This document contains a lecture on communications and line codes given by Associate Professor Luminita Scripcariu. It includes questions about line codes and their uses. The answers identify that line codes are used for bit timing and discuss specific line codes such as AMI, RZ, and Manchester that associate bits with signal levels.
This document contains a lecture on communications and line codes given by Associate Professor Luminita Scripcariu. It includes questions about line codes and their uses. The answers identify that line codes are used for bit timing and discuss specific line codes such as AMI, RZ, and Manchester that associate bits with signal levels.
This document contains a lecture on communications and line codes given by Associate Professor Luminita Scripcariu. It includes questions about line codes and their uses. The answers identify that line codes are used for bit timing and discuss specific line codes such as AMI, RZ, and Manchester that associate bits with signal levels.
QUESTION 1 Line codes are used for: data compression data encryption error correction bit timing
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QUESTION 1 Line codes are used for: data compression data encryption error correction bit timing
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QUESTION 2 Which of the following line codes associate the input bits with signal levels? NRZ-M RZ Manchester MILLER
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QUESTION 2 Which of the following line codes associate the input bits with signal levels? NRZ-M RZ Manchester MILLER
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QUESTION 3 Which of the following codes use a ternary output alphabet? AMI BIF-M HDB3 MILLER
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QUESTION 3 Which of the following codes use a ternary output alphabet? AMI BIF-M HDB3 MILLER
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QUESTION 4 Which of the codes below have a coding rate equal to 1:1? AMI BIF-M MILLER NRZ-M
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QUESTION 4 Which of the codes below have a coding rate equal to 1:1? AMI BIF-M MILLER NRZ-M
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QUESTION 5 The following bit sequence 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 is encoded as + 0 0 0 0 0 - + 0 0 0 0 0 -. What line code is used in this case? AMI BIPOLAR 2 HDB3 HDB4 11/22/2016 Luminita Scripcariu 11 QUESTION 5 The following bit sequence 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 is encoded as + 0 0 0 0 0 - + 0 0 0 0 0 -. What line code is used in this case? AMI BIPOLAR 2 HDB3 HDB4 11/22/2016 Luminita Scripcariu 12 What do the abbreviations below mean? • BER • PER • BIF-M • RZ • AMI
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LINEAR MODULATION
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Amplitude Modulation • AM – amplitude modulation in which • x(t) is the modulation wave (BB – Base band signal) • c(t) is the carrier (CW – continuous wave) • s(t) is the modulated signal
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Analogic AM • DSB-AM Double Side Band • SSB-AM Single Side Band • VSB-AM Vestigial Side Band • LSB-AM Left Side Band • RSB-AM Right Side Band • SC-AM Supressed Carrier
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• The carrier has a higher frequency than the modulation signal. • The modulation signal modulates the envelope of the carrier. • Envelope detection sometimes may be used to recover the modulation signal. 11/22/2016 Luminita Scripcariu 17 EXAMPLE:
For DSB-SC, envelope
detection cannot be used (the rectified signal is obtained).
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Another example: If the modulation index exceeds 1, the envelope detector cannot be used.
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AM signal expression
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P.s.d - power spectral density
For the DSB-AM signal, synchronization is done
with a filter that extracts the carrier from the received signal spectrum. 11/22/2016 Luminita Scripcariu 21 AM-SC Spectrum
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SSB Spectrum
Any side band can be sent. This technique is
used to reduce the transmission bandwidth in multiplexing systems (e.g. phone system). 11/22/2016 Luminita Scripcariu 23 Voice Multiplexing System
Voice channel is limited to 4 kHz.
Voice channels multiplexing is based on SSB-SC- AM. CCITT Modulation Plan is represented in the table below.
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Phone Groups Spectrum
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REMARK • AM is a linear modulation technique because the BB spectrum shape is not changed, it is just transposed around the carrier frequency.
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AM Parameters • Modulation signal amplitude: Am • Carrier amplitude: Ac • Modulation index is the ratio of Am to Ac: m= Am/Ac • Maximum frequency of the modulation signal: fm • Carrier frequency: fc • Modulated signal bandwidth: B • Active power: Pa (power contained in side bands) • Total power:Pt • Modulation efficiency: h = Pa / Pt • Oversized factor: k = 11/22/2016 Luminita Scripcariu 27 Exercise Let us consider the modulated signal: s(t ) 5 cos(10000 t )cos(204000 t ) V I. Calculate the following parameters: a. Modulation index b. Active power c. Total power d. Modulation efficiency e. Oversized factor. II. Draw the graphic design of the AM signal amplitude spectrum.
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Proposed exercise Let us consider the modulated signal: s(t ) 2 cos(20000t )cos(180000t ) V I. Calculate the following parameters: a. Modulation index b. Active power c. Total power d. Modulation efficiency e. Oversized factor. II. Draw the graphic design of the AM signal amplitude spectrum.
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Amplitude demodulators
1. Coherent demodulator
2. Non-coherent demodulator (envelope
detector)
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Envelope detection
• It is not used for AM-SC
signals or DSB-AM signals with m>1. • No carrier synchronization is required. 11/22/2016 Luminita Scripcariu 31 Coherent Demodulator • It modulates again the AM signal and passes it through a LPF (Low-Pass Filter). • The synchronized carrier is required in this case.
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Digital Modulation Techniques
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Digital Modulation • The modulator signal is digital (a sequence of bits or symbols).
• Analog carriers are used.
• The name of the modulation technique is
given by the modulated parameter: amplitude, phase or frequency. 11/22/2016 Luminita Scripcariu 34 Binary Digital Modulations
Which of the modulated signals above can be demodulated by
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) • Two DSB-SC amplitude modulators are used with two orthogonal carriers • Efficient use of the bandwidth • Double the data rate.
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QAM
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State Diagram
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4-QAM without offset
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QAM Demodulator
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Phase Digital Modulation • PSK – Phase Shift Keying • M-PSK (ex. 8-PSK, 16-PSK) • M – the no. of states • BPSK – Binary PSK • QPSK – Quaternary PSK • OQPSK – Offset QPSK • DPSK – Differential PSK
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BPSK / Polar ASK
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Example of BPSK Waveform
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P.s.d. of BPSK
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PSK State Diagram
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Frequency Digital Modulation • FSK – Frequency Shift Keying • BFSK – Binary FSK • M-FSK (e.g. 4-FSK, 8-FSK) • CPFSK – Continuous Phase FSK
Answer the question: What kind of signals are represented below?
• s1
• s2
• s3
• s4
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Digital Modulation Parameters • Bit Rate: R (bps) • Bandwidth: B(Hz) • Spectral efficiency: R/B (b/s/Hz) • Power-in-band: PB (W)
• Power out-of-band: Po (W)
• Total Power: PT (W)
• Power Efficiency: r (%)
• Demodulator BER. 11/22/2016 Luminita Scripcariu 57 Describing Digital Modulation Techniques • Type of modulation (modulated parameter) • No. of states (modulation order) • State Diagram • Modulator Block Diagram • Pulse shaping (pre-modulator filter characteristic) • Signal Envelope (constant or variable) • P.s.d. – power spectral density • Demodulator Block Diagram • Demodulator BER (for a transmission channel with AWGN noise, Rayleigh fading etc.) 11/22/2016 Luminita Scripcariu 58 Remarks • Digital modulations with a large number of states and a high spectral efficiency (> 6 bits/s/Hz) are used for high speed data transmission (e.g. 64-PSK, 256-QAM). • Constant envelope (CE) digital modulated signals with a high power efficiency (>90%) are used for portable communication devices (e.g. QPSK, FSK, MSK, GMSK, SFSK)
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PROPOSED EXERCISE Read the value of the signal-to-noise ratio corresponding to the BER of about 10^(-6) .