CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

Chronological order is listing, describing, or discussing when events happened as they relate to
time. Basically, it is like looking at a timeline to view what occurred first and what happened
after that. For example, if teachers wanted their students to describe their first day of school, the
expectation would be for students to start with waking up that morning and getting prepared. If
students start from the moment they walked into the school, valuable information has been
skipped and could cause the listener to feel confused due to lack of information.

We use this pattern to tell stories, relate historical events, and to write biographies. We also use it
to explain processes and procedures.

Chronological order signal words are especially important in a process essay. You have to be
clear about the sequence of steps.

Eg : first, first of all, second, third, then, next, after that, soon, later, finally, last, meanwhile, at
he same time, now, after, as soon as, before, since, until, the first step, on the third day, after
leaving home, for five minutes, several years ago, a few weeks later and etc.

Example :

First, I wake up second, I take a bath after I finished shower next I prepared go to campus and
then I went for lunch after that I go to campus to study and finally, I go to my home.

CAUSE AND EFFECT

Cause and effect is a relationship between events or things, where one is the result of the other or
others. This is a combination of action and reaction.

Examples of Cause and Effect

 We received seven inches of rain in four hours. - The underpass was flooded.
 I never brush my teeth. - I have 5 cavities.
 Smoking cigarettes - Lung cancer
 Many buffalo were killed. - Buffalo almost became extinct.
  The streets were snow-packed and icy. - Cars needed more time to stop.
 He broke his arm. - The doctor put it in a cast.
 The boss was busy. - Her secretary took a message.
 A basketball player was traveling. - The referee called a penalty.
 I flipped the light switch on. - The light came on.
 An oil spill - Many deaths to wildlife
 Sedentary lifestyle - Childhood obesity

Cause and Effect Examples in Sentences

 When water is heated, the molecules move quickly, therefore the water boils.
 A tornado blew the roof off the house, and as a result, the family had to find another
place to live.
 Because the alarm was not set, we were late for work.
 The moon has gravitational pull, consequently the oceans have tides.
 Since school was canceled, we went to the mall.
 John made a rude comment, so Elise hit him.
 When the ocean is extremely polluted, coral reefs die.
 The meal we ordered was cheaper than expected, so we ordered dessert.
 Since helium rises, a helium balloon floats.
 There has been an increase in greenhouse gases, therefore global warming is happening.

COMPARISON AND CONTRACT ORDER

Compare and contrast essays are multi-paragraph compositions that explain ways in which
two (or occasionally more) subjects are similar and different. In these essays, compare means
describing similarities between the subjects. The essay on farmlife versus city would provide at least
one paragraph on how people's lives in the city are like the lives of the people that live on a farm.
Basically, the comparison tells what they have in common.

Compare is when you tell how things are alike and contrast is when you tell how things are different.
Example

Comparing apple and orange

 Fruit
 Has skin
 Gives juice
 Grows on trees
 Seeds
 Food

Contrasting apple and orange

Apple
 People eat skin
 Thin skin
 Green,red
 Grows in cold climate

Orange

 Thick skin
 Orange
 People don’t eat skin
 Grows in warm climate