PHYSICS
-it deals with the behavior and East to West.
structure of matter and energy.
2 Classification of Physics
- Classical Physics
- Modern Physics
 Introduction to Cosmology
Cosmology- the science of the origin and
development of the universe. (structure and
origin)
Cosmos- means “world”
Cosmologists- experts who studies the
universe.
 Golden Age of Early Astronomy
Astronomy- Heavenly bodies/ celestial
bodies
Astronomers
Greece- was known as the center of the
Golden Age of Early Astronomer.
Ancient Astronomy
1. Anaxagoras
- “Phases of the Moon”
- According to him, the moon shone only by
reflected sunlight.
2. Eudoxus of Cnidus
- He proposed a system of fixed spheres.
- Geocentric (the earth is the center)
-Heliocentric (the sun is the center)
Helios means “sun”
Centric means “center”
- He believe that the earth is stationary (not
moving)
Celestial Sphere- daily motion from East to
West
Ecliptic Sphere- not daily but annual from
Wes to East.
Planetary Spheres- retrograde motion from
3. Aristotle
-he was a student of Plato
-he was considered as one of the great
philosophers
- For him, the earth is spherical in shape
- He also believed that the earth was the
center of the universe
- 2,000 years
- “Aristotle Sphere of the Prime Mover”
4. Herakleids
-Geoheliocentric
-Sun (Mercury, Venus)
-Earth (Sun, Moon, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn)
5. Aristarchus of Samos
-Heliocentric
-He believes that the sun is the center of the
universe.
Why it is being rejected by the Greek
Philosophers?
- because he is violating the beliefs of the
Greek people that the earth is stationary.
6. Eratosthenes
-He determined the size of the earth
-He is a Mathematician
- 40,075 km (the actual size or
circumference of the earth)
7. Claudius Ptolemy (Ptolemaic System)
- Geocentric
- He believed that the earth is the center of
the universe.
-Epicycles (smaller circles)
-Deferents (larger circles)
-1,400 years
8. Hipparchus
Great Contribution:
1. He observed and compared the
brightness of 850 stars and arranged them
into order of brightness or magnitude.
 Precession of Equinox (26,000 years)
2. He developed a method for predicting the -Polaris
times of lunar eclipses to within a few hours. -the wobbling of the earth every
26,000 years which is due to the
3. He also measured the length of the year gravitation pull of the sun and the
to within minutes of the modern value. moon. These phenomena change
the location of the polar stars (North
Modern Astronomy Star).
1. Nicolaus Copernicus
3. Johannes Kepler
-Heliocentric
He developed the 3 laws of Planetary
-the sun was the stationary center of the
Motion:
solar system
- Law of Ellipses
-He did not gain the approval among
following the rule, “All planets move In
astronomers of the time.
elliptical orbit with the sun as one of the
2. Tycho Brahe
focal points”
-GeoHeliocentric
Aphelion Distance- far from the sun
-The sun and the moon revolved around the
Perihelion Distance – near from the sun
earth and the other revolved around the
-Law of Equal Areas
sun.
“a line joining the sun and a planet
3. Galileo Galilei
sweeps out equal areas at equal length of
-Heliocentric
time”
-He invented the telescope that helped in
Motion: Aphelion – Lowest Motion
confirming the structure of the solar system
Perihelion – Fastest Motion
and of heavenly bodies.
-Law of Periods or Harmonies
4 satellites or moon orbiting Jupiter
“the square of the orbit period of a
-IO
planet is directly proportional to the cube of
-Europa
the average distance of the planet from the
-Callisto
sun”
-Ganymede
T2 – Orbital Period
“Dialogue of the Great World Systems”
r3- Average Distance
Motions of Heavens
Au (au) – astronomical unit
Diurnal Motion -measuring the average measurement
-objects in the sky seems to travel
from East to West. This motion is
caused by the daily motion of the
Earth.
Annual Motion
-the yearly revolution of the Earth
around the Sun.
Motion – it is a change in position with
respect to a reference point.
3 Types of Motion
1. Rotary Motion – motion in circles
2. Linear Motion – when of all of a body
moves in a line (straight or curved) with all
parts moving in the same direction.
3. Reciprocating Motion- a repetitive up and
down or back and forth linear motion.
Aristotelian Motion
- “Aether” elements present outside
the Earth. (Celestial Realm)
-Earth, Water, air and fire- elements
you can see within the earth
(Terrestrial Realm).
-According to Aristotle, the heavier
the object the faster it will fall in the
ground while the lighter the object
the slower it will fall in the ground.
2 types of Motion
Natural Motion Violent Motion
- the natural - it results from
tendency of an pushing and
object to go to pulling forces
its natural on an object
places. (motion (when force is
at rest) applied)
Galilean Motion
-He is contradicting the idea of
Aristotle
-According to him, all objects will
reach the ground on the same time
regardless of their weight.
-Even the force is not applied, the
object will continue to move without
any assistance.
-the reason why an object shows
down or stop is because of the
presence of “FRICTION”
Friction- it is a force on any object which
opposes any tendency for the its surface
to move relative to another surface.
2 Types of Friction
- Static Friction (at rest)
- Kinetic Friction (in motion)
Inversely Proportional
Smooth Surface -Faster Motion, Lesser
Friction
Rough Surface- Slower Motion, Greater
Friction
Newtonian Motion
3 Laws of Motion
1. Laws of Inertia
-an object at rest will stay at rest,
and an object in motion will stay
in motion at a constant velocity,
unless acted by an unbalanced
force.
*Mass
-a measure of the inertia of an
object at rest
-the greater the mass of an
object, the greater the inertia
-the smaller the mass of an
object, the lesser its inertia.
2. Law of Acceleration
-the acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the next
external force acting on it and
inversely proportional to its mass.
𝑭
a= Mass and Weight
𝒎
-Mass is the amount of matter
present in an object.
-Weight is a measure of the
gravitational force acting on a
body.
 3. Law of Interaction (Law of Action
Reaction)
- for every force, there is an
interacting force with equal
magnitude and opposite
direction.
Law of Universal Gravitation
Universal Gravitational Constant
G= 6.67 x 10-11
g= 9.98 m/s2 (Gravity)
KEROSENE LAMP- “emerged during the Early 19th
Century”
ELECTRIC LIGHTBULB- “invented during the Late
19th Century”
EUCLID OF ALEXANDRIA (300 B.C)
-“The eyes send out rays that strikes the objects
which allows them to be seen”
-Greek mathematician (founder of geometry)
geometrical side of light
-According to him, Light traveled in a straight
line.

Unit:
m- kg
F- n
a- m/s2
Formulas:
𝑮𝒎
Ag= Ibn-Al-Haitam (ALHAZEN)
𝒅𝟐
-He contradicted the idea of Euclid by
̀
𝑮𝒎𝟏𝒎𝟐
Fg= understanding how the eye functions.
𝒅𝟐 -Latinized – Alhazen
𝑭 -Arab Mathematician
a= -Book of Optics
𝒎
-Done experiments about the phenomenon of
reflection and refraction. (Renaissance of Optics)
Optics- branch of science deals with light
NATURE OF LIGHT
and its properties.
What is the nature of light?

Light- an electromagnetic radiation within a • Isaac Newton – light is a particle

certain portion of electromagnetic • Christian Huygens – light is a wave
spectrum.
• James Clerk Maxwell – light is an
IS LIGHT A WAVE OR A PARTICLE? BOTH. electromagnetic wave
-Particle because photons are particles
• Max Planck – Dual Nature of Light
-Wave because the flow of photons is a
wave ISAAC NEWTON
-“Light is a stream of particles”
Fire -“The extension of light at night.”
LAMPS- “Lamps filled with oil, Ancient Greece”
CANDLES- “invented during the Middle Ages”
CORPUSCULAR THEORY
- Light is made up of discreet, tiny, light and
perfectly elastic particles called as “corpuscles”.
These particles travel in straight line.
COLORS OF LIGHT
-According to Isaac Newton, “The various colors
of light is caused by the different sizes of the
particles that hits the retina of the eye.”
(An image of the object that we see is produced
when the corpuscles enter our eyes. These
particles have different colors. And each color
has a different size of particles.)
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
-According to Isaac Newton, “Reflection is a
phenomenon caused by the bouncing of the
particles similar to a ball.”
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
-According to Isaac Newton, “This is due to the
supposed change in the speed of light as it
travels into different medium. The particles are
speeding up as they travel from a rarer medium
to a denser medium”
Light
particles move faster as it travels from air into
water
Limitations of Corpuscular Theory
 The different sizes of particles were not
experimentally proven.
 The simultaneous phenomenon of
reflection and refraction could not be
explained on the basis of corpuscular
theory.
 Emission of particles from a source of
light must cause a reduction in the mass
of its source. However, this was
experimentally proven that there is no
reduction in the mass of the source.
CHRISTIAN HUYGENS
-“Light is a wave, a vibration that travels”
WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT
-Light is made up of longitudinal waves
propagating in all direction with constant
velocity in a homogenous medium.
COLORS OF LIGHT
- According to Christian Huygens, “The
various colors of light is caused by the
different wavelengths of waves”
REFLECTION OF LIGHT VERDICT
-According to Christian Huygens, When light -“The speed of light is slower in denser
is reflected by a surface, waves are simply medium”
turned back resulting to a reversed image.
JAMES MAXWELL
-“Light is the sum of two waves, an electric
wave and a magnetic wave.”

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF LIGHT

-“Light is an electromagnetic wave. Light is
part of the electromagnetic spectrum”

REFRACTION OF LIGHT
-According to Christian Huygens, “When
light travels from a rarer medium to a
denser medium, the speed of the wave
decreases.”

RADIO WAVES
-Used in communications for mobile phones

INFRARED
-Any objects that produces heat emits
infrared.
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
-“Arago” VISIBLE LIGHT
-Tries to confirm experimentally the - The only wave visible to our naked eye.
phenomenon of refraction through
identifying the speed of light in different
media.

REFRACTION OF LIGHT
-“Foucalt and Fizeau”
-Done an experiment using rotating mirrors
to propose the speed of light in different
media.
ULTRAVIOLET
-Possesses very high energy that can be both
harmful and beneficial to us.
X-RAY
-These are waves that can penetrate the
skin but not the bones.
GAMMA RAYS
- They have the highest energy range. They
can only be generated by radioactive
materials.
-Radiation therapy for killing cancer cells-
brachytherapy
HEINRICH HERTZ
-He conducted experiments showing how
light can produce energy.
-The experiment suggested that light exhibits
non-wavelike property such as exchanging
energy in discreet amounts.
MAX PLANCK
- “Light has a dual nature.”
QUANTUM THEORY
-Proposed by Max Planck, this theory states
that light is emitted in discrete packs of
energy called “quanta”
Properties of Light
1. Reflection- is the bouncing back of light in
a smooth and shiny surface that results to
the formation of an image.
2. Refraction- is the bending of light as it
passes through different media or materials
with different densities.
3. Transmission- strictly refers to the process
where light passes through an object or
medium without being absorbed.
4. Absorption- Light is absorbed when the
photons from the incident light hit the
atoms and molecules.
Understanding the Different Light Phenomena
Scattering of Light
• Reflection on curved surface
• Mirage
• Rainbow, Secondary rainbow and
Supernumerary arcs
• Sun halos and Sundogs
• White clouds and Rain clouds

-Albert Einstein called these quanta as • Diffraction of Light

“photons”. • Effect of Natural and Artificial Light on
ALBERT EINSTEIN Food and Clothing
-He revived the idea that light is a particle.
-Light is made up of “photons” which has
definite amount of energy.

THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT