Plastic Strain Failure

Plastic strain failure can be used to model ductile failure in materials.

Failure initiation is based on the effective plastic strain in the material. The
user inputs a maximum plastic strain value.

If the material effective plastic strain is greater than the user defined
maximum, failure initiation occurs. The material instantaneously fails.

Note: This failure model must be used in conjunction with a plasticity or

brittle strength model.

Name Symbol Units Notes

Maximum Equivalent Plastic Strain Eplmax None Input data > zero

Custom results variables available for this model:

Name Description Solids Shells Beams

EFF_PL_STN Effective Plastic Strain Yes Yes Yes
STATUS Material Status** Yes No No

**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4=

bulk failure, 5 = failed principal direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2,
7 = failed principal direction 3)

Principal Stress Failure

Principal stress failure can be used to represent brittle failure in materials.

Failure initiation is based on one of two criteria

 Maximum principal tensile stress

 Maximum shear stress (derived from the maximum difference in

the principal stresses)

Failure is initiated when either of the above criteria is met. The material
instantaneously fails.
If this model is used in conjunction with a plasticity model, it is often
recommended to deactivate the Maximum Shear stress criteria by
specifying a large value. In this case the shear response will be handled by
the plasticity model.

Note: The crack softening failure property can be combined with this
property to invoke fracture energy based softening.

Name Symbol Units Notes

Maximum Tensile Stress User must input a positive value. Default =
Stress +1e+20
Maximum Shear Stress User must input a positive value. Default =
Stress +1e+20

Custom results variables available for this model:

Name Description Solids Shells Beams

STATUS Material Status** Yes No No

**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4=

bulk failure, 5 = failed principal direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2,
7 = failed principal direction 3)

Principal Strain Failure

Principal strain failure can be used to represent brittle or ductile failure in

materials.

Failure initiation is based on one of two criteria

 Maximum principal tensile strain

 Maximum shear strain (derived from the maximum difference in

the principal stresses)

Failure is initiated when either of the above criteria is met. The material
instantaneously fails.

If this model is used in conjunction with a plasticity model, it is often

recommended to deactivate the maximum shear strain criteria by
specifying a large value. In this case the shear response will be treated by
the plasticity model.
Note: The crack softening failure property can be combined with this
property to invoke fracture energy based softening.

Table 130: Input Data

Name Symbol Units Notes

Maximum Principal None User must input a positive value. Default =
Strain +1e+20
Maximum Shear Strain None User must input a positive value. Default =
+1e+20

Custom results variables available for this model:

Name Description Solids Shells Beams

STATUS Material Status** Yes No No

**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4=

bulk failure, 5 = failed principal direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2,
7 = failed principal direction 3)

Stochastic Failure
To model fragmentation for symmetric loading and geometry it is
necessary to impose some material heterogeneity. Real materials have
inherent microscopic flaws, which cause failures and cracking to initiate.
An approach to reproducing this numerically is to randomize the failure
stress or strain for the material. Using this property, a Mott distribution is
used to define the variance in failure stress or strain. Each element is
allocated a value, determined by the Mott distribution, where a value of
one is equivalent to the failure stress or strain of the material.

The Mott distribution takes the form

where

P is the probability of fracture

ε is the strain
C and γ are material constants
For the implementation in explicit dynamics, the fracture value of 1 is
forced to be at a probability of 50%, therefore the user needs only specify
a gamma value and the constant C is derived from this.

Figure 54: Mott Distribution for Varying Values of Gamma

The stochastic failure option may be used in conjunction with many of the
failure properties, including hydro (Pmin), plastic strain, principal stress
and/or strain. It can also be used in conjunction with the RHT concrete
model.

You must specify a value of the stochastic variance, γ, and also the
distribution seed type. If the “random” option is selected every time a
simulation is performed a new distribution will be calculated. If the “fixed”
option is selected the same distribution will be used for each solve.

Table 131: Input Data

Name Symbol Units Notes

Distribution Type Option List:
Random

Fixed (default)

Stochastic Variance γ None

Minimum Fail Fraction None Default = 0.1

Custom results variables available for this model:

 Name Description Solids Shells Beams
STATUS Material Status** Yes No No
STOCH_FACT Stochastic Factor Yes No No

**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4=

bulk failure, 5 = failed principal direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2,
7 = failed principal direction 3)

Tensile Pressure Failure

The tensile pressure failure model allows a maximum hydrodynamic
tensile limit to be specified. This is used to represent a dynamic spall (or
cavitation) strength of the material. The algorithm simply limits the
maximum tensile pressure in the material as

If the material pressure P becomes less than the defined maximum tensile
pressure, failure initiation occurs. The material instantaneously fails.

If the material definition contains a damage evolution law, the user

defined maximum tensile pressure is scaled down as the damage
increases from 0.0 to 1.0.

Note: The property can only be applied to solid bodies.

The crack softening failure property can be combined with this property to
invoke fracture energy based softening.

Table 132: Input Data

Name Symbol Units Notes

Maximum Tensile Stress User must input a negative value. Default =
Pressure –1e+20

Custom results variables available for this model:

Name Description Solids Shells Beams

PRESSURE Pressure Yes No No
STATUS Material Status** Yes No No

**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4=

bulk failure, 5 = failed principal direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2,
7 = failed principal direction 3)
Crack Softening Failure
The tensile crack softening model is fracture energy based damage model
which can be used with many different types of failure initiation models to
provide a gradual reduction in the ability of an element to carry tensile
stress. The model is primarily used for investigating failure of brittle
materials, but has been applied to other materials to reduce mesh
dependency effects.

 Failure initiation is based on any of the standard tensile failure

models. e.g., Hydro, Principal Stress/Strain

 On failure initiation, the current maximum principal tensile stress

in the element is stored (custom result FAIL.STRES)

 A linear softening slope (custom result SOFT.SLOPE) is then

defined to reduce the maximum possible principal tensile stress
in the material as a function of crack strain. This softening slope
is defined as a function of the local element size and a material
parameter, the fracture energy Gf.

The extent of damage in a material can be inspected by using

the custom result DAMAGE. The damage is defined to be 0.0 for
an intact element and 1.0 for a fully failed element.

 After failure initiation, a maximum principal tensile stress failure

surface is defined to limit the maximum principal tensile stress in
the element and a flow rule is used to return to this surface and
accumulate the crack strain

There are currently three options in relation to the crack

softening plastic return algorithm:

o Radial Return — Non-associative in π– and meridian

planes

o No-Bulking — Associative in π– plane only (Default)

o Bulking — Associative in π– and meridian planes

 The default setting has been selected based on practical
experiences of using the model to simulate impacts onto brittle
materials such as glass, ceramics, and concrete.

 The recompression behavior after crack softening and failure

can be modified. When one of the failure criteria (for instance
principal stress, hydro (Pmin), or RHT concrete) has been set
and Crack Softening is set to Yes, the Onset Compression
after failure option can be used to change the compression
criterion at which pressure can build up again in failed elements.

The effects of different values in this field are as follows:

o Onset compression = 0.0 (default) — Pressure can only

build up if the material is in compression.

o Onset compression < 0 — For large negative values,

the material will be able to immediately build up
pressure after tensional failure when fractured material
resists compression. For real-world applications, you
should determine a value for this field which is less
than or equal to zero and appropriate for the material
in the analysis.

The crack softening algorithm can only be used with solid elements. It can
be used in combination with any solid equation of state, plasticity model or
brittle strength model.

When used in conjunction with a plasticity/brittle strength model, the

return algorithm will return to the surface giving the minimum resulting
effective stress, J2.
Meridian Plane

π- space

Note: The property can only be applied to solid bodies.

Table 133: Input Data

Name Symbol Units Notes

Fracture Energy Gf Energy/Area
Flow rule Option List:
Radial Return

No Bulking (Default)

Bulking (Associative)

Custom results variables available for this model:

Name Description Solids Shells Beams

DAMAGE Current damage level Yes No No
FAIL.STRES Principal tensile failure stress Yes No No
 Name Description Solids Shells Beams
SOFT.SLOPE Softening slope Yes No No

Johnson-Cook Failure
The Johnson-Cook failure model can be used to model ductile failure of
materials experiencing large pressures, strain rates and temperatures.

This model is constructed in a similar way to the Johnson-Cook plasticity

model in that it consists of three independent terms that define the
dynamic fracture strain as a function of pressure, strain rate and
temperature:

The ratio of the incremental effective plastic strain and effective fracture
strain for the element conditions is incremented and stored in custom
results variable, DAMAGE. The material is assumed to be intact until
DAMAGE = 1.0. At this point failure is initiated in the element. An
instantaneous post failure response is used.

Note: The property can only be applied to solid bodies.

Table 134: Input Data

Name Symbol Units Notes

Damage Constant D1 D1 None
Damage Constant D2 D2 None
Damage Constant D3 D3 None
Damage Constant D4 D4 None
Damage Constant D5 D5 None
Melting Temperature Temperature
Custom results variables available for this model:

Name Description Solids Shells Beams

DAMAGE Damage Yes No No

**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4=

bulk failure, 5 = failed principal direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2,
7 = failed principal direction 3)

Grady Spall Failure

The Grady Spall model can be used to model dynamic spallation of metals
under shock loading. The critical spall stress for a ductile material can be
calculated according to:

where:

ρ is the density

c is the bulk sound speed

Y is the yield stress at EPS = 0

ε cis a critical strain value, usually set to 0.15

This critical spall stress is calculated for each element in the model at each
time step and compared with local maximum principal tensile stress. If the
maximum element principal tensile stress exceeds the critical spall stress,
instantaneous failure of the element is initiated.

A typical value for the critical strain is 0.15 for aluminum.

Note: The property can only be applied to Lagrangian solid bodies.

The property must be used in conjunction with a plasticity model.

Table 135: Input Data

Name Symbol Units Notes

Critical Strain Value εc None
Custom results variables available for this model:

Name Description Solids Shells Beams

STATUS Material Status Yes No No

**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4=

bulk failure, 5 = failed principal direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2,
7 = failed principal direction 3)