1 Soluble salts can be made using a base and an acid. (a) Complete this method of preparing dry crystals of the soluble salt cobalt(II) chloride-6-water from the insoluble base cobalt(II) carbonate. step 1 ‘Add an excess of cobalt(II) carbonate to hot dilute hydrochloric acid. (a fiter / centrifuge / decant; (partially) evaporate / heat / boi; allow to crystalise / coo! / et crystals form; dry crystals / dry between fiter paper / leave in a warm place to dry; 1) ft) i) a) (c) Measuring pH is one way of distinguishing between a strong acid and a weak acid. Describe another method. method results (c)_ Rate of reaction with Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe Strong (hydrochloric) acid bubbles faster or more bubbles or dissolves faster OR: rate of reaction with (metal) carbonate strong (hydrochloric) acid faster or more bubbles or dissolves faster (only if carbonate insoluble) OR: electrical conductivity strong (hydrochloric) acid better conductor 10) 1) (1) 1] oy ty{b) Another way of determining the order of reactivity of metals is by measuring the voltage and polarity of simple cells. The polarity of a cell is shown by which metal is the positive electrode land which metal is the negative electrode. An example of a simple cell is shown below. voltmeter v ® eo lead electrode: ~zine electrode electrolyte of dilute acid (1) Mark on the above diagram the direction of the electron flow. i (li) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, why the more reactive metal is always the negative electrode, (ii) The following table gives the polarity of cells using the metals zinc, lead, copper and manganese. cetl_| electrode 1 polarity electrode 2 polarity A zine - lead + B__| manganese = lead + c copper + lead - ‘What information about the order of reactivity of these four metals can be deduced from the table? (iv) What additional information is needed to establish the order of reactivity of these fou metals using cells? (b) correct direction from zinc to lead (1) 1) (ii) metals react by losing electrons (1) the more reactive metal/zinc will lose electrons more readily (making the electrode negatively charged). (1) (2) manganese and zinc are more reactive than lead (and/or copper) (1) lead is more reactive than copper (1) 2 (iv) the polarity of a Mn/Zn (cell) or the voltages of Zn/Pb and Mn/Pb (cells) (1) 1 [Total: 12]5 A length of magnesium ribbon was added to 50cm? of sulfuric acid, concentration 1.0mol/dim?. The time taken for the magnesium to react was measured. The experiment was repeated with the same volume of different acids. In all these experiments, the acid was in ‘excess and the same length of magnesium ribbon was used, (a) experiment| acd concentation | tines A__| sulfuric acia 10 20 B___|_ propanoic acid 05 230 c hydrochloric acd 10 40 D | hiydrochlorc acis os 20 (i) Write these experiments in order of reaction speed. Give the experiment with the fastest speed first. (1) (ii) Give reasons for the order you have given in (i). (a () AcDB a speed (or rate) increases as concentration increases / time decreases as concentration increases; (1) rate or speed or time depends on (concentration) of H’ or hydrogen ions; t) Bis slow because propanoic acid is weak or doesn't dissociate or weak! or B is slow because HCI and H,SO, are stronger or ionise or dissociate more than propanoic; (1) D slower than C because C is more concentrated than D / ORA; tt) ‘Ais fast because H" concentration high (note: this would also score second mark if not already awarded) / H.SO, is diprotic or dibasic or 2H"; ic time is inversely proportional to rate / owtte / ORA; (] max [5] 6 Ethylamine, CH,-CH,-NH,, is a base which has similar properties to ammonia. (a) In aqueous ethylamine, there is the following equilibrium. CH,-CH,-NH, + H,O = CH,-CH,-NH," + OH Explain why water is behaving as an acid in this reaction. proton donor;