SUMMARY OF ADVANCED TWO GRAMMAR UNIT 9 TO UNIT 16

U GRAMMAR DEFINITION STRUCTURE EXAMPLES

9 Get or have We use to talk about an action or service that Simple present: S + Have/get + object + verb in past participle + C I had my car washed at that new place by the station.
something done Simple past: S + Had/got + object + verb in past participle + C Where can I get me hair cut?
someone does for us.
Present continues: S + verb to be + getting/having + object + V.P.P + C An optician is a place where you can have your eyes checked.
Making We make suggestions when we deciding what to Modals + verbs: Maybe + subject + could + verb in simple form + C Why don't you go to the movies tonight?
suggestion do, or to give advice on what we might do in a Gerunds: What about + gerund + C + ? What about asking your brother for help?
certain situation. Have/Has + subj + thought about + gerund + C + ?
Negative question: Why don’t + subject verb + C + ?
Infinitive: One option is to/ It might be a good idea to + verb + C
1 Referring to We use prepositions of time, to talk about a point During (range of time) / In (year/period of time/seasons/month) World War II lasted for 1939 to 1945
0 time in the past or period of time in the past, or period of time On (day of the month/weekdays) / At( Specific time(at night, at 2pm) ) The first laptop was produced in 1981
that continues into the present. Since/For (time) / From + time 1 + to + time 2
Predicting the We use to talk about the future, a possibility or a Simple Future Tense: S + will + V.S.F + C Computers will recognize any voice command.
future with will probability, an action that will be in progress, or Future Continues: S + will be + V ing + C Scientist will have invented the tele transportation.
that will have finished at the time. Future Perfect: S + will have + V.P.P + C
1 Time clauses Time clauses are used to demonstrate a period of Before/After/Once The moment I earned my own money, I opened a bank account.
1 time based on an action or event. The moment/As soon as/ Until/ By the time After I finished my high school, I become more independent.
Expressing regret We use to talk about regrets or speculate about S + should/shouldn’t + have + V.P.P + C If I had studied more, I could have gotten a better job.
and describing things that happened or didn't happen. S + could/ would have + V.P.P + C If he hadn´t drunk, he wouldn´t have crashed
hypothetical If + subject + had + V.P.P + C I should´ve worked hard.
situations S + could/would have + V.P.P + C
1 Describing We use to explain a target, objective, plan or (in order) to + infinitive + purpose + , + main clause For a movie to be entertaining, it has to have an interesting story.
2 purpose a goal for + noun + infinitive clause To open a coffee bar, it needs to have good snacks and drinks.
Giving reasons We use to give an explanation of something Fact + because /because of/for + reason Juan Valdez is famous because of its coffee.
Since/Due to/The reason(that/why) + fact + verb + reason He was late because of traffic.
1 Past modals for We can use past modals to talk about how sure Almost certain: S + must have + V.P.P + C She must have slept enough.
3 degrees of we are that something happened. It’s possible: S + might/may/could have + V.P.P + C She couldn't have forgotten the party.
certainly It’s not possible: S + could not have + V.P.P + C Her car could have broken down.
Past modals for We use to give opinions and suggestions on real and Judge: S + should/shouldn’t have + V.P.P + C You should have called her
judgments and hypothetical past events. Suggestion: S + could/couldn’t have + V.P.P + C I wouldn't have sent so many messages
suggestions S + would/wouldn’t have + V.P.P + C she shouldn't have kept your notes
1 The passive to we use to said the steps to do something S + verb to be + V.P.P + C Newspaper are distributed to stores after they are printed
4 describe process S + modal + be + V.P.P + C Sounds effects are added after the film has been put together
Defining and non- We use to give essential information about His brother, who works at supermarket, is a friend of mine.
defining relative someone or something. S + V + Object + Who/That + V + O They are the people who want to buy our house.
clauses
1 Giving We use to give advice to someone about what to do, Passive modal: modal + be + past participle. Cyclists should be required to wear a helmet.
5 recommendations and when you think something is a good idea or is A good idea: S + Should/ Ought to + be + V.P.P + to verb + C Pet owners shouldn't be allowed to walk dogs without a leash.
and opinions necessary, or unnecessary, or to give advice. Absolutely necessary: S + Must/Have to/have got to + be + V.P.P + to verb + C People shouldn’t be allowed to smoke on airplanes
Tag questions It is a short question added to the end of a (+) positive statement + , + (-) negative tag + ? You are a good singer, aren't you?
for opinions positive or negative statement. We use to ask (-) negative statement + , + (+) positive tag + ? You didn't go to work yesterday, did you?
someone for confirmation about him or her. Subj + auxiliary + main verb + auxiliary + personal pronoun + ? You have been to London, haven't you?
1 Complex noun A gerund could be used as a noun, so it can noun phrase + preposition + gerund + is/are + C The hardest part of studying abroad is getting homesick.
6 phrases The most rewarding thing about…/One of the most difficult aspects of… The best aspect of being a top model is meeting famous people.
function, as subject of a sentence.
containing One of the rewards of… /One of the aspects that I like of…
gerunds
Accomplishment We use to talking about past accomplishments, the present perfect (have+ past participle ) I've managed to get a good job two years ago
and goals and possible future accomplishments the future perfect (will have+ past participle) I hope I'll have taken a trip to Europe.
would like to have + past participle I've like to have bought my own home.