Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sienoes (2017) 29, 348-355 Journal of King Saud University — Engineering Sciences King Saud University I ene woo kes sso ener com ORIGINAL ARTICLES Structural behaviour of bamboo-reinforced foamed @ c= concrete slab containing polyvinyl wastes (PW) as partial replacement of fine aggregate Efe Ikponmwosa *, Christopher Fapohunda “*", Olamiposi Kolajo *, Otu Eyo " * Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria Department of Building, Caleb University, Imota, Lagos, Nigeria Received 2 March 2015; accypted 21 June 2015 Available online 28 June 2015 keyworDs Bending moment ‘Compressive stent (Crack propagation: Detietion 1. Introduction Abstract This paper reports the findings of experimental study to investigate the structural beh viour of bumboo-reinforeed foamed concrete slab with polyvinyl waste as partial replacement of Fine aggregates. The structural properties studied were: compressive strength, density, crack devel ‘opment pattern and propagation, failure pattern, load-dflection characteristics and the ultimate ‘moment. Compressive strength and the density tests wore also conducted wsing 150% 150° 150 tae specimens The tua havour was vse by ung 1300% 500% 100 mm sb sp Ine Tic els showed ht paral veplacment of snd th paying ast (PW) poy the compresiv siength ofthe foamed art concrete pine ha sa specimens With poly wase a part replacement smd exited shear Bending ule, (al the sa pec tee wth polyvinyl waste a paral replacement sand recorded lower vals of defltion forthe Sine lade, asthe level of and replacement wil polyeinlwaser increased, and) een in the amoant of sand placed wth plying wats rsa in improved bending performance {oni The Aho. Pods and hosing hy Ever RV. onal King Sad Unies, This tmopenaneararie une he COBY NCND Kesh eteomienreiemehy m0, non-renewable materials like, sand, cement, ete. that are used lobally for construction. ‘This will definitely help to arrest Innovative structural and construction materials are believed the accompanying environmental degradation that accompa to have the potential to curb the seeming overdependence on * Correponding thor. nies extraction of non-fenewable materials, Some innovative structural materials to date are oblained by partially replacing cone of the major componeats of concrete with aay of the many Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University wastes (industrial, agricultural, construction, ete.) and SR non-waste materials. Some of the waste materials that have been used innovatively for structural conerete include: palm kernel fuel ash (Hussin and Abdullah, 2008), silica fume ive | Production and hosting by Elsevier (Yilmaz, 2010) rice husk ash (Givi et al, 2010), My ash hnup:jax.doion 0-1016),Asues.2015 06.005 18-3639 © 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier BV. on behalf of King Sata University This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (hp srealvecommens.onghcenesy-nen 40).‘Structural behaviour of bamboo-reinforced foamed concrete slab containing PW 9 (Wilson and Ding, 2007), pulverized bone (Falade et al, 2012u,b), ete. Other non-wastes materials that have been used innovatively for structural conerete, especially as alternatives to the traditional reinforcement include fibres (Ramaswamy, 2014), stainless steel clad black steel, microcomposite rein- forcement, carbon fibre reinforced polymer (Hill et al., 2003), bamboo (Ikponmysosa ct al., 20(M4a,b), ete. In the present study, the possibility of using polyvinyl waste (PW) as partial replacement of fine agerevates in the production of foamed aerated conerete slab is investigated. Polyvinyl are materials ‘made from polymers of vinyl compounds, which are subse- quently used to manufueture building materials (roofing sheets, windows, vinyl siding), consumer products, disposable packaging, and many every day products (Che). 2004). According to Thornton (2002), annual generation of polyvinyl waste (PW) stands at about 12 million tones. He further con- cluded that these wastes pose a serious environmental threat because of the fat that they are difficult to dispose and reeycl, ‘Thus the aim of this work isto find out some structural prop. erties of foamed aerated conerete slab, reinforced with bam boo, and containing polyvinyl wastes (PW) as partial replacement of fine aggregates. Ikponmwosa et al. 20/4a) have previously studied beam specimens reinforced with bam- boo. In the present work however, bamboo is being used as reinforcing material for slab specimens. The parameters inves- tigated in the present work are: compressive strength, density, crack development pattern and propagation, failure pattern, Joad-deflection characteristics and the ultimate moment. 2, Materials and method 2.1. Materials and mix design ‘The materials used for these investigations are: cement, fine aggregates, water, polyvinyl wastes, foaming agent’ and bamboo, 2d. Cement ‘The cement was Ordinary Portland cement produced to satisty the requirements in BS 12 (1996) and NIS 44 (2003), 2.1.2. Fine aggregate AAs fine aggregates river sand which was obtained from Ogun river basin in Nigeria was used. The sand was dried and sieved through sieve 2.36 mm and treated in accordance with BS 882 1992). 2413, Water ‘The water used for the experiment was potable tap water, Free from any dissolved metal or ions that might inhibit the setting and hydration process of the foamed concrete, The water was also used to dilute the foaming agent for aeration process. 24, Polyvinyl wastes ‘The polyvinyl waste (PW) was obtained as waste material from 4 polyvinylbased roofing sheet manufacturing company, Nigerite Limited, based in Ikeja, Nigeria. The waste was ‘ground and packed in bags to be stored subsequently ina cool place. 2.5. Foaming agent In order to aerate the mortar, a polyurethane foaming agent was used. Tt was obvained from Lagos in Nigeria, 2.1.6. Bamboo as reinforcement “The characteristics of bamboo used for these works were in accordance with the results of works done by Salaw et al (2012), and they include: (i) bamboos with at least three years fold and showing a pronounced brown colour, (ii) bamboos without decay, fungus growth, oF holes due to white ants, deformation with large diameter and straight long, (ii) bam” boo having greater number of nodes. The selected bamboos were air dried for over 30 days (seasoning in air), and then sawn into strips size of 10x 10x 1200 mm, In order to reduce water absorption and inerease the bond with lightweight aer- ated concrete matrix, the bamboo strips were coated with bitu- men. Wound around the hamboos is 1 mm diameter coir rope ata pitch of about 25 mm along the strip from end. The coir rope was also coated in hot bitumen after being wound round the bamboo strip. This gave a surface similar to ribbed steel surface. The ribbed surface was expected to improve the bond ‘considerably and the structural behaviour of the bamboo rein- forced aerated concrete. Also, fine sands were sprinkled over the coats of bitumen with the aim of inducing roughness on its surface, 24.7. The mix design Based on the equations suggested by Jones and McCarthy (2005), the following mix ratio: cement: sand ratio of 1:3, water: cement ratio of 0.5, and foaming agent: water ratio of 1:33 were used. The mix design was chosen for the target den sity for the foamed aerated concrete between 1600 and 1900 kg/m’. All the measurements were by weight. 2.2. Experimental investigations 2.2.1. Density and compressive strength test The density and compressive strength were performed in accordance with BS 12350: Part 6 (2000) and BS EN 12390-3, (2008). For the tests, 150 150 150 mm cube specimens were used. This test was performed to confirm whether the targeted 28-day compressive strengths for both the normal weight and the foamed aerated concrete were achieved. The cubes were tested for their compressive strength at 7, 14, 21, and 28 day ing ages respectively. The strength characteristics of each ‘cube were determined on 600KN Avery Denison Universal “Testing Machine at a loading rate of 120 kN/min. Three spec- mens were tested at each age and the values of the crushing load were averaged and used to evaluate the mean strength for each batch. The cubes were weighed on the Avery weighing machine prior to testing on the testing day, and the values recorded were used to compute the density of the specimens. A total number of 12 cube specimens were produced and tested. 2.2.2. Flexural test Flexural tests were performed on foamed aerated concrete using 1300 x 00% 100 mm slab specimens. Before the com- ent of concreting, the moulds were properly seraped and oiled to prevent adhesion of the concrete to the moulds,350 ‘The bamboo strips, 10 mm x 10 mm in section, were arranged inside the mould with a cover of 20:mm. The slab specimens wore designed for bamboo reinforcement with the minimum area reinforcements of 0.24% bh (where b= width per m length, and it ~ total depth) as per BS $110 (1997) by treating the bamboo strips as low yield reinforcement. The same bam- boo strips of 10 x 10 mm section were used for bath main and istrbution. However, for the main bar, the spacing of the ‘bamboo strips was at'150 nm, while the sp ‘0 mm was used for the distribution, The details ofthe bamboo strips reinforcement arrangement are shown in Figs. | and 2 Binding wire was used to hold the bamboo together in the form of mesh, The tensile strength of the bamboo strips was 95 Nimm?, Foamed aerated concrete was then cast inthe spec mens, air-cured and tested at 7, 14, 21, and 28 curing days. The sand fraction of the mix was replaced up to 30% at an interval of 5%. Experimental investigation included monitor- ing of cracks and measurement of central deflection for load increment of Skgjem*, Application of loads was eradual uatil (4) Bamboo ¥100150 mm # i Figure 2 ———————————————— E. Tkponmwosa etal. failure oocurs, and deflections at some intermediate load read ings were also noted. The gradual application of the load was achieved with the use of hydraulic jack and the deflection produced was recorded on the two dial gauges placed at the two eritical points at the underside of the slab. The slab was simply supported with a span of 1300 mm. A fixed roller sup- port is positioned at one end and a movable roller support at the other end, The concentrated central loading is spread by an [section and rollers into line loads at one-thied of the span 10 the right and left of the fixed and movable roller supports Eig. 3) Each slab was whitewashed with emulsion paint and allowed (o dry before the application of the loads. This was done soas to facilitate the registration of eracks. The locations ‘of the dial gauges, supports and load spreaders are then marked with a black marker to ensuee an easy setup. After tak- ing the dial gauge readings as a result of the forces from the inital loads, the load from the hydraulic jack is then applied in increments of Skg/em? until failure. For each inerement, (b) Arrangement of Ramo in Slab Mout Arrangement of bamboo splits prior to pkicement and in slab mould 710250 mm # Pion Typical reinforcement details for the slab specimens.