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The average velocity v in a pipe is calculated based on the formula [1] and the appropriate units
are indicated in parentheses. (see the last page for a table of all the symbols)
If the Reynolds number is below 2000 than the flow is said to be in a laminar regime. If the
Reynolds number is above 4000 the regime is turbulent. The velocity is usually high enough in
industrial processes to make the flow regime turbulent. The viscosity of many fluids can be
found in the Cameron Hydraulic data book. The viscosity of water at 60F is 1.13 cSt.
If the flow is laminar then the friction parameter f is calculated with the laminar flow equation [3].
If the flow is turbulent then the friction parameter f is calculated based on the Swamee-Jain
equation [4].
In the turbulent flow regime the friction factor f depends on the absolute roughness of the pipe
inner wall. Table 1 provide some values for various materials.
ε
STEEL 0.0018
ST.ST. 0.0018
CAST IRON 0.0102
PVC 0.00006
The friction factor DHFP/L is calculated with the Darcy-Weisback equation [5]
g =32.17 ft/s²
A- PIPE LOSS CALCULATION Table:1 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR HEAD LOSS FORMULA
hL = ( c1 X f X L X q² ) / (d)^5 ( Ft. ) FLOW (q) c1 hL L d
hL = head loss Input data ft³ /min 6260 Ft of fluid Ft in
c1=conversion factor for head loss calculation (table1). 0.0311 gal /min 0.0311 Ft of fluid Ft in
f = darcy friction factor from moody curve 0.01523242 m³ /s 8.265x(10)10 Ft of fluid Ft mm
L = pipe length (feet) 2600 m 8530.18 q² Lit. /min 22950 Ft of fluid Ft mm
q = flowrat gal/min 180 m³ / h 3000 792.60 792.6 628214.76
d = pipe iside diameter ( inch) 150 mm upvc class E 6.165 .
Table:2 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR REYNOLDS NO. FORMULA
To find the friction factor ( f ) from curve , Re & Rr sould be calculated: FLOW (q) c2 F. density(ρ) absol.visc(μ)
Reynolds no. Re = (c2 X q X ρ) / d X µ dXµ ft³ /sec 22700 lb/ft³ cp
Relative roughness of the pipe Rr =ε /d 6.782 gal /min 50.6 lb/ft³ cp
c2 = conversion factor for reynolds No. calculation 50.6 m³ /s 1273000 kg/m³ cp
ρ = fluid weight density 62.34 Lit. /min 22950 kg/m³ cp
µ = fluid absolute viscosity 1.1
ε = Absolute reoughness values for clean pipe : 0.00006 Table:3 (ε)TYPICAL ABSOLUT ROUGHNESS VALUES FOR CLEAN PIPE
MATERIAL ε
Reynolds No. R. Roughness Inches Millimeters
Re Rr =ε /d STEEL 0.0018 0.046
368676.63649635 0.0000097 ST.ST. 0.0018 0.046
3.686766365 CAST IRON 0.0102 0.259
Note: PVC 0.00006 0.0015
f =64/Re for laminar flow Re less than 2000
f - for turbulant flow Re greater than 2000 Table:4 DENSITIES AND VISCOOSITIES OF TYPICAL FLUIDS AT 60˚ F
FLUID Density Viscosity
f = 0.25 / {Log10 (ε /3.7*D + 5.74 / Re^0.9)} ² f = 0.0152324 ρ lb/ft³ μ
Table:5 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS FORMULA WATER 62.34 1.1
FLOW (q) C3 DIAMETER ETHAN 23 0.05
ft³ /sec 522 in PROPANE 31.2 0.12
gal /min 0.00259 in BUTANE 44.3 0.19
m³ /s 8265X(10)7 mm ETHYL ALCOHOL 49.9 1.3
Lit. /min 22.96 mm
section flowrate factor factor density viscosity pip diam. friction pipe rough. pipe L hL V ( Ft/s )
q c1 c2 ρ µ d f ε L(Ft) Ft
L1 792.6 0.0311 50.6 62.34 1.1 6.165 0.01523 0.00006 8530.18373 285.06 8.52
L2 0 0.0311 50.6 62.34 1.1 1 0 0.0018 0 0 0.00
L3 0 0.0311 50.6 62.34 1.1 1 0 0.0018 0 0 0.00
L4 0 0.0311 50.6 62.34 1.1 1 0 0.0018 0 0 0.00
L5 0 0.0311 50.6 62.34 1.1 1 0 0.0018 0 0 0.00
L6 0 0.0311 50.6 62.34 1.1 1 0 0.0018 0 0 0.00
L7 0 0.0311 50.6 62.34 1.1 1 0 0.0018 0 0 0.00
Pipe Head Loss h L ( Ft ) 8530.18373 285.06
HEAD ( TDH ) = Static head (Hs) + friction head (Hf) + pressure hesd ( Hp) + velocity head(Hv) Page 4 of 4
Static head ( Hs) = is measured from the surface of the liquid in the section vessel to the surface
of the liquid in the vessel where the liquid is being delivered. In closed-loop system , the total static head = 0 .
100 HP
Q (m3/s) H(m)
0.0500 98.31
ID = inch m
6.165 0.156591
f L(m) V ( m /s ) D(m) g
0.0152324222 2600.67 2.59720436 0.156591 9.81
hf = 4f X L x V² / 2Dg = 93.48
hz hf hp H(m)
4.82 93.48 0.00 98.31
Q ( m³ /s ) 0.0500
W ( Kg/m3) 1000
H(m) 98.31
Eff. 0.75
WHP = Q X W X H / 75 = 65.54
HP / 0.75 = 87.38
HP kw
87.38 65.19
96.12
Roughness - k
Surface x 10 m
-3
feet
Copper, Lead, Brass, Aluminum (new) 0.001 - 0.002 3.33 - 6.7 10-6
PVC and Plastic Pipes 0.0015 - 0.007 0.5 - 2.33 10-5
Epoxy, Vinyl Ester and Isophthalic pipe 0.005 1.7 10-5
Stainless steel 0.015 5 10-5
Steel commercial pipe 0.045 - 0.09 1.5 - 3 10-4
Stretched steel 0.015 5 10-5
Weld steel 0.045 1.5 10-4
Galvanized steel 0.15 5 10-4
Rusted steel (corrosion) 0.15 - 4 5 - 133 10-4
New cast iron 0.25 - 0.8 8 - 27 10-4
Worn cast iron 0.8 - 1.5 2.7 - 5 10-3
Rusty cast iron 1.5 - 2.5 5 - 8.3 10-3
Sheet or asphalted cast iron 0.01 - 0.015 3.33 - 5 10-5
Smoothed cement 0.3 1 10-3
Ordinary concrete 0.3 - 1 1 - 3.33 10-3
Coarse concrete 0.3 - 5 1 - 16.7 10-3
Well planed wood 0.18 - 0.9 6 - 30 10-4
Ordinary wood 5 16.7 10-3
HEAD ( H ) = Static head (Hs) + friction head (Hf) + pressure head ( Hp) + velocity head(Hv)
Static head ( Hs) = is measured from the surface of the liquid in the section
vessel to the surface of the liquid in the vessel where the liquid is being delivered.
In closed-loop system , the total static head = 0 .other equesions :
Z1 = 0 Z2 = 15.81