University of Bahrain

College of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering

Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Evaluation

PICENG 216

Transport Processes II

Done by:

No
Student ID Student Name
.
1 20155025 Asma Zakarya
2 20162394 Maryam Alsahaf
3 20163300 Duaa Jaafar
4 20156524 Fatima Ayoob
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT...................................................................................................................ii

LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................iii

List of Tables..................................................................................................................................iv

OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1

2.0 THEORITCAIL BACKGROUND............................................................................................2

3.0 EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................4

4.0 PROCEDURE............................................................................................................................5

4.1 Fitting the Experiment...........................................................................................................5

4.2 General Shut-Down Procedure..............................................................................................5

5.0 RESULTS.............................................................................................................................6

5.1 Counter flow (series).........................................................................................................6

5.2 Co-Counter flow (Parallel)................................................................................................7

7.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS....................................................................................................8

8.0 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................10

REFERINCES...............................................................................................................................11
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: SOLTEQ HEAT EXCHANGER.........................................................................................................................4

FIGURE 2 : THE TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF COUNTER FLOW..........................................................................................8
FIGURE 3: THE TEMPERATURE OF CO-COUNTER.............................................................................................................8
 List of Tables

TABLE 1: PIPE DIAMETERS..............................................................................................................................................4

TABLE 2: THE EXPERIMENT RESULTS.............................................................................................................................6
TABLE 3: THE EXPERIMENT RESULTS.............................................................................................................................7
OBJECTIVES

- To investigate heat transfer in a double pipe heat exchanger

- To compute and compare the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for both co-current and
countercurrent modes of operation.
-

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluid that are
different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with each other. There are many types of
heat exchangers which apply different types of hardware and configuration of heat transfer
equipment. There are shell and tube, plate and shell, adiabatic wheel, plate fin, pillow plate and
other. It also has two types of flow arrangement which are parallel and counter flow.

For this experiment, the SOLTEQ HE104-PD Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger has been
designed specifically to demonstrate the working principles of industrial heat exchangers. The
apparatus and materials require only a cold-water supply, single phase electrical outlet and a
bench top to enable a series of simple measurements to be made by students. Experiments can be
readily conducted in a short period of time, to accurately show the practical importance of the
temperature profiles, co-current and counter-current flow, energy balances, log mean temperature
difference and heat transfer coefficients. [1]
2.0 THEORITCAIL BACKGROUND

simplest type of heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes of different diameters called the
double-pipe heat exchanger. One fluid in a double-pipe heat exchanger flows through the smaller
pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space between the two pipes. Two types of
flow arrangement are possible in a double-pipe heat exchanger. In parallel flow, both the hot and
cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction. In counter
flow, on the other hand, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at opposite ends and
flow in opposite directions. [2]

Before calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient U, heat transferred must be calculated
first, to determine the value of heat transferred by using formula:

q= mc × cp × (Tco – Tci)

In heat exchanger, the log mean temperature difference is the appropriate average temperature
difference to use in heat transfer calculations. The equation for log means temperature difference
is:

ΔT 1−ΔT 2
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD) , ΔT = ∆T 1
ln
∆T 2

For counter flow heat exchanger

ΔT1 = Thi -Tco , ΔT2 = Tho -Tci

For co-counter flow heat exchanger

ΔT1 = Thi -Tci , ΔT2 = Tho -Tco

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For a double pipe heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer coefficient, U can be expressed as:

Overall heat transfer coefficient U = q / (ΔTm × area)

Where,

Area = Surface area of contact

= π x O.Din pipe x Length

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3.0 EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

SOLTEQ heat exchanger consists of a concentric tube

exchanger in the form of a 'U' mounted on a support frame.
The external surface of the exchanger is insulated. Three
temperature measuring devices are installed in the inside and
outside tubes to measure the fluid temperatures accurately. To
minimize losses in the system, the hot water is fed through the
inner pipe, with the cooling water in the outer annulus. Control
valves are incorporated in each of the two streams to regulate
the flow. The flow rates are measured using independent flow
Figure 1: SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger
meters installed in each line. [2]+

The hot water system is totally self-contained. A hot storage tank is equipped with an immersion
type heater and an adjustable temperature controller which can maintain a temperature to within
approximately ± 1°C. Circulation to the heat exchanger is provided by a pump and hot water
returns to the storage tank to be reheated. The cold water required for the exchanger is taken
from the laboratory mains supply. A readily identifiable valve arrangement allows simple
changeover between co- and counter-current configurations.

Table 1: Pipe diameters

Concentric (Double Pipe) Heat Exchanger

Shell O.D 33.4 mm
Shell I.D.(Ds) 27.1 mm
Tube O.D(do) 9.5 mm
Tube I.D. (di) 8.0 mm
Length (L) 500.0 mm
Material of Construction Stainless steel

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4.0 PROCEDURE
4.1 Fitting the Experiment

To start the experiment the following steps must be followed

1. Switch off the Base Unit and its heater switch.

2. Put the experiment onto the front of the Base Unit. Use the thumbscrews to hold it in
position.

3. Connect the water supply pipes (if your experiment needs them). Make sure you
connect them the correct way.

4. Switch on your water supply and allow water to pass through the experiment for
several minutes while checking for leaks.

5. Connect the thermocouples from the experiment to the sockets on the Base Unit
(matching the correct numbers). Connect the heater cable from the experiment to the
socket on the Base Unit.

6. Switch on the Base Unit. Turn the heater control to minimum and switch on the heater.

4.2 General Shut-Down Procedure

1. Switch off the heater and allow the water to cool down.
2. Switch off both pumps and the stirrer.
3. Switch off main power.
4. Drain off all liquids in the process lines. Retain the water inside the hot water tank
and cold-water tank for next laboratory sessions.
5. Close all valves.

Note: If the equipment is not to be run for a long period, drain off all liquids completely

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 5.1 RESULTS
5.2 Counter flow (series)

Table 2: The Experiment Results

TT1 (oC) TT2 (oC) TT3 (oC) TT4 (oC)

DPT2
FT2 Hot Hot Cold Cold DPT1
FT1 (LPM) TT5 (oC) (mmH2O
(LPM) water water water water (mmH2O)
)
inlet outlet inlet outlet
4.8 7.7 60.7 43.1 24 35.4 22.7 291.1 38
4.8 7.8 60.5 43 24 35.4 22.7 289.7 38.1
4.8 7.7 60.4 42.8 24.2 35.3 22.6 288.3 38
4.8 7.7 60 42.7 24.2 35.1 22.7 287.9 37.9
4.8 7.4 59.2 42.4 24.4 35.3 22.5 258.8 38

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4.8 L 1m ×min 983.24 kg
mc × Cp = × × = 0.0787 kg/s
min 1000 × 60 s m
3

q= mc × cp × (Tco – Tci) = 0.0787 × 4187 × (35.4 – 24 ) = 3756.49 J/s

ΔT1 = Thi -Tco = 60.7 – 35.4 = 25.3 oK

ΔT2 = Tho -Tci = 43.1 – 24 = 19.1 oK

ΔT 1−ΔT 2
ΔT = ∆T1 = 22.05 K
ln
∆T 2

9.5
Ao = π x O.Din pipe x L = π × ×0.5 = 0.0149 m2
1000

8
Ai = π x I.Din pipe x L = π × ×0.5 = 0.0126 m2
1000

q 3756.49
Uo= = = 11433.72 W/m2.k
Ao ×∆ Tm 0.0149× 22.05

q 3756.49
Ui= = = 13520.82 W/m2.k
Ai × ∆ Tm 0.0126× 22.05
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 5.3 Co-Counter flow (Parallel)

Table 3: The Experiment Results

TT1 (oC) TT2 (oC) TT3 (oC) TT4 (oC)

DPT2
FT2 Hot Hot Cold Cold o DPT1
FT1 (LPM) TT5 ( C) (mmH2O
(LPM) water water water water (mmH2O)
)
inlet out let outlet inlet
3.1 6.9 61.2 39.2 31.1 21.2 21.6 0 32
3 6.9 61 39.1 31.2 21.2 21.5 0 31.9
3 6.9 61 38.8 31.1 21.3 21.6 0 32.2
3 6.9 61.3 39.6 31.5 21.3 21.7 0 32
3 6.9 61.1 39.2 31.1 21.4 21.6 0 32

3L 1m3 ×min 983.24 kg

mc × Cp = × × = 0.04916 kg/s
min 1000 × 60 s m3

q= mc × cp × (Thi – Tho) = 0.04916 × 4187 × (31.1 – 21.2) = 2037.75 J/s

ΔT1 = Thi -Tci = 61.2 – 21.2= 34.3 oK

ΔT2 = Tho -Tco = 39.1 – 31.1 = 8 oK

ΔT 1−ΔT 2
ΔT = ∆T1 = 18.067 K
ln
∆T 2

9.5
Ao = π x O.Din pipe x L = π × ×0.5 = 0.0149 m2
1000

8
Ai = π x I.Din pipe x L = π × ×0.5 = 0.0126 m2
1000

q 2037.75
Uo= = = 7569.698 W/m2.k
Ao ×∆ Tm 0.0149× 18.067

q 2037.75
Ui= = = 8951.469 W/m2.k
Ai × ∆ Tm 0.0126× 18.067

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7.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
From the experiment of the counter-current double pipe heat exchanger, the working principle of
that heat exchanger is demonstrated. Follows the concept of the heat exchanger as to transfer
heat between two fluids that have different temperature the hot fluid is flowing through the outer
pipe while the cooling fluid is flowing through the inner pipe during the experiment is
conducted. The principle of heat transfer is the heat tis transfer from the higher temperature to
the lower temperature. By this experiment, the heat is transfer from outer pipe to the inner pipe.

Temperature Profile
(Counter flow)
70
60.7
60
50 43.1
Temperatuer

35.4
40
30 24
20
10
0
1 2
hot water col d water
In part 1 of this experiment is
conducted by flowing the fluid Figure 2 : The temperature profile of Counter flow

counter or in other words both fluids enter and flow through the heat exchanger in same
direction. The result to transfer heat will be higher than the co current flowing fluid. For
experiment 1 we fixed the hot water flow rate to be 4.8 LPM while change the cold

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 Temperature Profile
(Co-Counter
In part 2 of this experiment is flow)
conducted7061.2
by flowing the fluid
60
counter currently or in other words
50
both fluids enter and flow through 39.2
Temperatuer

40
31.1
the heat exchanger
30
in opposite
21.2
direction.20The result to transfer heat
10
will be higher than the co current
0
flowing fluid.
1 2
hot water col d water

Figure 3: The temperature of Co-Counter

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Every experiment will have some error that will affect the performance of the equipment so
before starting the experiment, there are some precaution or recommendation that can be
considered when using double pipe heat exchanger. So, the result from the experiment will
become more accurate because the errors have been reduced.

First, the flow rate should be monitored every time so that there will no unstable flow rate
because the experiment conducted as to see the performance of the heat exchanger when the
variation of flow rate is used. By maintaining the flow rate at the same value thoroughly during
the experiment the result obtain will become more accurate and the error has been reduced.

Next, before starting the experiment, the heat exchanger must be checked if there any sediments,
dirt or other blockage inside the heat exchanger. So, it is required another procedure like remove
headers as to check tubes and clean with a suitable fluid or pipe cleaner. This method might help
the result because the heat exchanger is the equipment that use frequently. This problem can be
prevented by using a filtration system to prevent blockages within the tubes.

Finally, the common precaution is to wear a complete PPE when conduct the experiment because
it involves fluid at high temperature. So, any direct contact between hot fluid can be prevented.

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8.0 CONCLUSION
This experiment was conducted as to determine the heat loss, LMTD, heat transfer coefficient,
overall heat transfer, temperature profile and as to study on the heat transfer between double pipe
heat exchanger. In this experiment is demonstrated by flowing hot water through tube while cold
water is flowing through the inner tube in heat exchanger.

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 REFERINCES

[1] “Overall heat transfer coefficient, ” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Overall heat transfer

coefficient Accessed in March 30, 2019.

[2] “Transport Processes and Unit Operations”, Christie J. Geankoplis,5 th Edition, Prentice Hall
PTR, USA, 2003.

[3] “AYVA Education solution ,” https://www.ayva.ca/eng/product/heat-transfer-experiments-

base-unit/ Accessed April 7, 2019.

[4] “The Engineering Tools’, https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-

d_858.html Accessed April 9, 2019.

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