APROJECTREPORT

ON
DESI
GNOFARCAI
RCRAFT

PRESENTEDBY

NAOREM KARNAMEI

1HS15AE028

KARTI
KJAMWAL

1HS15AE018

SHEKHAWATPUSHPENDRASI
NGH

1HS15AE044

SACHI
NYCHAVAN

1HS15AE037

SHA-
SHI
BCOLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG,
CHI
KBALLAPURKARNATAKA.

DEPARTMENTOFAERONAUTI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG

Sessi
on2018-
2019
 ABSTRACT
Ar adio-cont rolled( model )aircraft( oftencal ledRCai rcraf torRCpl ane)
i
scont roll
edr emot elybyahand- hel dt ransmi tt
erandar eceiverwi thi
n
thecr aft.Ther eceiv ercont r
olst hecor respondi ngserv ost hatmov et he
cont rolsurfacesbasedont heposi tionofj oy st
icksont het ransmi tt
er,
whi chint urnaf fectt heor ientationoft hepl ane.
Flyi
ngRCai rcr aftasahobbyhasbeengr owi ngwor ldwi dewi t
ht he
adv entofmor eef f
icientmot ors( bot hel ect ri
candmi niat ureint ernal
combust ionandj etengi nes) ,li
ght erandmor epower ful batteriesand
l
essexpensi ver adiosy stems.
Scient i
fi
c, gov er nmentandmi li
taryor gani zat i
onsareal sout il
izingRC
air
cr aftforexper i
ment s, gatheringweat herr eadings,aer ody nami c
model i
ngandt est i
ng, andev enusi ngt hem asdr onesorspypl anes.
TheRCf ixedwi ngedAi r craftproj ecti sbasedondesi gni ngal ight
wei ghtgl i
derel ectronical lycont rolledusi ngar emot econt rolwi th
oper ati
ngf r
equencyof2. 4GHz.Thepr ojectconcent r
at edondesi gning
themechani cal partoft hemodel .Itwast hest epwiseexecut i
onof
procedur et osy nthesi zet hegl i
der .Thi spr oj ectdidnotconcent rated
onel ectronicscomponent sast hecomponent susedar er eadily
avai l
ableinmar ketsandneednotbepr ogr ammedbyt heuser s.
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

AI
RFOI
LSELECTI
ON

CONTROLSURFACES

STABI
LITYCONCEPTS

DESI
GNMETHOLOGY

ELECTRONI
CSCOMPONENTS

CONCLUSI
ON

REFERENCES
 LI
STOFFI
GURES

Fi
gur
e1–Ai
rf
oil
ter
minol
ogy

Fi
gur
e2–For
mat
ionofboundar
ylay
er

Fi
gur
e3–Empennage.

Fi
gur
e4–Mot
ion.

Fi
gur
e5-Neut
ral
poi
nt

Fi
gur
e6-Angl
eofat
tack

Fi
gur
e7-Desi
gnLay
out

Fi
gur
e8–NACAPr
ofi
l
e

Fi
gur
e9–Fl
owonJAVAAppl
et

Fi
gur
e10–CFDonAnsy
s

Fi
gur
e11-Foi
lSi
m Resul
ts

Fi
gur
e12–Aut
oDeskVel
oci
tyFi
eld

Fi
gur
e13–Aut
oDeskPr
essur
eFi
eld

Fi
gur
e14–Render
edVi
ew

Fi
gur
e15–Act
ual
Image
I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

 
A fixed- wing  ai
rcraf t'
swi ngs,  
hor izont al,
 and  verti
cal st abi l
i
zer sar ebui ltwith
airfoil
-shapedcr oss- sect i
ons, asar e helicopt errotorbl ades.Swi mmi ngand
fl
y i
ngcr eat uresandev enmany  
pl ant sand  sessi leor gani smsempl oy
airfoil
s/ hy drofoil
s: commonexampl esbei ngbi rdwi ngs,
the bodi es  of f
ish. An  aircraf t
 i
s  used  for sai l
 purpose,  war  
pur pose  and  al
so used
 
as  cargo  car ri
er.Aircraf tmov eswi tht hehel pofgener atedaer ody nami cforce
(calledl i
ft)per pendi culart ot hemot ionoft heai rcraft.Ai r
craf texper i
encesan
opposi t ef orcet ot hedi rectionofmot i
oncal ledasdr agf orce.Desi gner salway s
tryt okeep  maxi mum l iftandmi ni mum dr agi nanyki nd  ofai r
cr aft.ARCai rcraf t
hasal lthedy nami cchar acterist i
cswhi char epr esenti nact ual aircr af t
.An
aircrafthassomecont rol surfacest hroughwhi chi tcanbemaneuv eri nai r
.
Desi gningofRCAi rcraf tist hebestwayt ounder standt hepr oper tyofany
par ti
cularai r
planeconf igur ati
onort heef fectofchangei ncont rol sur facesor
otherpar amet ersoni tsf l
y i
ngchar act eristic.Ai rfoildesi gni samaj orf acet
of  aerody nami cs. Var iousai r
foi l
sser vedi ffer entflightr egimes.Asy mmet ri
c
airfoil
scangener at eliftatzer oangl eofat tack, whi l
easy mmet ri
cai rfoilmay
bet tersui tfrequenti nv ertedf li
ghtasi nan  aer obat i
cai rplane.I nt her egionoft he
ail
er onsandneara  wi ngt i
pasy mmet ri
cai r
f oilcanbeusedt oincr easet her ange
ofangl esofat tackt oav oid spin- stal l
. Thusal arger angeofpar amet ersonf light
i
fanai rcr aftdepends.Subsoni c, transoni c, super soni cpl anespossessdi ff
er ent
geomet ryanddi fferentdesi gnmet hodol ogy .RCAi rcr af t
scanbeusedt ocar ry
somemassofsmal l valueoral sousebydef enseaut hor i
tybyappl yingaspy
camer aoni t
.Int hisr epor tt hewhol edesi gnmet hodol ogyar eexpl ai nedi ncludi ng
sev eral anal ysi
sofwi ngandanal ysi soff lowofai rar oundt heai rcr af t.

Ai
rf
oil
sel
ect
ion:

Anai
rf
oil
ist
he2Dcross-
sect
ionshapeofthewi
ng,whichcr
eatessuf
fici
entli
ft
wi
thmini
maldr
ag.Thegeometr
yoftheair
foi
li
sdescr
ibedwithavari
etyofter
ms.
Akeycharact
eri
sti
cofanai
rf
oil
isi
tschor
d.Wet
husdef
inet
hef
oll
owi
ng
concept
s:

Theleadi
ngedgei
sthepoi
ntatt
hef
rontoft
heai
rf
oil
thathasmaxi
mum
curvat
ure.

Thetr
ail
i
ngedgei
sdef
inedsi
mil
arl
yast
hepoi
ntofmaxi
mum cur
vat
ureatt
he
r
earoft
heair
foi
l
.

Thechordl
i
nei
sast
rai
ghtl
i
neconnect
ingt
hel
eadi
ngandt
rai
l
ingedgesof
t
heairf
oil
.

Thechordlengt
h,orsi
mplychor
d,,i
sthelengt
hoft
hechor
dli
neandi
sthe
charact
eri
sti
cdimensionoft
heair
foi
lsect
ion

Themeancamberl i
neisthelocusofpoi
ntsmi
dwaybetweentheupperand
l
owersur
faces.I
tsexactshapedependsonhowthet
hicknessi
sdefi
ned.

Twokeypar ameterstodescri
beanai
rfoi
l’
sshapear eit
smaxi mum t
hickness
(expressedasa per cent
ageofthechord),andthel
ocationofthemaximum
thicknesspoint(
alsoexpressedasa percentageofthechord)

Fi
g.1

Finall
y,i
mport
antconcept
susedt
odescr
ibet
heai
rf
oil
’
sbehav
iorwhenmov
ing
throughafl
uidar
e

 
 The aer
ody
nami
ccenter,
 apointl
i
esonthechord-
wisel
engt
haboutwhicht
he
pi
tchi
ngmomenti
sindependentofthel
i
ftcoef
fi
ci
entandtheangl
eofat
tack.

Ty
pesofanAir
foi
l
: Ai
rf
oil
iscl
assi
fyonbasi
sof
 f
oll
owi
ngpar
amet
ers-
Ont
hebasi
sofs
hape

Symmet r
ical
Airf
oil-I
tissymmet
ricalabouti
tschordi
.e.camberandchor
d
l
inesar
esamei ncaseofsy mmetr
icalair
foi
l.I
tisusei
naircraf
thav
ingl
owMach
number.Thestabi
li
tyofsuchki
ndofairfoi
li
sgood.

Asymmet r
ical Ai
rf
oil-I
tisasy
mmetri
calabouti
tschor
di.
e.camberandchord
l
inesarenotsamei ncaseofasy mmet
ri
calair
foi
l
.Themaneuverabi
l
ityofai
rcr
aft
havi
ngthiskindofairf
oili
smor e.
Onthebasi
sofs peed

Lowspeed
 
– Ai rfoil
swhi char esui t
ablef orlowspeedai r
craf tcomesundert hissection.Ex.
Sy mmet r
ical ai
rfoil.
 
Highspeed
 
– Ai rfoil
swhi char esui t
ablef orhi ghspeedai rcraf tcomesundert hissection.
 
Inanyf l
uidai rf
oi lmainl
yexper iencet wot ypesoff orcesf orceofl i
ftandf orceof
drag.Anai rfoil
-shapedbodymov edt hrougha  f
luid pr oduces an  aerodynami c
force. Thecomponentoft hisfor ce per pendicul
art ot hedi r
ectionofmot ionis
called li
ft
. Thecomponentpar all
el tot hedi r
ecti
onofmot i
onis
called drag. Subsoni cfl
ightairfoilshav eachar acter isticshapewi thar ounded
l
eadi ngedge, f
ollowedbyashar pt raili
ngedge, often
wi t
h asy mmet ri
c camber .
 Foilsofsi mi larfuncti
ondesi gnedwi thwat erasthe
wor kingf l
uidar e call
ed hydrofoils.
 
Thel iftonanai rfoili
sprimar i
lyther esultofits 
angl eofat t
ackandshape.When
orientedatasui tabl
eangl e,theai rfoildeflectstheoncomi ngair ,
resulti
ngina
forceont heai rfoili
nthedi r
ect i
onopposi tetothedef lecti
on.Thi sforceisknown
as aer odynami c forceandcanber esol vedintot wocomponent s:
 Li
ft
and  drag. 
Mostf oilshapesr equireaposi t
iveangl eofat t
ackt ogener atelif
t,
but  
camber edai rfoi
lscangener atel i
ftatzer oangl eofat t
ack.Thi s"turni
ng"of
theai
rinthevici
nit
yoft heairf
oilcr
eatescurvedst
reaml i
neswhichresul
tsinlowerpressur
e
ononesideandhi gherpressureontheother.Thi
spr essur
ediff
erenceisaccompaniedbya
vel
oci
tydiff
erence,vi
a Bernoul
li
'spri
ncipl
e,
 sotheresult
ingfl
owf i
eldabouttheai
rfoi
lhasa
higherav
erageveloci
tyontheuppersurf
acethanont helowersurface.Thel
i
ftfor
cecanbe
relat
eddir
ectl
ytotheaveragetop/bot
tom v
eloci
tydif
ferencewithoutcomputi
ngthepr
essur
e
byusingtheconceptof 
 ci
rcul
ati
onandthe Kutt
a-Joukowskitheorem. 

Fig.
2Dr
agCoeffi
cient:
 
Thedragcoeff
ici
entcdisdef i
nedas:where:i
sthe dragfor
ce,
 whi
chisbydefi
nit
ionthefor
ce
componenti
nthedi r
ecti
onofthefl
owv eloci
ty,
isthe massdensi
tyofthef
lui
d,i
st he 
speedof
theobj
ectr
elat
ivetotheflui
dandistherefer
ence 
ar ea.
 

Dr
agCoef
fi
cient:

Thedr
agcoef
fi
cientcdi
sdef
inedas-

Wher
e:

Fd=i
sthedr
agf
orce,
whi
chi
sbydef
ini
ti
ont
hef
orcecomponenti
nthedi
rect
ionoft
hef
low
v
eloci
ty,

Rho=i
sthemassdensi
tyoft
hef
lui
d,

V=i
sthespeedoft
heobj
ectr
elat
ivet
othef
lui
dandi
sther
efer
encear
ea.

Ther eferencear eadependsonwhatt ypeofdr agcoef f

icientisbeingmeasur ed.For
automobi l
esandmanyot herobjects,thereferencear eai sthepr oj
ectedfrontal
areaofthe
vehicle.Thismaynotnecessar il
ybet hecrosssect ional areaoft hevehicl
e,dependingon
wher et hecrosssectionistaken.Forexampl e, f
oraspher e( notethi
si snotthesurfacearea=
).Forai r
foil
s,therefer
encear eaistheplanf orm area.Si ncet hi
stendst obear atherl
arge
areacompar edt otheproject
edf r
ontal ar
ea,ther esult
ingdr agcoef f
icient
stendt obelow:
muchl owert hanforacarwi t
ht hesamedr agandf r
ontal area,andatt hesamespeed.

Li
ftCoef
fi
cient
:

Thel
i
ftcoef
fi
ci
entC

Li
sdef
inedby
,

Where:Li
stheli
ftf
orce, isflui
ddensit
y,Vistr
ueai
rspeed,Si
splanfor
m areaandqi sthe
f
lui
ddynamicpr
essure.Thel
i
ftcoeff
ici
entcanbeappr
oximatedusi
ngthel
ift
ing-
li
netheory
,

Numer
ical
l
ycal
cul
atedormeasur
edi
nawi
ndt
unnel
testofacompl
eteai
rcr
aftconf
igur
ati
on.

Cont
rol
Sur
faces:

Empennage:Theempennageal soknownast hetailortai

lassembl y
,ofmostaircraf
tgi
ves
st
abil
it
ytotheair
craf
t,i
nasimi l
arwaytothef eat
hersonanar row.Mostai r
craftf
eatur
e
empennageIncor
porati
ngvert
icalandhor
izontalstabil
i
zingsurfaceswhichstabil
i
zethefl
i
ght
dynamicsofpit
chandy aw,aswellashousingcont r
olsurf
aces.In
 Fi
g.3

spiteofef fect
ivecontrolsur
faces,
manyear lyair
craftt
hatlacked
stabili
zi
ngempennagewer ev i
rt
ual
ly
unf l
yable.Today,onlyafew( oft
en
rel
at i
velyunstable)heavi
erthanair
aircraf
tar eabletoflywit
hout
empennage.

Ail
erons:Thesearethecont
rol
surf
acessit
uatedatthetr
ail
i
ngedge
ofthewingtogiveitt
herol
lmoti
on.

Ai
l
eronsmov
einopposi
tedi
rect
ion
t
oeachot
heri
.et
heyhav
edi
ff
erent
ial
act
ion.

Rudder:I
tisacont
rol
sur
faceuni
teswi
thv
ert
ical
stabi
l
izert
ocont
rol
they
awmot
ionoft
he
ai
rcr
aft
.

El
evat
or:
Itisacont
rol
sur
faceuni
teswi
thhor
izont
alst
abi
l
izert
ocont
rol
thepi
tchi
ngmot
ion
oft
heair
craft
.

St
abi
l
ityConcept
:

Theaircraf
t'
sr esponsetomoment arydisturbanceisassociatedwithit
si nherentdegreeof
stabi
li
tybuil
tinbyt hedesigner,
ineachoft hethreeaxes,andoccur r
ingwi thoutanyreact
ion
fr
om thepilot.Thereisanothercondi
tionaffecti
ngfli
ght,whichistheaircraft'
sstateoftr
im or
equil
i
brium (wherethenetsum ofal l
forcesequal szer
o).Someai rcraf
tcanbet ri
mmedbyt he
pi
lottofly'
handsof f'f
orstrai
ghtandlevelfli
ght,f
orcli
mborf ordescent.Freefli
ghtmodels
generall
yhav et
orel
yont hestateoftr
im bui
l
tinbythedesignerandadj
ustedbyt
heri
gger,
whil
et heremotecont
roll
edmodel shavesomef orm oft
ri
m deviceswhi
chareadj
ust
able
duri
ngt hefl
ight
.Anair
craft
'sstabi
li
tyi
sexpressedinrel
ati
ontoeachaxis:

-lat
eralst
abi
li
ty(st
abi
l
ityi
nrol
l
),di
rect
ional
stabi
l
ity(
stabi
l
ityi
nyaw)-l
ongi
tudi
nal
stabi
l
ity
(
stabi
li
tyinpi
tch)
.

Lat
eral
anddi
rect
ional
stabi
l
iti
esar
eint
er-
dependent
.St
abi
l
itymaybedef
inedas
fol
l
ows:

-Posi
ti
vest
abi
l
ity
:tendst
oret
urnt
oor
igi
nal
condi
ti
onaf
teradi
stur
bance.
-Negat
ivest
abi
l
ity
:tendst
oincr
easet
hedi
stur
bance.
-Neut
ral
stabi
l
ity
:remai
nsatt
henewcondi
ti
on.
-St
ati
cst
abi
l
ity
:ref
erst
otheai
rcr
aft
'
sini
ti
alr
esponset
oadi
stur
bance.
Ast
ati
cal
l
yunst
abl
eai
rcr
aftwi
l
luni
for
mlydepar
tfr
om acondi
ti
onof
equi
l
ibr
ium.-Dy
nami
cst
abi
l
ity
:ref
erst
otheai
rcr
aft
'sabi
l
ityt
odamp
outosci
l
lat
ions,
whi
ch dependsonhowf
astorhowsl
owi
tresponds
t
oadi
stur
bance.
Ady
nami
cal
l
yunst
abl
eai
rcr
aftwi
l
l(af
teradi
stur
bance)st
artosci
l
lat
ingwi
th
i
ncr
easi
ngampl
i
tude.Ady
nami
cal
l
yneut
ral
l
yst
abl
eai
rcr
aftwi
l
lcont
inue
osci
l
lat
ingaf
teradi
stur
bancebutt
heampl
i
tudeoft
heosci
l
lat
ionswi
l
lnot
change.So,
ast
ati
cal
l
yst
abl
eai
rcr
aftmaybedy
nami
cal
l
yunst
abl
e.Dy
nami
c
i
nst
abi
l
itymaybepr
event
edbyanev
endi
str
ibut
ionofwei
ghti
nsi
det
hef
usel
age,
av
oidi
ngt
oomuchwei
ghtconcent
rat
ionatt
heext
remi
ti
esoratt
heCG.Al
so,
cont
rol
sur
faces'
maxt
hrowsmayaf
fectt
hef
li
ghtst
abi
l
ity
,si
nceat
oomuch
cont
rol
thr
owmaycausei
nst
abi
l
ity
,e.
g.Pi
l
otI
nducedOsci
l
lat
ions(
PIO)
.St
ati
c
st
abi
l
ityi
spr
opor
ti
onal
tot
hest
abi
l
izerar
eaandt
het
ail
moment
.Yougetdoubl
e
st
ati
cst
abi
l
ityi
fyoudoubl
ethet
ail
areaordoubl
ethet
ail
moment
.Dy
nami
c
st
abi
l
ityi
sal
sopr
opor
ti
onal
tot
hest
abi
l
izerar
eabuti
ncr
easeswi
tht
hesquar
eof
t
het
ail
moment
,whi
chmeanst
haty
ougetf
ourt
imest
hedy
nami
cst
abi
l
ityi
fyou
doubl
ethet
ail
arml
engt
h.Howev
er,
maki
ngt
het
ail
arml
ongerori
ncr
easi
ngt
he
st
abi
l
izerar
eawi
l
lmov
ethemassoft
heai
rcr
aftt
owar
dst
her
ear
,whi
chmay
al
someant
heneedt
omaket
henosel
ongeri
nor
dert
omi
nimi
zet
hewei
ght
r
equi
redt
obal
ancet
heai
rcr
aft
..
.At
otal
l
yst
abl
eai
rcr
aftwi
l
lret
urn,
mor
eorl
ess
i
mmedi
atel
y,t
oit
str
immedst
atewi
thoutpi
l
oti
nter
vent
ion.

Lat
eral
stabi
l
ityi
sachi
evedt
hroughdi
hedr
al,
sweepback,
keel
eff
ectandpr
oper
di
str
ibut
ionofwei
ght
.Thedi
hedr
alangl
eist
heangl
ethateachwi
ngmakeswi
th
t
hehor
izont
al(
see
WingGeomet r
y).I
fadi sturbancecausesonewi ngtodrop,thelowerwi ngwi l
lrecei
vemor eli
ft
andtheair
craf
twillrollbackintothehorizontallevel
.Aswept backwi ngisonei nwhichthe
l
eadingedgeslopesbackwar d.Whenadi st ur
bancecausesanai rcr
aftwithsweepbackt oslip
ordropawing,thelowwi ngpresentsit
sl eadi
ngedgeatanangl emor eperpendicul
artothe
rel
ati
veair
fl
ow.Asar esult,t
helowwi ngacqui resmor eli
ftandrises,rest
oringtheaircr
aftto
i
tsorigi
nalf
li
ghtatt
itude.

Longi
tudi
nal
stabi
l
itydependsont
hel
ocat
ionoft
hecent
erofgr
avi
ty,
the
st
abi
l
izerar
eaandhowf
art
hest
abi
l
izeri
spl
acedf
rom t
hemai
nwi
ng.Most
ai
rcr
aftwoul
dbecompl
etel
yunst
abl
ewi
thoutt
hehor
izont
alst
abi
l
izer
.Non-
sy
mmet
ri
cal
camber
edai
rf
oil
shav
eahi
gherl
i
ftcoef
fi
cient
,butt
heyal
sohav
ea
negat
ivepi
tchi
ngmoment(
Cm)t
endi
ngt
opi
tchnose-
down,
andt
husbei
ng
st
ati
cal
l
yunst
abl
e,whi
chr
equi
rest
hecount
ermomentpr
oducedbyt
he
hor
izont
alst
abi
l
izert
ogetadequat
elongi
tudi
nal
stabi
l
ity
.Thest
abi
l
izerpr
ovi
des
t
hesamef
unct
ioni
nlongi
tudi
nal
stabi
l
ityast
hef
indoesi
ndi
rect
ional
stabi
l
ity
.
Sy
mmet
ri
cal
(zer
ocamber
)ai
rf
oil
shav
e
nor
mal
l
yazer
opi
tchi
ngmoment
,resul
ti
ngi
n
neut
ral
stabi
l
ity
,whi
chmeanst
heai
rcr
aft
goeswher
every
oupoi
nti
t.Ref
lexedai
rf
oil
s
(
wit
htr
ail
i
ngedgebentup)hav
eaposi
ti
ve
pi
tchi
ngmomentmaki
ngt
hem nat
ural
l
y
st
abl
e;t
heyar
eof
tenusedwi
thf
lyi
ngwi
ngs
(
wit
houtt
hehor
izont
alst
abi
l
izer
).I
tisof
cr
uci
ali
mpor
tancet
hatt
heai
rcr
aft
'
sCent
re
ofGr
avi
ty(
CG)i
slocat
edatt
her
ightpoi
nt,
sot
hatast
abl
eandcont
rol
l
abl
efl
i
ght
canbeachi
eved.I
nor
dert
oachi
eveagoodl
ongi
tudi
nal
stabi
l
ity
,theCGshoul
d
beaheadoft
heNeut
ral
Poi
nt(
NP)
,whi
chi
stheAer
ody
nami
cCent
reoft
hewhol
e
ai
rcr
aft
.NPi
stheposi
ti
ont
hroughwhi
chal
lthenetl
i
fti
ncr
ement
sactf
ora
changei
nangl
eofat
tack.Themaj
orcont
ri
but
orsar
ethemai
nwi
ng,
stabi
l
izer
sur
facesandf
usel
age.Thebi
ggert
hest
abi
l
izerar
eai
nrel
ati
onshi
ptot
hewi
ng
ar
eaandt
hel
ongert
het
ail
momentar
mrel
ati
vet
othewi
ngchor
d,t
hef
art
heraf
t
t
heNPwi
l
lbeandt
hef
art
heraf
ttheCGmaybe,
prov
idedi
t'
skeptaheadoft
he
NPf
orst
abi
l
ity
.Thesi
mpl
estwayofl
ocat
ingt
heai
rcr
aft
'sNPi
sbyusi
ngt
he
ar
easoft
het
wohor
izont
all
i
fti
ngsur
faces(
mai
nwi
ngandst
ab)andl
ocat
ethe
NPpr
opor
ti
onat
elyal
ongt
hedi
stancebet
weent
hemai
nwi
ng'
sACpoi
ntandt
he
st
ab'
sACpoi
nt.NPdi
stancet
othemai
nwi
ng'
sACpoi
ntwoul
dbe:
D=L·(
stabar
ea)/(
mai
nwi
ngar
ea+st
abar
ea)asshownont
hepi
ctur
ebel
ow:

Forsy
mmet
ri
cai
rf
oil
stheAbsol
uteangl
eofat
tacki
sequal
tot
heGeomet
ri
c
angl
eofat
tackwher
easf
orasy
mmet
ri
c(camber
ed)ai
rf
oil
stheset
wo
angl
esar
edi
ff
erent
,si
ncet
heseai
rf
oil
sst
il
lpr
oducel
i
ftatzer
oGeomet
ri
c
Angl
eofAt
tackasshownbel
ow.
Met
hodol
ogy
:

Fordesi
gni
ngofai
rf
oil
wesel
ectt
hef
oll
owi
ngl
ayoutofpr
ocess.

Nowher
eist
hemet
hodt
odesi
gnofanai
rf
oil
foraRCpl
anehav
ingmass=1kg
andwi
ngspanof1met
er.Fort
hegi
venspeci
fi
cat
ionoft
heaer
opl
anewe
st
art
edt
hedesi
gni
ngpr
ocessf
rom JAVAFOI
L,sof
twar
efr
om NASAt
ogett
he
exactpr
ofi
l
eofapar
ti
cul
arai
rf
oil
.
 Fi
g.8

I
ntheabov
ether
ear
e61poi
ntswhi
chf
ormsapar
ti
cul
arNACA0012pr
ofi
l
e.

1.Oncewegett heNACA0012prof
il
eweanal
ysesi
tsv
eloci
tyf
lowf
iel
d
andpressur
ewiththehel
pofJAVAFOI
LandANSYSFLUENTas
showningivenf
igure.
 Fi
g.9

Theabov
ef i
gur
eshowst
her
esul
tofpr
essur
efi
eldar
oundNACA0012at4º
angl
eofatt
ack,
Rey
nold’
sno.=4000andmachno.=. 008
Cor
respondi
ngv al
uesofClandCdistabul
ated.TheCp(cent
erofpr
essur
e)can
beobserv
edclosetothel
eadingedge.

JAVAFOILusessev
eral
tradi
ti
onal
met hodsforai
rf
oil
anal
ysi
s.Thef
oll
owi
ng
twomethodsbui
ldt
hebackboneoftheprogr
am:

• Thepot entialf low analysisi sdonewi thahi gheror derpanelmet hod

(l
inearv aryingv ort
icesdist r
ibuti
on).Takingasetofai r
foilcoor dinat
es,it
calculatest hel ocal,inviscidf l
owv elocit
yalongt hesur faceoft heairf
oil
foranydesi redangl eofat tack.
• Th eboundar yl ayeranalysismodul estepsal ongtheupperandt helower
surfacesoft heai r
foil
,star t
ingatt hestagnat i
onpoi nt.I
tsol vesasetof
diff
erent i
alequat i
onst ofindt hevariousboundar ylayerpar amet ers.I
tisa
socal ledi ntegr almet hod.Theequat i
onsandcr i
teriafort ransitionand
separat i
onar ebasedont hepr oceduresdescr i
bedbyEppl er.Compar ed
withCal cFoil,thismodul ehasbeencompl et
elyrewrit
tenandcl eanedup.
Ast
andardcompressi
bil
i
tycor
rect
ionaccordi
ngtoKarmanandTsi
enhasbeen
i
mplementedt
otakemildMachnumberef f
ectsi
ntoaccount
.

Aslongast hefl
owstayssubsoni
c(VbelowV*i
ntheVel
oci
tydi
agr
am),the
resul
tsshouldbefai
rl
yaccurat
e.Usual
l
ythi
smeansMachnumbersbet
ween
zeroand0.5.

Thenextst
epi
stof
indt
hev
eloci
tyf
iel
dli
nesi
nAnsy
sfl
uent

Fi
g.10

ANSYSFluentsof t
wareisanintegr
alpar
tofthedesi
gnandopt i
mizat
ionofthe
gi
venconfigurationofair
foi
l.I
thasadvancedsol
vertechnol
ogywhichprov
ides
accur
ateCFDr esult
s,f
lexi
blemov i
nganddefor
mingmeshesandsuper i
or
paral
l
elscalabili
ty.

Fr
om t
heabov
eanal
ysi
sresul
tswecanconcl
udeaboutt
hest
agnat
ionpoi
ntand
v
eloci
tyofai
rar
oundNACA0012.Oncewegett
hepr
essur
efi
eldf
lowsi
mul
ati
on
r
esul
tsandv
eloci
tyf
lowr
esul
tswecancal
cul
atet
hev
alueofl
i
ftanddr
agf
orce
appl
yont
heai
rpl
ane.
Herei
tiscl
ear
lyv
isi
blet
hatCpl
i
esv
erycl
oset
oc/
4di
stancef
rom t
hel
eadi
ng
edge.

I
nor
dert
oachi
evet
hef
inal
concl
usi
onf
rom FOI
L-SI
MII
I,
thi
sissof
twar
eto
cal
cul
atet
hev
alueoff
orcesact
ingonanaer
ody
nami
cbody
.Wi
tht
hissof
twar
e
y
oucani
nvest
igat
ehowanai
rcr
aftwi
ngpr
oducesl
i
ftanddr
agbychangi
ngt
he
v
aluesofdi
ff
erentf
act
orst
hataf
fectl
i
ftandt
hef
act
orst
hataf
fectdr
ag.Foi
l
Sim
I
IIi
sthel
atest(
Jul
y2010)v
ersi
onoft
heFoi
l
Simf
ami
l
yofi
nter
act
ivesi
mul
ati
ons.
Thedi
ff
erentv
ersi
onsofFoi
l
Simr
equi
redi
ff
erentl
evel
sofknowl
edgeof
aer
ody
nami
cs,
exper
iencewi
tht
hepackage,
andf
ami
l
iar
it
ywi
thcomput
er
t
echnol
ogy
.

Fi
g.11
Theabov
eimageshowst
hef
inal
out
comest
hatar
eobt
ainf
rom FOI
LSI
MII
I.The
spanl
engt
his=1.
06m,
Arear
equi
ret
oli
ftt
hepl
ane=0.
188m²andChor
dlengt
h
i
s0.
178m.

Togett
hedi
mensi
onofempennageweopt
edsomet
humbr
ulest
hatst
abi
l
ize
t
her
elat
ionbet
weent
hedi
mensi
onofwi
ngandhor
izont
alandv
ert
ical
stabi
l
izer
.
Fr
om ment
ionedmet
hodwegett
hear
eaofhor
izont
alandv
ert
ical
stabi
l
izeras
0.
94m²and0.
47m²r
espect
ivel
y.

Nowint
hedir
ect
ionofget
ti
ngt
hef
usel
agel
engt
hweuset
hef
ormul
agi
veni
n
t
hesect
ion

“
Stabi
l
ityconcept
s”asment
ionedabov
e.Thel
engt
hoff
usel
agecomesoutt
obe
0.
70m andt
odeci
dei
tsshapewef
inal
l
yconsi
der
edt
woi
mpor
tantpoi
ntsonei
s
f
lowsi
mul
ati
onandot
heri
seaseoff
abr
icat
ion.

Her
eist
her
esul
tofv
eloci
tyf
lowsi
mul
ati
ononAut
odeskwi
ndt
unnel
test
er:
 Fi
g.12

I
nor
der
edt
ogetpr
essur
edi
str
ibut
ionatt
hecont
ourpoi
ntsofourai
rcr
aftwedi
d
apr
essur
efl
owanal
ysi
sont
hesamesof
twar
easment
ionabov
e.Thesof
twar
e
whi
chweusef
orf
lowsi
mul
ati
onwasFl
owDesi
gn(
for
mer
lyPr
ojectFal
con)
,
whi
chi
spar
toft
heDi
git
alPr
otot
ypi
ngsol
uti
on.Si
mul
ateai
rf
lowandwi
ndt
unnel
t
est
ingar
oundbui
l
dings,
vehi
cles,
out
doorequi
pment
,ai
rcr
aft
soranyot
her
v
irt
ual
str
uct
ure.Fastf
eedbackandi
ntui
ti
vecont
rol
shel
pfr
om whi
chwegot
deepdesi
gni
nsi
ght
.

Fi
g.13

El
ect
roni
cComponent
s:

• One,
6channel
4GhzRecei
verandt
ransmi
tt
er.
• Fourser
vosofhav
ingmaxi
mum 60°r
otat
ion.
• Onebr
ushl
essmot
orof700gmst
hrustcapaci
ty.
• OneEl
ect
roni
cspeedcont
rol
l
erofmaxi
mum 20Ampcapaci
tycur
rent
.
OneLi
thi
um pol
ymerbat
ter
yofcapaci
ty11.
1vol
t,3cel
l
sand1500mah
One8*
4pl
ast
icpr
opel
l
er.
Concl
usi
on:

Fr
om abov
emet
hodol
ogyandconcept
swef
inal
l
ysuccessf
ull
ydesi
gnedaRC
Ai
rcr
aftwhi
chhasf
oll
owi
ngchar
act
eri
sti
cs:

• Maxi
mum v
eloci
tyof36kmph.
• Wi
ght=1kg.
• Wi
ngl
oadi
ngcapaci
tyof650gms.
• Rangeofr
emot
eisabout1.
5km.
Her
eist
hef
inal
render
edv
iewonSOLI
DWORKSandor
igi
nal
pict
ureoft
hepl
ane.
Ref
erences:

JohnJ.Bert
in“
Aer
ody
nami
csf
orEngi
neer
s”Four
thEdi
ti
onU.
SAi
rfor
ce
Academy.

JohnD.Ander
son“
Int
roduct
iont
ofl
i
ghtDy
nami
cs”Thi
rdedi
ti
on.
Wi
ki
pedi
a
Sof
twar
esused:

-JAVAAppl
et

-Ansy
s

-CATI
A

-Ai
rf
oil
simI
II

-
Aut
oDeskFl
owDesi
gn

-
Sol
i
dwor
ks.