Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Foreword 3
4. Overview of trigonometry 6
5. Trigonometry 7
This booklet is designed to clarify the content prescribed in Mathematics. In addition, it has
some tips on how you should tackle real-life problems on a daily basis.
Candidates will be expected to have already mastered the content outlined for Grades 8-11.
This booklet must be used to master some mathematical rules that you may not yet be aware
of. The prescribed textbook must also be used.
All learners should be able to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to:
Hints for solving two-dimensional problems using trigonometry and the Pythagoras
theorem.
• If you are not given a diagram, draw one yourself.
• Mark all right angles on the diagram and fill in the figures for any other angles and lengths
that are known.
• Mark the angles or sides that you have to find.
• Identify the right-angled triangles that you can use to find the missing angles or sides.
Decide what mathematical method you will use: Pythagoras, sin, cos or tan.
• Later in the problem, if you have to use a value that you have calculated, use the most
accurate value and only round off at the end.
1 sin 2 A
1 sinA
1
cosA tanA
cosA
Solutions:
1.1 tan x. cos x 1.2 1 cos 1 cos
sin x sin
cos x
cos x 1 cos 2
sin x sin
sin 2
sin
sin
10
1 sin 2 A
LHS =
1
cosA tanA
cosA
1 sin 2 A
=
1 sinA
cosA
cosA cosA
1 - sin A 1 sinA
=
1 sin A
= 1 sinA
= RHS
Exercises
1. Simplify the following expressions:
1.1 tan x. cos x
1 cos 1 cos
1.2
sin
1
1.3 1
cos 2
1 1 2
2. Prove the following:
1 sin 1 sin cos 2
11
• NB: Adding or subtracting 360 does not change the value of a trigonometric function.
sin( 360 ) sin
cos( 360 ) cos
tan( 360 ) tan
• Co-functions allow us to write a ratio of sin in terms of cos and vice versa.
sin(90o ) cos
cos(90o ) sin
sin(90o ) cos
cos(90o ) sin
Example 1: Simplify without using a calculator:
2sin(180 x) cos(360 x)
cos(90 - x) cos(180 x)
Solution:
2sin(180 x) cos(360 x)
cos(90 - x) cos(180 x)
2 sin x cos x
sin x(- cos x)
2
1
2
13
Example 3: Simplify
sin( 180 ) cos( 180 ) tan( ) 1 cos 2 ( 360 )
Solution:
sin( 180 ) cos( 180 ) tan( ) 1 cos 2 ( 360 )
2
= sin( 180 ) cos( 180 ) tan( ) 1 cos( 360 )
sin
(sin )( cos ) 1 cos2
cos
14
cos(180 60 ) tan(180 45 ) ( 1)
sin(60 ) cos(360 120 )
( cos 60 ) tan 45 .( 1)
sin 60 cos 120
cos 60 tan 45 .( 1)
sin 60 cos(180 60 )
1
1 1
2
3 1
2 2
3
2
Example 5:
Determine the value of the following in terms of p, if cos 63 p , without using a calculator.
a ) sin 27
b) tan( 63 )
Solutions:
a ) sin 27 cos 63
p
Exercises
1. If cos 23 p; express the following in terms of p , without using a calculator.
1.1 cos 203
1.2 sin 293
15
Solutions:
1.1 cos 23 p 1.2 sin 293 sin(360 67 )
x p, r 1 sin 67
y 1 p2 sin(90 23 )
sin 23
cos 203 cos(180 23 )
cos 23 1 p2
p
2.1 sin(90 x) sin( x) tan(180 x) 2.2 tan 300 cos(90 x)
cos(360 x) sin( x 180 ) sin x 2 cos( 30 )
cos x sin x tan x tan 60 sin x
cos x sin x sin x 2 cos 30
tan x 3 sin x
3
sin x 2
2
3 sin x
sin x 3
1
2.3 cos 60 tan 45
3 sin 270 cos150
cos 270 tan 45
3 1 cos 30
1
1
2
3
3
2
3
2
3 3
2
1
3
16
Solution:
sin(α – β) = cos[90° – (α – β)] = cos[90° – α + β] = cos[(90° + β) – α]
= cos(90° + β). cosα + sin(90° + β). sinα
= –sinβ.cosα + cosβ.sinα
= sinα.cosβ – cosα.sinβ
4 Simplify, without the use of a calculator:
4.1.1 cos70° cos10° + cos20° cos80°
4.1.2 2 sin15° cos 15°
4.1.3 sin 15°
Solutions:
4.1.1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 700 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠100 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠200 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠800
= 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 700 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠100 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠700 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠100
= 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 700 − 100
=𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 600
1
=
2
4.1.2 2 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 150 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠150
= 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2(150 )
= 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠300
1
=
2
4.1.3 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 150
= 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(450 − 300 )
= 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 450 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠300 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠450 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠300
= 1 √3 1 1
−
√2 2 √2 √2
√3−1
=
2√2
5 Prove the following:
5.1 sin 2 A 2 sin A . cos A
5.2 cos 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1
5.3 cos 2 A 1 2 sin 2 A
5.4 cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A
18
6.3 3
−
3
21 21
Answers
6.1 sin
6.2 1
2
6.3 2
Evaluate, without using a calculator:
7.1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 15° + sin 22,5° cos 22,5° − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 15°
7.2 √3
2
19
• If you add or subtract any number of full revolutions to a solution, you get the same number,
i.e.:
If sin x a , 1 a 1. Then x sin 1 a k 360 or x 180 sin 1 a k 360 , k
• If an equation contains double angles, for example, sin 3 , cos 2 x and tan 5 y , first find
the general solutions for 3 , 2 x and 5 y . Then divide by 3, 2 or 5 to find the final
solutions. If you divide first, you will lose valid solutions.
• Apply restrictions.
21
Solve these equations for n ... 2; 1; 0;1; 2 ... and select values that lie in 360 ; 360
Answer: x 310 ; 230 ;130 ; 50 ;130 ; 230
22
Solve these equations for n ... 2; 1; 0;1; 2 ... and select values that lie in 360 ; 360
Answer: x 310 ; 230 ;130 ; 50 ;130 ; 230
Example 4: If θ 0 ;180 , solve for θ , correct to one decimal place: 3sin2θ -2,34
Solution:
3 cos 2 2,34
cos 2 0,78
2 cos 1 0,78 k 360
2 141,26 k 360
70,6 k 360
23
Example 6:
Determine the general solution of:
2 sin cos − 4 cos = sin − 2
2 sin cos − 4 cos − sin + 2 = 0
2 cos (sin − 2) − (cos − 2) = 0
(sin − 2)(2 cos − 1) = 0
1
sin = 2 or cos =
2
no solutions or B̂ = °+ °, Z
B̂ = (360° − 60°) + 360° = °+ ° Z
Practice exercises
1. Determine the value of x:
1
1.1 sin 2 x for x 0 ;90
2
1.2 4 cos 2 x tan 45 0 for x 0 ;360
2. Find the general solution of sin(θ 14,5 ) 0,609 correct to one decimal place.
24
4 2 1
2
tanθ x
x
1
tan x2 2
x2
1
x2 2
x2
1 2
3
Ref 71,56
θ 71,56 k 180 k
25
Mathematics can be fun, as it requires you to pull together all that you have learnt in the lower
grades to answer the Grade 12 examination questions. If you skipped one grade before Grade
12, it would have left a void in the grounding you require to pass the final examinations.
Please ensure that you know all axioms and corollaries (all the rules) to answer the questions.
Revise by working through at least three sets of previous Mathematics question papers before
Write one paper in 3 hours and mark your script on your own, using the memorandum, in
order to gauge whether you are ready for the final paper. Memoranda for all previous DBE
We assure you that this year’s final paper will be similar to those of previous years in both
Limit the amount of food you eat, in order for your cerebrum (brain) to work effectively.
35
We hope the guidance we have provided helps you in the final examination.
Mr Leonard Gumani Mudau, Mrs Nonhlanhla Rachel Mthembu, Ms Thandi Mgwenya and Mr
36