1. Explain the practical application of the loss tangent with an example.

The tangent of losses or tangent delta is a measure of the state of an

isolation. It is also called the dissipation factor and is a measure of the
dielectric losses of a solid or liquid insulator. Therefore, its magnitude
depends on the type of insulation and its conditions and is independent
of its volume. The disadvantage of this test is that it only determines the
average condition of the insulation, that is, it does not detect the worst
condition point. Its value can be affected by moisture and dirt on the
surface of the insulation that allows a circulation of current to ground
through the surface of the same increasing the losses.

Calculate the loss tangent of the dry soil at a frequency of 10kHz.

Calculate again at 100MHz

σ
𝑇𝑎𝑛(δ) =
𝜔𝜀
𝑆𝑚
𝜎 = 10−4 𝑚

𝜀=3

10−4
𝑇𝑎𝑛(δ) = = 60
1
2𝜋 ∗ 104 ∗ 3 ∗ 36𝜋 ∗ 10−9

Which gives an angle of losses of:

𝛿 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (60) = 89°

2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in
electromagnetic waves propagation?

Indicates the velocity of displacement of an electromagnetic wave, we

can know what use you have, this can be identified in the graph of the
use of waves according to the frequency they work.

3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect

dielectrics and good conductors.

free space Phase velocity constant= 𝐶0 (light speed)

Wavelength maximum possible
Skin depth maximum possible
perfect dielectrics Phase velocity less than 𝐶0
Whitout conduction current Tan(δ) = 0
Wavelength less than free space
Skin depth less than free space
good conductors Phase velocity less than 𝐶0
Has conduction current and polarization current
Tan(δ) → ∞
Wavelength less than free space
Skin depth less than free space

The waves propagate in all directions since the transmission medium is

the free space and the attenuation is minimal, in this case the most
important is to have a point of view between the transmitter and the
receiver

4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application

of every type of radiation
5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us
about the electromagnetic waves behavior?

The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of

light in the vacuum and the phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal
in a specific medium. HE represented by the letter n.

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they
used? What is a magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where are
they used? Why do we use plane waves to explain practical models
associated to electromagnetic phenomenon?

plane wave : In wave propagation physics, a flat wave, also called a

one-dimensional wave, is a constant frequency wave whose wavefronts
(surfaces with constant phase) are parallel planes of constant amplitude
normal to the phase velocity vector.
Waves of this type can only be found in free space at an infinite distance
from the source

non-plane wave : There are a variation in the amplitude and frequency,

we usually find these waves in the use of radio or tv

What is magnetic medium : A magnetic medium is a device that stores

or transmits information by means of magnetic waves.

Why do we use plane waves to explain practical models associated to

electromagnetic phenomenon?

Because flat waves have a constant and this is the same effect that is
generated in electromagnetic phenomena.