seduced. If che pumps supplying an unprotected pipeline are stopped sucidenly the Now will also stop, If the pipeline profile ss celatively close to the hydraulic grade line, the sudden deceleration of the water echimn may cause the pressure to deop to a value less than atmospheric pressure. ‘The lowest value to which pressuce could drop is vapour pressure. Vaporization or even water ccohimn sepaestion may thus occur at peaks along dhe pipeline. When the pressore wave is retumed as a positive wave the water columns will rejoin giving rise to water hammer over pressures Unless some method of water haramer proteton i insted, a pumping pipeline sytem will nosy have to be sesned fora water hammer head This soften Gone wth high pressive Then whore water amet heads may be smal in compasion withthe pumping head. For kor Ties tis may bean economic solton Suitable loeatons for various water hammer protection devices ae showa i Fig ‘The philosophy behind the desig of moct methods of prosection aginst water acne 8 sieves The obtetive in ost cases 4 the down surge in the pipetine caused by mopping the pumpe The upsurge wil then be correspondingly recused, Ot may even be ently SGEERED The ose conmaom meso o enti te dovenstge io feed water nt the pipe ts soon a5 the presse tends op The sudden momentum change of the water cohumo beyond the tank is prevented so the clastic water hammer phenomenon is converted to 2 slow motion surge phenomenon. Past of the original kinetic energy of the water cohuma is converted into poteotial energy instead of clastic energy. The water column geacually deceloeates under the effect of the difference m heads beiween dhe ends. If itis allowed! to decelerate the water columa would gather momencusm in the ceverse dieection and impact against the pump t0 cause water hammer overpressures. If however, the water cohimn is aecested at its point of maximum poteatial energy, which coincides with the point of atinimum kinetic energy, there will be no sudden change in momentum and consequently no water hammer overpressuce. The reverse flow may be stopped by installing @ reflux valve or throttling device at the entranoe to the dischaege tank or air vessel, or in the pipeline, A small orifice bypass to the reflux valve would then allow the pressures on cither side to gradually equalize Charts are available for the design of aie vessels and for investigation of the pamp inertia effects, so that a water hammer analysis is not normally necessary. Rigid watee column theory may be employed for the analysis of surge tank cetion, and in some cases, of discharge tanks. 1 che pipeline system incorporates in line «eux valves or a pump by pass valve, an elastic wate haaumer analysis is usually necessary, The analysis may be done geaphically or, if number of solutions of similar systems ate envisaged, a computer peagram could be developed. Normally the location, size and discharge characteristics of a protective device such as 2 sischazge tank have to he determined by taal and error. The location and size of inline or bypass reflux valves may similarly have to be determined by tral In these instances a computer pengise is usually the mast economical method of solution, as & general program could be developed and by varying the design parameters methodically, an optimusa solution acrived at 1stFIG.6.2 : PIPELINE PROFILE ILLUSTRATING SUITABLE LOCATION FOR VARIOUS DEVICES FOR WATE. HAMMER PROTECTION 891SUCTION PIPE ux vatvi REFLUX VALVE ogce ume ¥1G.6.3; PUMP WITH BYPASS REFLUX VALUE,