the performance
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By registering and analyzing the following counters, you can decide the scope and the basic cause
of a handover problem:
Cell Level
Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handover Measurement
per Cell
Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell Handover Measurement
per Cell
Incoming External Inter-Cell Handover Measurement
per Cell
Outgoing External Inter-Cell Handover Measurement
per Cell
Incoming Inter-RAT Inter-Cell Handover
Measurement per Cell
Outgoing Inter-RAT Inter-Cell Handover
Measurement per Cell
Measurement of MRs upon Handover Initiation per
Cell
Channel Assignment Failure Measurement per Cell
Traffic Volume on TCH
Symptom: The alarm system reports relevant alarm information. To rectify a hardware fault, clear
the alarms about the hardware failure. If the alarms are cleared, check the traffic measurement
information and analyze handover counters.
A hardware failure may involve the following hardware devices:
BTS transmission management unit
BTS TRXs
BTS combining and distribution unit
BTS feeder and antenna system
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I. Handling Process
(11) Check the data configuration of the hardware. If none of the data
configuration of the faulty cell and its neighboring cells is changed recently,
consider whether the handover problem is caused by a BTS hardware
failure.
If the handover problem occurs in only one cell under the BTS, consider
whether the problem is caused by the hardware failure of the cell. If a TRX is
damaged, a call fails to be handed over to this TRX.
If a similar problem also occurs in a co-site neighboring cell of this cell,
consider whether the problem is caused by the failure of the common hardware
of the cells, for example, the TMU failure.
You can block some TRXs to verify the preceding problems. If the HOSR
returns to normal after a TRX is blocked, check whether this TRX is faulty or
whether the CDU or the antenna related to this TRX is faulty.
If the uplink and downlink signals of a TRX are unbalanced, handover
problems such as frequent handover and lower HOSR often occur.
(12) Trace the Abis interface, and observe whether the signaling of the faulty cell
is normal and whether the uplink and downlink receiving quality in the
measure report is good. For detailed operations, refer to the M900&M1800
BSS Signaling Analysis Manual.
If the receiving level quality of half rate or full rate channel in the measurement
report is poor, the hardware of the cell is faulty or signaling cannot interact
normally due to serious interference in the cell. As a result, a handover problem
occurs.
Omitted.
Observe whether any alarms with the following IDs are reported. If yes, refer to the BSS Alarm
Guide to handle the alarms.
Alarm ID and Name
4102 TRX LAPD Link Interrupt Alarm
4104 TRX Config Mismatch Alarm
4108 Radio link critical Alarm
4114 TRX Interior I/O Alarm
4136 TRX Hardware Critical Alarm
4144 TRX VSWR alarm
4192 TRX communication alarm
4714 E1/T1 Local Alarm
5286 CDU Level 1 VSWR Critical Alarm
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I. Handling Process
Symptoms: An MS does not initiate any handover or frequently initiates handovers, which affects
the HOSR.
The handover parameters control the handover decision algorithm. If the handover parameters are
set improperly, the MS may not initiate any handover or frequently initiates handovers. In this
case, consider the cause from the following aspects:
Whether the PBGT HO Threshold in the data configuration is set properly
Avoid difficult handovers due to too great values of the handover thresholds or
frequent handovers due to the too small values. Proper settings can prevent
ping-pong handovers. For detailed settings of the thresholds, refer to the GSM
BSC6000 Performance Parameter Baseline (V900R008) (Chinese/English)
V2.0. Do not set the thresholds to the values deviating greatly from the baseline
values.
Whether the parameters related to the handover candidate cell in the data
configuration are set properly
Avoid the case that the MS cannot be handed over to a neighboring cell due to
the missed setting of the neighboring cell.
Whether the handover hysteresis parameters in the data configuration are
set properly
Avoid difficult handovers due to too large values of the handover hysteresis
parameters or frequent handovers due to too small values.
Whether the N and P counters in the data configuration are set properly
Avoid insensitive handover decision or difficult handovers due to the too large
values of the parameters, or the case that the target cell of a handover is not the
optimal due to the too small values of the parameters.
Avoid configuring the neighboring cells that share the same BCCH or the same
BSIC for a cell.
Abnormal circuit identification code (CIC) circuits may cause failed handovers.
For example, the CIC circuit allocated through a Handover REQ message received by the target
BSC is identified in the BLOCK state in the target BSC. Therefore, the BSC responds to the MSC
with a Handover Failure message whose cause value is Requested Terrestrial Resource
Unavailable. In this case, check the statuses of the circuits at the two sides of the A interface and
ensure that the circuits are in the same state.
You can trace the A interface signaling on the maintenance console to check whether the failed
handover is caused by the inconsistency of the circuit statuses. Do as follows:
(13) Trace the A interface signaling.
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When an abnormal handover occurs, promptly check the handover timer and ensure that the
handover timer is not less than the preset default value.
Table 1.1 lists the handover timers commonly used.
Figure 15.2 shows the flow chart and the description of the timers.
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Omitted.
Omitted.
I. Handling Process
Symptoms: After an MS initiates a handover request, the handover fails because no channel is
obtained.
The possible causes of cell congestion are:
The number of users in the cell soars and exceeds the designed number.
Improper settings of the network optimization parameters cause redundant
users in the cell.
Improper settings of the handover parameters cause the increase of the
users accessing the cell.
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After a handover fails because congestion occurs in the target cell, penalize the target cell to
prevent the MS from retrying to be handed over to this target cell. It is recommended that Penalty
Allowed be set to Yes.
Check whether the channel the congested cell is normal. If a TRX is faulty or a channel is
abnormal, rectify the relevant faults.
If full rate channels cannot be converted to half rate channels, it is recommended that you change
the channel attributes on the BSC6000 local maintenance terminal (LMT). That is, set the TCH
Rate Adjust Allow of all the TRXs under this cell to Yes. If the full rate channels can be
converted to half rate channels, properly reduce the value of TCH Traffic Busy Threshold(%) to
allocate half rate channels ahead of time and thus increase the system capacity. If the preceding
methods cannot solve the congestion problem, divide the cell or expand the capacity of the cell.
Since capacity expansion cannot be completed in a short time, you can set Channel Type to 1 or 2
to reserve channels for handovers. In this way, the failed handovers caused by congestion can be
reduced, and thus the HOSR improves.
SN Measurement Counter
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Omitted.
I. Handling Process
Asynchronization and instability of the BTS clock are major causes of call drops during a
handover. Therefore, keep the BTS clock stable. Otherwise, handovers often fail and call drops
occur frequently.
A 13 MHz unlocked alarm is generated. The BSIC cannot be decoded. The HOSR of the
concerned cells decreases.
The clock source is abnormal and deviation may occur between the BTS clock and other BTS
clocks. As a result, MS abnormalities may occur during handovers.
To solve the problems about the unlocked clock and abnormality of the clock source, do as
follows:
(18) Check alarms. That is, check whether there is a 2214 E1 local alarm or
2216 E1 remote alarm. If there is, follow the concerned alarm handling
manual to handle the alarm. Then, observe the HOSR.
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(19) Check the transmission link clock of the BTS. That is, use a frequency
meter to test the frequency deviation of the transmission link clock of the
BTS. If the frequency deviation is greater than or equal to 0.05 ppm, the
transmission link clock is abnormal, and the E1 or the optical transmission
link may be faulty or the clock source is faulty. Rectify the transmission link
fault through link-by-link self-loop until the alarm handling is complete.
(20) If the clock problem is not solved, reset the BTS (level-4) and observe
alarms and the HOSR.
(21) If the problem remains unsolved, replace the TMU.
Omitted.
Observe whether any alarms with the following IDs are reported. If yes, refer to the BSS Alarm
Guide to handle the alarms.
Alarm ID and Name
4154 TRX main clock alarm
4156 TRX slave clock alarm
4184 TRX Clock Critical Alarm
4708 Clock Reference Abnormal Alarm
4732 TMU clock critical alarm
4734 Master TMU clock alarm
4760 13M Maintenance Alarm
I. Handling Process
Severe interference in the network is inclined to cause the decrease in the receiving quality. As a
result, interference handovers or handovers in poor quality increase, the proportion of the power
budget (PBGT) decreases, and the quality of service (QoS) of the existing network is reduced to
some degree. Thus, user experience and the HOSR are affected.
Currently, the common interferences are intra-frequency and inter-frequency channel
interferences, Unicom CDMA interference, and mass multiplexing of the EGSM. If the idle Burst
function is not manually disabled after it is enabled, the interference of the entire network rises,
the noise floor increases, and the quality of the entire network decreases, thus affecting the HOSR.
The remote source signals of some optical fiber repeaters are inclined to cause intra-frequency
interference. Therefore, during optimization, you need to check the frequency of the source signals
and the frequencies of the cells close to the repeaters so that the frequency space is over 400 kHz.
If there is a repeater in the serving cell, do as follows:
(22) Choose Cell Software Parameters > Directly Magnifier Site Flag.
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Omitted.
Omitted.
I. Handling Process
Symptoms of signal coverage problems: The HOSR is low. Call drops occur frequently. There are
noises and metallic rings during conversations. The voice quality and the user experience are poor.
There are three types of signal coverage problems:
Low HOSR caused by cross coverage
Low values of the fringe thresholds, the large BTS power, and an improper tilt
angle cause cross coverage, thus forming intra-frequency interference and
affecting the HOSR.
Failed handovers caused by island effects
For example, the coverage area of the serving cell is much larger than that of its
neighboring cells, and the neighboring relation between the serving cell and the
neighboring cells of its neighboring cells is not configured. In this case, failed
handovers easily occur at the fringe of the serving cell.
Loopholes formed due to weak coverage
This section does not describe it in detail.
To solve signal coverage problems, do as follows:
(3) Find out the coverage problems in the existing network through drive test
reports of network optimization.
(4) Optimize the RF.
The low HOSR caused by uplink and downlink imbalance generally occurs when uplink signals
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are weak. For example, there are problems in the hardware such as the CDU combiner, the uplink
channel loss is large, the uplink signals are weak, and the success rate of incoming external inter-
cell handover is low. This low HOSR is generally caused by data problems (such as CGI errors in
the cell description data table, lack of measurement frequencies in BA list 1 and BA list 2, or intra-
frequency and inter-frequency interferences), coverage dead zones in high traffic, or MS access
difficulties due to weak uplink signals. To test and analyze the low HOSR caused by uplink and
downlink imbalance, do as follows:
(1) Check whether the hardware and maintenance boards of the relevant cell
are in the normal state, and whether there are any alarms about hardware
failures and the standing wave ratio (SWR). Refresh the channel status and
check whether the TCHs can be normally occupied.
(2) After hardware and channel problems are solved, check the handover data
configuration and ensure that the handover data complies with the
parameter baseline.
(3) Register the traffic measurement results of cell-level handovers. Check
whether the HOSR between some cells is always low.
1) Make a field test for the cells where the HOSR is always low. That is,
perform a switchover and lock the main BCCH to act as the calling and
called parties respectively. Then decide the uplink and downlink problems
accordingly.
2) If the uplink loss is large, it is recommended that you replace the combiner
to carry out an observation and a test.
Coverage problems and uplink and downlink imbalance are solved through RF optimization. For
detailed analysis, refer to the GSM BSS Network KPI (Coverage Problems) Optimization Manual
(V1.0).
Register the measurement unit Uplink-and-Downlink Balance Measurement per TRX about the
cells where the HOSR is low. Collect the uplink and downlink balance cases and carry out
analysis.
Omitted.
I. Handling Process
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Omitted.
Omitted.
Currently, automatic neighboring cell optimization is the best method for optimizing the HOSR.
The method has been fully verified in the new functions of the MTN project. This optimization
method is to choose optimal neighboring cells for the serving cell through many times'
neighboring cell selection and tailor. This method can make the serving cell have neighboring cells
more close to the traffic model, thus avoiding failed handovers and call drops due to forced
configuration of neighboring cells according to geographical locations.
The premise of automatic neighboring cell optimization is to exclude objective factors such as
hardware problems, cross coverage, and uplink and downlink imbalance. After that, make it clear
to which neighboring cell the success rate of handovers from the serving cell is lower, and then
optimize this neighboring cell. The optimization method includes two types: parameter adjustment
and neighboring cell adjustment.
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The TA is limited to six times as many as the average distance between sites. Do not consider the
cells with the TA beyond this threshold. You can flexibly set the lower limit of the HOSR and the
fewer limit of handover times.
Generally, choose the industry-accepted and large-scale used TEMS as the testing tool. For the
cells where the HOSR is low, you need to carry out drive tests. In drive tests, the actual move
modes and habits of terminal users can be simulated. Therefore, drive tests play an important role
in neighboring cell optimization. Drive tests can avoid such risks as few handovers or low HOSR
caused by the addition of improper neighboring cells only according to geographical location
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distribution on a map. Lay stress on and analyze any handover abnormality during a drive test.
Any of these abnormalities may be a cause of low HOSR.
To configure the existing network according to different scenarios, refer to the GSM BSC6000
Performance Parameter Baseline (V900R008) (Chinese/English) V2.0. In the case of the low
HOSR, focus on checking the data configuration greatly different from the parameter baseline.
4 Optimization Cases
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automatically be disabled. As a result, idle timeslots of TRXs are transmitted at full power, the
interference increases, the bit error ratio (BER) rises, and the receiving quality decreases.
Manually disable the idle burst function. The air interface quality of the entire network improves
effectively. The HOSR increases by 2% on the whole, almost the same as that of the original
network.
5 Information Feedback
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