Indan Geotechnical Conferarce (130-88), Allahabad, December 1888, Vol! Laterai Load Tests on Large Diameter Bored Pile and Analysis $.R Gandhi, P.K.Suresh and V.S. Raju, (Ocean Engineering Contre, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Synopsis: For a. fer illser berth at Peradoep ports about 200 large diameter vertical bored cast-n-stu piles have boon provided. ‘The horizontal joad carrying canacity of these vertical piles wae very important and critioal as thay are required to carry the horizontal oross.on the berth. working pile upto TO tons. The fi ‘To cantirm the horizontal ‘alysis aseuming pile asa eam eloment and soll support #8 beur Those given By ‘known theoriae and computer analyse and Improvement in pile behaviour under Of vertioal lad are alscussed. 1. INTRODUCTION The fortlisor bert at Paradeeo port is 250 m tong and osigned for 60,000 DWT tankers with a draft of P2.m ‘Tho berth consists of 1100 mm thick front diaphragm wat ‘and four rows of vartloal piles (1000 to 1300 mm diameter) Connected Logether uirough a rigid deck structure, Minimum four tows 0” plies were required as the becth has’ to support 2 convayor gallery and ells fora bulk unloader. Foran feeonamio. and cotimum design, the lateral capacity of the fos? rows “of Yarical” plies wore fully Utilleed {2 anchor the. diachragm wall and. to resist other lateral Toroes. on, the berth. Details of the borth and ita analyses ae doo fribed elsewnere (Raju et aly 1985) which indicato that Vertical piles. alone wit maximum horizontal ‘capectty of ‘out 85° tors ‘can suport the berth and the use. of raker piles or tie rods connected to deadman diaphragm we Vehioh Ts expensive es well a8 time covauming can be avel fs, Thus the lateral capacity of the pllas was very” impor fant snd rewired vory careful considerstione Including. & full seas lad teat The main difficulty In airiving at the Iateral capacity {rom toad tect reeults ie’ simulation of the following. cond 1) Fisity condition at she pile head ang i) Presooo of axial compression Toad on pile. Both the abrve conditions Improve the pile behaviour whed, vparec "to ‘the usva! load’ tacts which are carried out inthe absence of vertic#! load and fixity of pile head. However, research on” affect of artical load on flexural Dehaviout of piles sive" varying opinion, A detalled study Dy ‘Join st_ al (1987) reveals. that. theoretionl Investigations (Gavisaon, 1960, Ramasamy, 1974 and Goryunoy, 1879) show fan increase in’ lateral daflection “when a. vertical pila Is axially loatsd whereas. tiole J experimental Investigations (Evans, 1959, MoNutty, 1959, Karasov ot al, 197%, etc} ‘on the other hand. suggest ‘considerable Improvement. In bile Denaviour cue. to the. presonco of vertical Toads They conclude that Improvement In pile behaviour under” axtal lead may be da to the following: 1) The, axlal Toad, tm case of concrete lies, reduces the ‘enaito strestes prosused. by the lateral load which in torn ‘duces cracking. is conereta and thereby fioressee affect sd Hoxaral aidity of piles. ii) Tho srrangoment use) for the aoplication of vertical Jed may Intiodace lateral restraint to tho pile head. ‘in the present “caos, the plies being bored cast-in-situ onerets piless Ik “wae desided to carry out lateral Toad 373 sapacity ‘of the piles, lateral load tests wer Iivense of lle had fixity. In. Improving pile bshavieur” fas been airived et from computer mndary element, The actual Til tost recite ‘carried out on compared with ‘onditien end presence test with and without the presance Sf minimum expected ‘axial Toad of 140 tone. to stusy tha effect! on pile behaviour. However, due to practical limitations, it is difficult to creata fixity “condition in" full-scala working pile. The effect. of fixity was Unorefore arrived at based on analytical” study using Structural Analysis Program (GAP IV), 2, SUBSOIL CONDITIONS AND PILE DESIGN ‘The average soil profile at th fertlisor berth tooetion is show In Fig.l. Tha strata is esoartlally. sandy (2coept two levas oN at ge ear 1» veuow sho “0 a eae ai eens Eat srencs) { PRE AS 30 - + + eA ELEMENT 20 GReY Ano 2 Browns sav 2 enon sane ieoairames FIG.1, SOM PROFILE AMD PILE DISCRETISATION51200] ero oom F-BORED eASTN-STU ILE 40 FIG. 2. LOAD TEST ARRANGEMENT Cohesive levers of 1.2 m and 2.0 m thicknsss) with SPTIN) value varying Between 15 and 60. For the lateral behaviour of piles the cohosive layers will not have significant iafts- ‘ence and the strata can be ‘considered ae granular. “The Ground water level varies with tides ands about, 05) m sBelow the ground lovel. ‘The average SPTIN). waluce for various layers are. shown in Figel. lin viow of the high vortigal’ and lateral forces, targe ‘lamater bored cast-in-situ piles fave en acopted. "The Maximum vertical and lateral foreas on the 1500 slamater Biles are 450 tons and 85 tone respectively. The piles ‘re founded at -23.5 m level in the dense sand layor having N value of 60. | The piles aro designed for concrete ot M2S grade and 1.51% staol comprising of 25 ¥32 rods. 3, FIELD TESTS |i viow of the high cost of the targe diameter piles, it was deckied to carry out the ‘Tataral. toad teats ‘on one of the working pilec. “A. 1300 ‘mm. dlameter pile "which Was subjected to vertical load test earlier was cheaon Yo: this purpose. The same Kentledgo. waa usod to apply xia) Yoad_In casa of combinad axial and lateral test as’ shown in Fig.2. Steel rollers are provided under axial ach “to ereura free movement of pila. To. study the aftact of axial “loads two lateral load cycles wars applied. Ficat gyote pte 35 tons was with ala! force af 140 tone. and the second one upto 25 tons’ was without axial force, The Feaults (Fig.3) showed that the’ pile behaviour even without axial force was. satisfactory ‘with displacements withia, 35 mm. “Further lateral load wae applied (without axial oad) upto 70 tons under which the displacement. was about 11 mm. Further loading was not poosiole ea the pile, soc ion, in the absence of ‘fixity condition and axial” toad, was'not safe from structural strength conelderatione. 4. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS Structural Analysie Program (SAP IV) has een used assum ing the 1200 mm diameter pile as number of three dimen sional beam elements and soll support as boundary element (Coil gprings) a8 shown in Fig.l. "The spring valose. are 374 = ornpcaccuent (nin) FIG. 3. VERTICAL LOAD TEST RESULTS obtained using Newmark (1982) equations given below: BL ) They +8 hy Ky aL Behe +1 by + ay) ~ Keto.2 = spring stiftnoss values for first Ith and Test layer respectively (tm) aL fn BEM ay * Shaggy Rp Resoil modulus for first, Feapectlvaly (t/m3) Diameter of the pile (in) = Dapth interval between the springs (mn) Jo arrive at _modulue of subgrade resction values differant iayors, first. the comprossiblity moduli E Aartived at from the soil profile, In ace of granilar fol, ine relationship given by Shultze and Mus (1985) a5" shown Figt is used whereas In cate of cohesive, levers i jstimated from lationship given by Mori (1968), sna In Figs5. The soll modulus, Ky, 12 then ceiouinted “using equation given by Vasie (1972) sia | eee Be een ae fos where JM = Poisaan's ratio of sci E, = Compressbiity modulus of sot (t/m2) B= Pio diamster {m) e E,, ~ Youns's modulus of pile material (tm?) Moment of inertia of nile section (m4) Tho analyses Tho soll mocutis ky then taken as Ki are carried out foe" the following 2 oasee fee eadad pile with lateral toad of 85.2 1) fixed Headed pite"with lateral Toad of 85 ¢ Tho ile head deflections obtained from the anslyses fare shown In Fig.6 which compare well with fisld performs ance and that “given by ‘known methods Tike. "ean ad Mattock’ (1960), “assuming strata as ‘homogoncows with p= 3000 t/m®, The bending moments in pile at vecious lbvations under’ free and. fixed conwitlone “are ‘shown at Fig.t. 5. ANALYSES AND DISCUSSIONS A close look at the loading arrangement shows that though the steel rollers provided wera effective, to alien ft 3 i 5 5 3 i / "O 20 OD ‘spr vate ame Sete on oh. 964) AELATIONSWP BETWEEN SPT IN) AND COMPRESSwUITY WODULUS FE, FOR $ANO Fi. 4, 375 LOAD (Tones) = MODULUS OF DEFORMATION Es (kg/cm? N VALUE FIG, 5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPT(N) AND. COMPRESSIBILITY MODULUS FOR COHESIVE SOIL foe Feto veer winar ‘erricat vaso. Jose riewo esr vers vermicat’ Uap SAP non ree He TH SApW rom FED meas SS Nes Ao sanoocree O° a omgaaeeemare ns, Ty DEFLECTION (ma) —= FIG.6. COMPARISON OF RESULTS