2016 HigHer ScHool certificate

examination

REFERENCE SHEET

– Mathematics –

– Mathematics Extension 1 –

– Mathematics Extension 2 –

 Mathematics

Factorisation Distance between two points

( )( )
a2 − b2 = a + b a − b d= ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
a3 + b3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 )

a3 − b3 = ( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) Perpendicular distance of a point from a line

ax1 + by1 + c
d=
a2 + b2
Angle sum of a polygon
S = ( n − 2 ) × 180° Slope (gradient) of a line
y2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
Equation of a circle

( x − h )2 + ( y − k )2 = r 2 Point-gradient form of the equation of a line

y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )

Trigonometric ratios and identities

opposite side 1 nth term of an arithmetic series

sin θ = cosecθ =
hypotenuse sin θ Tn = a + ( n − 1) d
adjacent side 1
cosθ = secθ =
hypotenuse cosθ Sum to n terms of an arithmetic series
opposite side sin θ n n
tan θ = tan θ = Sn = [ 2a + ( n − 1) d ] or Sn = (a + l )
adjacent side cosθ 2 2
cosθ
cot θ =
sin θ nth term of a geometric series

sin 2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 Tn = ar n−1

Exact ratios
Sum to n terms of a geometric series

30°
Sn =
(
a rn − 1 ) or Sn =
(
a 1 − rn )

2 3 r −1 1− r
2 45°
1

45° 60° Limiting sum of a geometric series

1 1
a
S=
Sine rule 1− r
a b c
= = Compound interest
sin A sin B sinC
r ⎞n
Cosine rule An = P ⎛ 1 +
⎝ 100 ⎠
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cosC

Area of a triangle
1
Area = absinC
2

– 2 –

 Mathematics (continued)
Differentiation from first principles Integrals

ƒ ( x + h) − ƒ ( x ) ⌠ ( ax + b )n+1
ƒ ′( x ) = lim ⎮ ( ax + b ) n
dx = +C
h→0 h ⌡ a ( n + 1)

Derivatives ⌠ ax+b 1
⎮e dx = e ax+b + C
⌡ a
dy
If y = x n , then = nx n−1
dx ⌠ ƒ ′( x )
⎮ ƒ ( x ) dx = ln ƒ ( x ) + C
dy dv du ⌡
If y = uv , then =u +v
dx dx dx
⌠ 1
⎮ sin ( ax + b ) dx = − a cos ( ax + b ) + C
du dv ⌡
v −u
u dy dx dx
If y = , then = 2 ⌠ 1
v dx v ⎮ cos ( ax + b ) dx = a sin ( ax + b ) + C
⌡
dy du
If y = F ( u ) , then = F ′( u )
dx dx ⌠ 1
⎮ sec ( ax + b ) dx = a tan ( ax + b ) + C
2

dy ⌡
If y = e ƒ ( x ) , then = ƒ ′( x ) e ƒ ( x )
dx
Trapezoidal rule (one application)
dy ƒ ′( x ) b
If y = loge ƒ ( x ) = ln ƒ ( x ) , then = ⌠ b−a
dx ƒ (x) ⎮ ƒ ( x ) dx ≈ 2 ⎡⎣ ƒ ( a ) + ƒ ( b ) ⎤⎦
⌡a
dy
If y = sin ƒ ( x ) , then = ƒ ′( x ) cos ƒ ( x )
dx Simpson’s rule (one application)
dy b
If y = cos ƒ ( x ) , then = − ƒ ′( x ) sin ƒ ( x ) ⌠ b−a ⎡ ⎛ a + b⎞ ⎤
dx ⎮ ƒ ( x ) dx ≈ 6 ⎢⎣ ƒ ( a ) + 4 ƒ ⎝ 2 ⎠ + ƒ ( b ) ⎥⎦
⌡a
dy
If y = tan ƒ ( x ) , then = ƒ ′( x ) sec 2 ƒ ( x )
dx
Logarithms – change of base
logb x
loga x =
Solution of a quadratic equation logb a
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
Angle measure
Sum and product of roots of a quadratic equation 180° = p radians
b c
α +β =− αβ =
a a Length of an arc
l = rq
Equation of a parabola

( x − h )2 = ±4a ( y − k ) Area of a sector

1
Area =  r 2q
2

–3–
 Mathematics Extension 1
Angle sum identities Acceleration

sin (θ + f ) = sin θ cos f + cosθ sin f d 2x dv dv d ⎛ 1 2⎞

2 = = v = v
dt dt dx dx ⎝ 2 ⎠
cos (θ + f ) = cosθ cos f − sin θ sin f
tan θ + tan f
tan (θ + f ) = Simple harmonic motion
1 − tan θ tan f
x = b + a cos nt + α ( )
t formulae x!! = −n 2 x − b ( )
θ
If t = tan , then
2
2t
sin θ = Further integrals
1 + t2
1 − t2 ⌠ 1 x
cosθ = ⎮ 2 dx = sin −1 + C
1 + t2 ⌡ a − x2 a
2t
tan θ = ⌠ 1 1 x
1 − t2 ⎮ 2 dx = tan −1 + C
⌡a +x
2 a a
General solution of trigonometric equations

sin θ = a, θ = nπ + ( −1)n sin −1 a

Sum and product of roots of a cubic equation
cosθ = a, θ = 2nπ ± cos−1 a
b
tan θ = a, θ = nπ + tan −1 a α + β +γ = −
a
c
αβ + αγ + βγ =
a
Division of an interval in a given ratio
d
⎛ mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 ⎞ αβγ = −
a
⎜⎝ m + n , m + n ⎟⎠
Estimation of roots of a polynomial equation

Newton’s method
Parametric representation of a parabola
For x 2 = 4ay,
ƒ ( x1 )
x2 = x1 −
x = 2at,  y = at 2 ƒ ′( x1 )

(
At 2at, at 2 , )
tangent: y = tx − at 2 Binomial theorem
3
normal: x + ty = at + 2at n n
⎛ n⎞ ⎛ n⎞
( a+b ) n
= ∑ ⎜⎝ k ⎟⎠ a k bn−k = ∑ ⎜⎝ k ⎟⎠ an−k b k
At ( x1 , y1 ) , k =0 k =0

tangent: xx1 = 2a ( y + y1 )
2a
normal: y − y1 = − ( x − x1 )
x1

( )
Chord of contact from x0 , y0 :  xx0 = 2a y + y0 ( )

–4–
© 2015 Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW