15.

1-FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

1.What makes a Rocket Engine special?

It is a non-air breathing engine and carries its own oxidizer and fuel (Solid/Liquid)

2.What is a RamJet?
It is a duct with few component parts designed to receive inlet air and change its velocity
to static pressure

3.What is a Scram-Jet?
It is a Supersonic combustion-RamJet which allows airflow to reach supersonic speed
during combustion.

4.What differentiates a Pulse-Jets from RamJets?

It has a system of air inlet flapper valves

5.What is the disadvantage of the Pulse-Jets?

Thrust from it is not sufficient to enable to take-off under its own power and therefore
must be rocket boosted

6.Whats the rate in which Pulse-Jet flapper valves open and close?
40 times per second

7.Gas Turbine Engine family include?

Turbojet, Turboprop, Turboshaft and Turbofan

8.Reciprocating engines power are measured in what?

Horsepower or Kilowatts
9.Turbojet and Turbofan engines are rated in what?
Pounds of Thrust

10.What are the factors power depends on?

Force Used
Distance the force moves
Time required to move the force

11.Formula for power is?

Power= Work/Time

12.In terms of Conversion of Energy, what happens in the inlet?

Kinetic Energy is converted to Potential in form of pressure by divergent design of inlet

13.In terms of Conversion of Energy, what happens across the compressor?

Potential Energy is converted to Kinetic Energy across the compressor rotors
Kinetic Energy is converted to Potential Energy across the compressor stators
14.In terms of Conversion of Energy, what happens across the turbine?
Kinetic energy is formed and converted to Mechanical Energy by the turbine to drive the
compressor

15.What is Adiabatic?
When all of the energy utilized is converted without any losses due to cooling or heat
transfer to atmosphere.

16.What is Isothermal?
When there is zero temperature change during the compression/expansion

17.What is Polytropic?
When energy required to produce a designated compression/expansion is greated than
the actual potential of result

18.What does the Gas Turbine Engine consist of?

Compressor
Combustors
Turbines
Exhaust

19.What is the difference between a Brayton Cycle Engine and Otto Cycle Engine?
In Brayton (Gas Turbine), combustion takes place in a constant pressure
In Otto (Reciprocating Engine) combustion occurs at a constant volume

20.What is included in a turbine engine’s hot section?

Combustion, Turbine and Exhaust

21.What is included in a turbine engine’s cold section?

Air Inlet and Compressor

22.What is a Turboshaft?
It delivers power through a shaft to operate something other than a propeller.

23.What major sections does the free turbine turboshaft engine have?
Gas Generator and Free Turbine Sections

24.What does the Gas Generator do?

Extracts about two thirds of the energy available from the combustion process leaving
the other third to drive the free power turbine.

25.Example of Turboshaft?
Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit

26.What is a Turbo-Propeller?
It delivers the power produced in the engine to a shaft which feeds into a reduction
gearbox and onward to propeller.
27.What does the Reduction Gearbox do?
It is used to slow the propeller’s rotational speed and to increase torque capability

28.At what speeds are Turboprop engines best suited for?

Speeds below 350MPH

29.How many percent of total thrust does the Fan of the Tubrofan engines produce?
Between 30 and 80%

30.What is the ‘Cold Gas Stream’?

Air that is being ducted overboard or may pass down a duct that extends the full length
of the core engine. Basically the by-passed air.

31.What is the ‘Hot Gas Stream’?

Air that passes through the core engine

32.What is the ratio of the High Bypass and how many percent of the total thrust the fan
produces of it?
It has a ratio of 4:1 and the fans produce 80% of the total thrust

33.What happens in the compressor assembly?

Air pressure increases
Temperature increases
Velocity decreases

34.What happens in the combustion area?

Dramatic increase in temperature but pressure and velocity remain constant

35.What happens in the Turbine assembly?

Velocity of airflow will increase and decrease across turbine stages. Pressure and
temperature will gradually decrease.

36.What happens in the exhaust assembly?

Velocity and temperature will remain constant prior to propelling nozzle.