17

Chapter 9

Complex Analysis (Appendix A)

m
√ jπ /4

er as
A.1 Express each of the following complex numbers in Cartesian form: (a) 2e j2π /3 ; (b) 2e ; (c) 2e j7π /6 ; and
(d) 3e jπ /2 .

co
eH w
Solution.

o.
(a)

rs e 2e j2π /3 = 2 cos 23π + j sin 23π

ou urc


 √ 
= 2 − 12 + j 23
√
= −1 + j 3.
o
aC s
vi y re

(b)
√ jπ /4 √
= 2 cos π4 + j sin π4


2e
√ 
ed d


= 2 √12 + j √12
ar stu

= 1 + j.
sh is

(c)
Th

2e j7π /6 = 2 cos 76π + j sin 76π

 √ 
= 2 − 23 − j 21
√
= − 3 − j.

√ √ √ √
A.2 Express each of the following complex numbers in polar form: (a) − 3 + j; (b) − 12 − j 23 ; (c) 2 − j 2;
√ √
(d) 1 + j 3; (e) −1 − j 3; and (f) −3 + 4 j. In each case, plot the value in the complex plane, clearly indicating
its magnitude and argument. State the principal value for the argument (i.e., the value θ of the argument that
lies in the range −π < θ ≤ π ).
Solution.

Last Revised: May 9, 2010 Copyright

c 2003–2010 Michael D. Adams
https://www.coursehero.com/file/25093690/asgn1-solnpdf/
 18 CHAPTER 9. COMPLEX ANALYSIS (APPENDIX ??)

(a)
r 
√ 2
|z| = 3 + 12 = 2

arg z = arctan − √13 + π = − π6 + π = 5π

 
6

z = 2e j5π /6

Im

1
5π
2 6
√ Re
− 3

m
(b)

er as
r

2  √  2

co
|z| = − 12 + − 23 = 1

eH w
h √ i   √ 
π
arg z = arctan − 23 / − 12 − π = arctan 3 −π = − π = − 23π

o.
3

rs e z = e j(−2π /3) .
ou urc
Im
− 21
Re
o

2π
3
aC s

1
vi y re

√
3
− 2

(c)
ed d

q√ √
ar stu

|z| = ( 2)2 + ( 2)2 = 2

√
arg z = arctan(− √22 ) = arctan(−1) = − π4
z = 2e j(−π /4) .
sh is

Im
Th

√
2
Re
π
4

√
− 2

A.3 Evaluate each of the expressions below, stating the final result in the specified form. When giving a final result
in polar
 √form, state
 the principal value  of the argument (i.e., choose the argument θ such that −π < θ ≤ π ).
3 1
(a) 2 2 − j 2 + j √2 e 1 j(−3 π /4) (in Cartesian form);
√  
(b) 23 − j 21 √1 e j(−3π /4) (in polar form);
2

Copyright
c 2003–2010 Michael D. Adams Last Revised: May 9, 2010
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 19

√ 
3 1
(c) 2 − j 2 /(1 + j) (in polar form);
(d) e1+ jπ /4 (in Cartesian form);
 √ ∗ 8
(e) − 12 + j 23 (in polar form);
10
(f) (1 + j) (in Cartesian form); and
1+ j
(g) (in polar form).
1− j

Solution.
(a)
√  √
− j 21 + j √12 e j(−3π /4) = 3 − j + − j 21 + 12
 
3


2 2
√
= 3 + 12 − j 1 + 21


√

m
2 3+1
= − j 23 .

er as
2

co
eH w
(b)

o.
√
√1 e j(−3π /4) = e j(−π /6) √12 e j(−3π /4)
 
3
− j 21
rs e 2 2
√1 e j(−11π /12) .
ou urc
= 2

(c)
o

√ i h√
aC s

− j 21 /(1 + j) = e j(−π /6) / 2e jπ /4

 h i
3
2
vi y re

= √1 e j(−5π /12) .
2
ed d

(d)
ar stu

e1+ jπ /4 = ee jπ /4
= e cos π4 + j sin π4

= √1 e + j √1 e.
2 2
sh is
Th

(e)
√ ∗ 8 i8
= e j(−2π /3)
 h
3
− 12 + j 2

= e j(−16π /3)
= e j2π /3 .

A.4 Show that the following identities hold, where z, z1 , and z2 are arbitrary complex numbers:
(a) |z1 /z2 | = |z1 | / |z2 | for z2 6= 0;
(b) arg(z1 /z2 ) = arg z1 − arg z2 for z2 6= 0;
(c) z + z∗ = 2 Re{z};

Last Revised: May 9, 2010 Copyright

c 2003–2010 Michael D. Adams
https://www.coursehero.com/file/25093690/asgn1-solnpdf/
 20 CHAPTER 9. COMPLEX ANALYSIS (APPENDIX ??)

(d) zz∗ = |z|2 ; and

(e) (z1 z2 )∗ = z∗1 z∗2 .
Solution.
(a) We rewrite z1 and z2 in polar form as
z 1 = r 1 e j θ1 and z 2 = r 2 e j θ2
where r1 , r2 , θ1 , θ2 are real constants such that r1 , r2 ≥ 0. Consider the left-hand side of the given equation,
which we can manipulate as follows (assuming that z2 6= 0):
   jθ 
 z1   r1 e 1 
 =
 z 2   r 2 e j θ2 


|r1 | e jθ1 
 
=
|r2 | |e jθ2 |
r1
=

m
r2

er as
|z1 |
= .

co
|z2 |

eH w
Thus, we have that |z1 /z2 | = |z1 | / |z2 |.

o.
(d) We express z in Cartesian form as

rs e z = x + jy.
ou urc
Now, we have
zz∗ = (x + jy)(x − jy)
o

= x2 − jxy + jxy + y2
aC s

= x2 + y2 and
vi y re

p 2
|z|2 = x2 + y2
= x2 + y2 .
Therefore, zz∗ = |z|2 .
ed d
ar stu

A.5 Use Euler’s relation to prove

 the following identities:
(a) cos θ = 21 e jθ + e− jθ ;


(b) sin θ = 21j e jθ − e− jθ ; and

 

(c) cos2 θ = 12 [1 + cos 2θ ].

sh is

Solution.
Th

(a) From Euler’s relation, we know

e jθ = cos θ + j sin θ .
Thus, we can write
e jθ + e− jθ = 12 [cos θ + j sin θ + cos(−θ ) + j sin(−θ )].
h i
1
2

Since cos θ and sin θ are even and odd functions, respectively, we can simplify the above equation to obtain
jθ − jθ
h i
1
2 e + e = 12 [cos θ + j sin θ + cos θ − j sin θ ]
= 21 [2 cos θ ]
= cos θ .
 jθ
Therefore, cos θ = 1
e + e− jθ .

2

Copyright
c 2003–2010 Michael D. Adams Last Revised: May 9, 2010
https://www.coursehero.com/file/25093690/asgn1-solnpdf/
 21

A.6 Consider the rational functions given below, where z is a complex variable. For each function, find the value
and order of its poles and zeros. Also, plot the poles and zeros in the complex plane.
(a) F(z) = z2 + jz + 3;
(b) F(z) = z + 3 + 2z−1 ;
(z2 + 2z + 5)(z2 + 1)
(c) F(z) = 2 ;
(z + 2z + 2)(z + 3z + 2)
z3 − z
(d) F(z) = 2 ;
z −4
z + 12
(e) F(z) = 2 ; and
(z + 2z + 2)(z2 − 1)
z2 (z2 − 1)
(f) F(z) = 2 .
(z + 4z + 17 2 2
4 ) (z + 2z + 2)
Solution.
(d) First, we factor the numerator polynomial.

m
er as
z3 − z = z(z2 − 1) = z(z + 1)(z − 1).

co
eH w
Next, we factor the denominator polynomial.

o.
z2 − 4 = (z + 2)(z − 2).

So, we have rs e
ou urc
z(z + 1)(z − 1)
F(z) = .
(z + 2)(z − 2)
o

Therefore, F(z) has first order zeros at −1, 0, and 1, and first order poles at −2 and 2.
aC s

Im
vi y re

1
ed d

Re
ar stu

−2 −1 1 2

−1

−2
sh is

(f) To find the poles and zeros of a rational function, we must factor the numerator and denominator polynomials.
Th

First, we factor z2 + 4z + 17
4 . The quadratic formula yields
q
−4 ± 42 − 4(1)( 17 4 )
= −2 ± j 21 .
2(1)
Thus, we have

z2 + 4z + 17 1 1
4 = (z + 2 + j 2 )(z + 2 − j 2 ).

Next, we factor z2 + 2z + 2. The quadratic formula yields

p
−2 ± 22 − 4(1)(2)
= −1 ± j.
2(1)

Last Revised: May 9, 2010 Copyright

c 2003–2010 Michael D. Adams
https://www.coursehero.com/file/25093690/asgn1-solnpdf/
 22 CHAPTER 9. COMPLEX ANALYSIS (APPENDIX ??)

So, we have

z2 + 2z + 2 = (z + 1 + j)(z + 1 − j).

Next, we factor z2 − 1 to obtain

z2 − 1 = (z + 1)(z − 1).

Combining the above factorization results, we have

z2 (z + 1)(z − 1)
F(z) = .
(z + 2 + j 21 )2 (z + 2 − j 21 )2 (z + 1 + j)(z + 1 − j)

Therefore, F(z) has first order zeros at 1 and −1, a second order zero at 0, first order poles at −1 + j and −1 − j,
and second order poles at −2 + j 21 and −2 − j 21 .

m
er as
Im

co
eH w
2

o.
1

rs e (2)
(2)
ou urc
Re
−2 −1 1 2
(2)
−1
o

−2
aC s
vi y re

A.7 Determine the values of z for which each of the functions given below is: i) continuous, ii) differentiable, and
iii) analytic. Use your knowledge about polynomial and rational functions to deduce the answer. Simply state
the final answer along with a short justification (i.e., two or three sentences). (This problem does not require a
rigorous proof. In other words, do not use the Cauchy-Riemann equations for this problem.)
ed d

(a) F(z) = 3z3 − jz2 + z − π and

z−1
ar stu

(b) F(z) = 2 .
(z + 3)(z2 + z + 1)
Solution.
(a) The function F(z) is a polynomial. Polynomials are continuous, differentiable, and analytic everywhere.
sh is

(b) The function F(z) is a rational function. Rational functions are continuous, differentiable, and analytic
Th

everywhere, except at points where the denominator polynomial becomes zero. So, we find these points. We
factor F(z) as

z−1
F(z) = √ √  √  √ .
(z + j 3)(z − j 3) z + 21 − j 23 z + 21 + j 23

Therefore, the denominator becomes zero for

n √ √ √ √ o
z ∈ − j 3, j 3, − 21 + j 23 , − 12 − j 23 .
√ √
Therefore, F(z) is continuous, differentiable, and analytic everywhere, except at the points: − j 3, j 3, − 21 +
√ √
3 3
j 2 , − 12 − j 2 .

Copyright
c 2003–2010 Michael D. Adams Last Revised: May 9, 2010
https://www.coursehero.com/file/25093690/asgn1-solnpdf/
 23

A.9 Let H(ω ) be a complex-valued function of the real variable ω . For each of the cases below, find |H(ω )| and
arg H(ω ).
1
(a) H(ω ) = ; and
(1 + jω )10
−2 − jω
(b) H(ω ) = .
(3 + jω )2
Solution.
(a) First, we compute the magnitude of H(ω ) to obtain

|1|
|H(ω )| =
|(1 + jω )10 |
1
=
|1 + jω |10
1
= √

m
( 1 + ω 2 )10

er as
1

co
= .
(1 + ω 2 )5

eH w
Next, we compute the argument of H(ω ) to obtain

o.
rs e arg H(ω ) = arg

1

ou urc
(1 + jω )10
= arg 1 − arg [1 + jω ]10

= − arg [1 + jω ]10


o

= − arg [ 1 + ω 2 e j arctan ω ]10

p 
aC s
vi y re

= −10 arctan ω .

Since the argument is not uniquely determined, in the most general case, we have

arg H(ω ) = 2π k − 10 arctan ω

ed d
ar stu

for all integer k.

(b) First, we compute the magnitude of H(ω ) to obtain

|−2 − jω |
|H(ω )| =
sh is

|(3 + jω )2 |
|−2 − jω |
Th

=
|3 + jω |2
√
4 + ω2
= √
( 9 + ω 2 )2
√
4 + ω2
= .
9 + ω2
Next, we calculate the argument of H(ω ) as

arg H(ω ) = arg(−2 − jω ) − arg [3 + jω ]2

= π + arctan ω /2 − arg [ 9 + ω 2 e j arctan ω /3 ]2

p 

= π + arctan ω /2 − 2 arctan ω /3.

Last Revised: May 9, 2010 Copyright

c 2003–2010 Michael D. Adams
https://www.coursehero.com/file/25093690/asgn1-solnpdf/
 24 CHAPTER 9. COMPLEX ANALYSIS (APPENDIX ??)

Since the argument is not uniquely determined, in the most general case, we have

arg H(ω ) = (2k + 1)π + arctan ω /2 − 2 arctan ω /3

for all integer k.

m
er as
co
eH w
o.
rs e
ou urc
o
aC s
vi y re
ed d
ar stu
sh is
Th

Copyright
c 2003–2010 Michael D. Adams Last Revised: May 9, 2010
https://www.coursehero.com/file/25093690/asgn1-solnpdf/

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