15 September 1943

3, '&clamre (A) i e hereby f o r m m l d to the above addmeeeso

f oa 3nio~saS;ian refemwe pwpooes %nmw of emergency, It Lrs poXntd
mt that the, fcrmnbars gfmn in Chaptar 3* pmagrcbph 5(e), %oha3qa@ of
Bcsaicam% Sp:r~yin.& BcpsroPopedl rts~4miad.lymd h v e a09 been &bcba
by QTW t b s P r ~ ~15, i~ beliered ehst the technique gfven ie e o m d in gdnc.ji-
31.6, AQJ &dltioml bformntion obtain& concerning the teoLanifPe sf
% p w l n gwill be d l i a a r ~ i m t s dabe 1%bscmcea avrsilabla.
 IN REPLY ADDRESS
BUREAU OF ORDNANCE. NAVY DEPARTMENT NAVY DEPARTMENT
AND REFER TO N O .

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE
WASHINGTON, D. C. - c

29 OCT @I3
From: The Chief of t h e Bureav. of Ordnance.
To: Chemical l i a r f a r e S e r v i c e ,
Technical Division,
Zdgewood A r s e n a l ,
Edgewood, Naryland.
( A t t n . Capt van d e E r v a )
Subject: Forwarding o f P r e l i m i n a r y M a n u s c r i p t
o n A i r c r a f t Spray.
Reference: ( a ) Telephone c o n v e r s a t i o n between
Capt. van d e E r v a , C.'JC.S., and a
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of BuOrd h e l d 28 Oct.
1943.
Enclosure : BuOrd ( R e 5 f ) c o n f . l t r . A10-3 ( w i t h e n c l . )
(-ii.iii. ) d a t e d 15 Sept. 1943.
.
1 A s r e q u e s t e d by r e f e r e n c e ( a ) , e n c l o s u r e ( A )
i s forwarded h e r e w i t h i'or i n f o r m a t i o n and r e t e n t i o n .
 Chapter 1
A i r c r a f t Chemical Smoke and Vesicant Spray

Page

- -,
3. Use of A i r c r a f t Chemical Spray
4. M a t e r i a l s Used f o r A i r c r a f t Chemical Spray
5. Equipment Used f o r A i r c r a f t Chemical Spray
1. Beoee. This pamphlet contains a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e technique
f o r t h e employment of a chemical smoke and apray by a i r c r a f t , a descrip-
t i o n of t h e v a r i o u s p i e c e s of equipment and m a t e r i a l s ueed i n chemical
smoking and spraying, and i n s t r u c t i o n s and preoautions t h a t should be
observed when using t h e chemical smoking and spraying equipment o r
handling one of t h e chemical agents.
2. Definition. A i r c r a f t chemical spraying i s d e f i n e d as t h e epray-
i n g o r d i s p e r s i n g of l i q u i d chemical a g e n t s i n d r o p l e t s o r an atomized
form from tanks c a r r i e d on an a i r p l a n e . Thus #sprayingn i n c l u d e s
~moking~.
3. U R of ~ A i r c r a f t Chemical 9r>x-a~. A i r c r a f t chemical spray may be
used f o r :
(a) Producing c a s u a l t i e s (war gases)
(b) Harassing t h e enemy (war gases)
( c ) Denying a r e a s t o t h e enemy ( p e r s i s t e n t v e a i c a n t spray)
( d ) Reducing v i s i b i l i t y ( smoke screens)
A thorough understanding of t h e v a r i o u s u s e s and l i m i t a t i o n s of
a i r c r a f t chemical spray and t h e equipment i e e s s e n t i a l ,
4. Materials Ueed f o r A i r c r a f t Chemical S ~ r a x . A i r c r a f t chemical
spray can be divided i n t o two main t y p e s according t o t h e ohemical
a g e n t s ueed, smoke md veeicant @ray.
(A) FS smoke mixture i s the chemical agent commonly used f o r
reducing v i s i b i l i t y by producing a smoke o r fog. FS i s a eulphur
trioxide-chloroaulfonic a c i d mixture which weighs approximately
15.8 pounde p e r gallon. FM emoke mixture ( t i t a n i u m t e t r a c h l o r i d e )
may a l s o be used; i t s weight i s approximately 14.5 pounde p e r gallon.
(B) A p e r a i s t a n t v e s i c a n t , u s u q l l y mustard (H) o r Lewisite (L),
o r a mixture of theee v e e i c a n t s , i s t h e p r i n c i p l e type of chemical
agent used f o r denying a r e a s t o t h e enemy, haraseing t h e enemy, o r
producing c a e u a l t i e s . Chemical f r e e z i n g d e t e r r e n t s and a t a b i l i z e r e
a r e sometimes mixed w i t h H. Thickening agents a r e g e n e r a l l y used
i n a l l v e e i c a n t s f o r h i g h a l t i t u d e spraying. Many newly developed
war gases and also manysold ones such as ethyldictaorarsine (ED),
chloracetophenone eolution (CMS), etc, may be eprayed from air-
craft for producing casualties or for haraseing purposes. Another
chloracetophenone solution (CNB), the common riot-di spereing tear
gas, is primarily used in training of air corps units in the technique
of offensive use of chemicals and for the training of ground troope
in the performance of their dutiee during and after such attacks.
Molasses residuum solution (MR), a harmless, dark brown liquid that
is easily discarnible on almoet any eurface, is ueed extensively for
aimulating mustard gas in testing new epray tank installetions for
poasible contamination of the airplane, and to determine the char-
acteristics, concentrations, etc., of the epray patterns. MR (3 parts
water and 1 part molasses residuum by volume) is valuable in training
pilota to hit a target with epray eince a record (dark brown spote)
is left on the area sprayed,
5. Eaui~mentUsed for Aircraft Chemical S~rasing.
(A) Smoke ecreen tanks can be used for spraying liquid chemical
agents. The Navy Mark 5 type tank is available for general use
although it was deeigned principally for laying smoke screene. Both
the Mark 6 and Mark 6 type smoke screen tanks require carbon dioxide
equipment for discharging the liquid chemical agent. The Mark 6
type tank is obsolescent, being replaced by the larger capacity
Mark 5 type tank. When either of these tanke are carried in a bomb
bay, the etraight exhaust tube, which is used for wing installatione,
muet be replaced by an auxiliary hinged exhaust tube. The Havy
Mark 7 type tank Is a wing tank that uses the gravity flow principle.
This tank is even smaller than the Mark 6 type tank, and ie considered
obeolete for this reason and also because F3 emoke mixture cannot
be stored in it for more than several days. The Mark 7 type tank,
however, is covered in this pamphlet because in an emergency it can
be obtained and made eatisfactory for etoring vesicants, but
smoke mixtures. In order to tranefer the liquid chemical agent
from a shipping drum (55 gallon capacity) to the emoke ecreen tank,
the Navy provides the Mark 1 (for Mark 5 and 6 type tanka) and the
Mark 1 Mod 1 (for Mark 7 type tanks) chemical filling equipment.
Since the only essential difference between the Mark 5 and Mark 6
type tanks is their size, the chapter on the Mark 5 type tank is
applicable in general to the obsolescent Mark 6 type tank.
(B) To familiarize the Service with the Army epray tanks,
which are being mocked-up on Naval aircraft, the following brief
information is given. Information concerning the adaptibility of
these tanks to Naval aircraft will be disseminated as soon ae
practicable. The Chemical Warfare Service of the Army has developed
several sizes of gravity flow spray tanks, all of which employ
frangible closure discs (glass) in the air inlet and discharge lines
instead of quick-opening valves. The air inlet and discharge lines
are opened by blowing out the lass dams (discs) with No. 4 elec-
tric blasting caps (detonators7. These tanka are conetructed of
light gage mild or copper-bearing steel; this fact combined with
the use of the frangible closure dlacs instead of heavy valves
A l l0
reduces t h e weight considerably. It may not be f e a s i b l e t o e t o r e
the very corrosive FS smoke mixture i n these l i g h t tanks f o r long
periods, but i f t h e a i r i n l e t shipping p l a t e o r plug and t h e die-
charge shipping p l a t e a r e i n e t a l l e d , vesicant w a r gases may be
etored i n them f o r a t l e a s t eix (6) monthe. Before use t h e ship-
ping plug and p l a t e Must be removed and, if not a l r e a d y i n place,
t h e g l a e s d i e c s must be i n e t a l l e d . T h i s job ehould be done only
by experienced personnel provided w i t h complete p r o t e c t i v e equip-
ment. The d e t o n a t o r s should never be i n e t a l l e d u n t i l juet before
t h e tanks a r e t o be mounted on t h e a i r p l a n e f o r use. The M-10
spray tank weighs about 68 pounds empty (wing tank only), ha8
a flow r a t e of approximately 5 g a l l o n s per second, and a oapaclty
of 30 gallone of chemical agent. The M-33 epray tank weighe about
175 pounds empty (wing o r bomb bay t a n k ) , ha8 a flow rate of ap-
proximately 10 g a l l o n s p e r second, and a c a p a c i t y of 70 g a l l o n s of
chemical agent. The M-10 spray tank may be suspended from any
double hook ( M u ~ p a c i n g ) ,wing, bomb rack (ees Figure 1 1 , while
t h e M-33 spray tank hae c a r r i e r luge spaced 3oW a p a r t and require6
a s p e c i a l exhauet tube f o r p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a l l a t i o n e ( s e e Figure8 2
and 3). A t preeent t h e M-33 tanks can be i n s t a l l e d on c e r t a i n Navy
airplane8 common t o both t h e Army and Navy*
( 1 ) The Army M-20 and M-21 smoke tanks a r e i d e n t i c a l t o t h e
Navy Mark 5 and Mark 6 types, r e e p e a t i v e l y , except that t h e Army
.
tanks a r e constructed of m i l d o r copper-bearing s t e e l i n s t e a d of
monel
 Chapter 2
Chemical Agent s

Pa-ragraph Page
1. VeRicante 7
2. Mustard 7
3. ~ewisite 11
4. Nitrogen Mustards 13
5 . Freezing Deterrents for Mustard Gas 14
6. Thickening Agents 16
7 . Screening Smokes 16
8. FS Smoke Mixture 19
9. FM Smoke Mixture 19

1. Veeicantg - A persistent vesicant is used for aircraft

chemical spraying. The vesicant ueed may be one of several
chemical agents or a mixture of these agents; however, the
vesicents likely to be employed will, in general, be mustard
or lewisite, or chemicpl agents similar to these war gases.
The choice of the agent or mixture of agents used will de-
pend upon the season of the year, the location of the theatre
of operation in which the agent is to be used, the general
strategic objective of the campaign, and the material avail-
eble at the time. In general, persistent vesicants are
referred to as gases although they are actually oily liquids
which have a high boiling point. The phyeical properties of
EI mixture generally are similar to the physical properties
of its components, making due allowance for the proportion of
each component.
-
2. Mustar6 Gas (HI Mustard is a compound of c~rbon,hydrogen,
sulphur, and chlorlne, having the formula (C1 C2 H ~ ) ~ s .It
resembles a light lubricating oil in its physical properties,
the commercial-product being-brownish black in color. Mustard
is not only a highly vesicant material but a130 a powerful lung
irritant. It attacks all unprotected parts of the body, producing
severe burns and blisters; it also attacks the whole reapiratory
system producing infln-mmationof the trachea and bronchi with
necrosis (gangrene) of the mucous membrane. Pure mustard is
colorless ~r,dnearly odorless. The plant proauct in low con-
centrations. has the odor of garlic or onions. In higher con-
centrations, it coaee decidedly pungent and irriteting. Pure
mustara, on cooling, forms a white, crystalline solid which
melts at 58' F. The melting or freezing point of the impure
plant product is lower than that of the pure substance being
460 to 50° F. A fairly definite relationship has been found
to exist between the melting point and the purity of the material,
and this h ~ been
s used to determine the HpurityN of the manu-
factured product. The pure liquid boils at approximately 443O F;
however, at this temperature aome decomposition takes place.
( A ) The density of liquid plant mustard and the correepond-
ine apecific volume for different temperatures are:
Tem~eraturg Density S ~ e c i1c
f Volume

1 Solid
It will be seen that if a quantity of the liquid at 500 F. is
heated to 149O F. it will increase in volume by an amount
which is:
-
0.0917 0.0880 x 100 = 4.2 per cent
0.0880
While it is probable that extreme temperature changes were
chosen for the above example, it is evident that a void must
be left when filling any container with must~rdin orderb
allow for this volume change. Mustara, both in the liquid
and solid state, vaporize@ with the resulting vapors tending
to seek the low areas as the mustard vapors are heavier than
air.
(B) The volatility of mustard gam at 104O F. is 3.59 milli-
grams per liter (or ounces per thousand cubic feet). The maximum
concentration obtainable at thia temperature, by evaporation of
the liauid is 50 times the l e t h ~ lconcentration for a 30 minute
expasure. However, this maximum concentration can be maintained
by evaporation onlv if the air remains in contact with the
liquid for aome time. This is impossible in the field where
the air is ~racticallyalwaya in motion. However, if only a
light wind is blowing and this has to pass over a considerable
~ r e adrenched with mustard, the concentration of the vapor in
t h e a i r w i l l a c c u m u l a t e and more n e a r l y a p ~ r o ~ ct hh e s a t u r e t i o n
p o l n t f o r t h e e x i s t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e . AB t h e t e m p e r a t u r e de-
c r e a s e s , t h e v o l a t i l i t y of t h e l i q u i d muetard w i l l l i k e w i e e
d e c r e a s e , t h e r e b y d e c r e a s i n g i t s f e f f e c t by d e c r e e e i n g t h e
amount of v a p o r w h i c h c a n b e k e p t p r e s e n t i n t h e a i r . No
a c c u r a t e vapor p r e s s u r e d a t a f o r s o l i d mustard a r e e v a i l e b l e .
A f t e r a s u b s t a n c e h a s become a s o l i d t h e d e c r e a s e i n v a p o r
p e e s u r e w i t h a d r o p i n t e m p e r a t u r e t ~ k e sp l a c e f e s t e r than
while the substance l e i n the l l q u l d s t a t e . It i s f o r these
r e a e o n s t h a t a s u b s t a n c e l i k e m u e t a r d , where t e m p e r a t u r e and
wind c o n d i t i o n s a f f e c t t h e r e s u l t s c o n s i d e r a b l y , c a n be u s e d
t o a d v a n t e g e o n l y when t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o n d i t i o n e u n d e r which
t h e v a r e t o be u s e d a r e f a v o r o b l e .
( c ) Because o f i t s low v a p o r p r e s s u r e , m u e t a r d v a p o r i z e s
v e r y slowly g i v i n g it a h i g h degree o f p e r s i s t e n c y . Also,
b e c e u s e of t h i s p r o p e r t y , a h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f m u s t a r d v a p o r
c a n n o t o r d i n a r i l y be o b t a i n e d b y t h e v a p o r i z a t i o n o f t h e l i q u i d .
When d i s p e r s e d i n e p r a y form as from a n a i r c r a f t smoke s c r e e n
t a n k ( s e e F i g u r e 4 ) t h e v a p o r i z a t i o n o f t h e l i q u i d w i l l be
g r e a t l y h a s t e n e d b e c a u e e t h e r e i s a much g r e a t e r s u r f a c e o f t h e
l i q u i d exposed t o t h e a i r which g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e s t h e vapor-
i z a t i o n o f t h e l i q u i d . Hence, by s p r a y i n g , h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
o f t h e v a p o r c a n b e o b t a i n e d t h a t would n o r m a l l y b e o b t a i n e d by
a q u a n t i t y of l i q u i d evaporating i n t o t h e atmosphere. In fact,
i f t h e l i q u i d i s s u f f i c i e n t l y a t o m i z e d i t may r e m a i n f l o a t i n g
i n t h e a i r as a f o g c o n ~ i s t i n go f m i n u t e d r o p l e t s o f l i q u i d ,
t h e r e b y y i e l d i n g a c o n c e n t r a t i o n above t h a t a t t a i n e d i n a s a t u -
r e t e d vapor at o r d i n a r y t e m p e r a t u r e s . Such a c c e l e r a t e d vapor-
i z a t i o n d e c r e a s e s t h e p e r s i s t e n c y of mustard. Also, because
i n normal c o n d i t i o n s , t h e wind i s c o n s t a n t l y moving, t h e v a p o r s
a r e r a p i d l y d i s a e r s e d m e r a l a r g e area which i m m e d i a t e l y t e n d s
t o n u l l i f y any g a i n t h a t may have b e e n o b t a i n e d by g e t t i n g
r a p i d v a p o r i z a t i o n , s i n c e t h e concentration o v e r a g i v e n a r e a
may n o t b e r e t a i n e d l c n g enough t o p r o d u c e c a s u a l t i e s . The
r a p i d b r e a k i n g up o f t h e s p r a y i n t o small d r o p l e t s a l s o de-
c r e a s e s t h e chances of h i t t i n g personnel w i t h a q u a n t i t y of
l i q u i d d r o p s s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e t o p e n e t r a t e t h e c l o t h i n g and
cauee burns.
( D ) Mustard 1 6 p r a c t i c a l - l y i n s o l u b l e i n w a t e r b u t i s r e a d -
i l y s o l u b l e i n v a r i o u s h y d r o c a r b o n s and o t h e r o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s ,
s u c h a s g a s o l i n e , k e r o s e n e , c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , monochlor-
b e n z e n e , and c a r b o n d i s u l - f i d e . For t h i s r e a s o n any of t h e s e
s o l v e n t s c a n b e u s e d t o wash o f T m u s t a r d ; however, t h e s e s o l -
v e n t s do n o t d e s t r o y i t .
(E) Mustard and l e w i s i t e a r e r e a d i l y abuorbed by r u b b e r ,
l e a t h e r and wood, o r o t h e r p o r o u s a r t i c l e s , a n d i n a s h o r t time
p e n e t r a t e s r u b b e r b o o t s , g l ~ v e s ,o r o t h e r a r t i c l e s o f c l o t h i n g
i f these %re brought into direct contact with the liquid. There-
fore, m s t articles of clothing unless they have been treated
(irn?regnated), will not protect against liquid mustard or lewisite.
The same can be saia about mustard and lewisite vapors; they will
penetrate most untreated clothing.
(F) At ordinary temperatures, mustard is a rather stable com-
pound. Although it is not soluble in water, it undegoes very slow
hydrolysis on contact with water wlth the formation of hydro-
chloric acid and other harmless compounds. Mustard which has
been scattered on the ground becomes hydrolized by the water
oresent in 2 days to 2 weeks depenaing on the concentration of
mustard present, the amount of water, and the temperature. The
greater the amount of water and the higher the teaperature, the
more r a ~ i dthe hydrolysis. Since the products of the hydrolysis
are non-toxic, water will destroy mustard in time. However
materials such as bleaching powder (chloride of lime) or other
substances which liberate free chlorine will neutralize mustard
much more rapidly and can be used for decontaminating agents.
(G) Mustard has no appreciable action on monel, iron, steel,
lead, braes, copper, bronze, aluminum, zinc, or tin at ordinary
temperatures. It may be stored in monel or steel containers for
at least six months. Longer periods may be inadvisable because
or the tendency of the impure agent to decompose and form a sludge
anci gas.
3. Lewisite (L) -Lewisite is a compound of carbon, hydrogen,
chlorine, and arsenic. Its physical properties are much like
nustard being a heavy oily liauid, dark brown in color (commercial
productl,and has a high boiling point. Both the boiling and the
melting or freezing point are lower than that of mustard as it
bolls at approximately 3 5 0 ~ ~as
. compared to 450'~. for ystard,
and melts or freezes at a temperature of approximately 0 F.
rather than at 46-50° F. Lewisite has strong vesicant properties
and is also a powerful respiratory irritant and systemic poison.
(A) The density of commercial liquid lewisite and the corre-
sponding si3ecific volume for different temperatures are:
Specific
Temperature Density Volume
It will be seen that if a quantity of the liquid at 5 0 O ~ .
is heated to 14g0 F, it will increase in volume by an amount
which is:
9.9656 - 0.0631 x 100 = 5.55 per cent
0.0631
Thus, any container which is filled with lewisite must have a
sufficient space after filling to allow the liquid to expand
should the temperature increase.
(B) Lewisite, as does mustard, will vaporize from both the
linuid and the solid state, and its v w r s being considerably
heavier than air will tend to seek low Rreas, Although the
vapor pressure for lewisite is quite low for all crdinary
temperetures, its vapor pressure is higher than that of mustard.
Therefore, its persietency uncer the same conditions is less than
that of mustard.
(C) Lewisite has a faint but unpleasant odor which resembles
that of geraniums. Even in a low concentration, lewisite vapors
produce a disagreeable burning sensation of the nose and throat
and sometimes violent sneezing which afterwards may be accom-
panied by a state of nervous depression.
(D) Benzine, gasoline, kerosene, alcohol, and a number of
other solvents dis~olvelewisite and can be used to remove it
from a given surface; however, these solvente do not destroy it.
(E) Lewisite is practically insoluble in water, but it
hydrolizes readily with the formation of hydrochloric acid and
L oxide (a solid) which in contact with the body is a very
toxic and poisonous chemical agent. Water therefore, cannot
be used to render 1ewi.slte non-toxic as eventually it doe8
mustard, though It can be used very effectively to hydrolize
lewlslte and wash away the solid L oxide, Since the vaporization
of L oxide is negligible and the fact that poisonoue arsenic
comnounds always occur with lewisite (regardless of the decon-
taminating agent), liberal amounts of water (fresh or saline)
should always be used to wash away this highly insoluble,
poisonous residue.
(F) Lewisite 1s a stable chesical agent and may be stored
for long periods of time without m y appreciable change in
comnositim. It has no action on monel, iron, steel, brass,
copper, bronze, al-uminun, zinc, or tin at ordinary temperatures,
but it aoes attack lead slightly, and it may be stored in steel
c o n t a i n e r s f o r a g e a r o r more.
( G ) P r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t l e w i s i t e l i n u i d o r v a o o r form i s
t h e same a s t h a t f o r m u s t a r d , t h o u g h l e w i s i t e i s b e s t removed
f r m c u r f a c e s by a n a l c o h o l s o l u t i o n of aodium h y d r o x i d e ; a
s l u r r y of c h l o r i d e o f l i m e ( b l e a c h o r c a l c i u m h y p o c h l o r i t e ) may
be u s e d t o d e s t r o y i t i n t h e f i e l d s i n c e l e w i s i t e h y d r o l i z e s
readily.

( A ) Uo t o t h e p r e s e n t time t h e p r e s e n c e of w a r g a s e a i n
dangerous c o n c e n t r a t i o n s c o u l d be d e t e c t e d by t h e i r c h a r a c t e r -
i s t i c o d o r s , Now, however, v e r y p o t e n t c h e m i c a l a g e n t s have
been developed which have v e r y l i t t l e odor,which r e s e x ~ l e s
f i s h o r s o a p , even i n h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . I t c a n r e a d i l y be
s e e n t h e n t h a t e x t r a p e c a u t i o n s must b e t a k e n i n o r d e r t o de-
t e c t t h e s e a g e n t s , e s p e c i e l l y when t h e y a r e o r e s e n t i n e f f e c t i v e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a n a i n combination w i t h t h e customary o d o r s of
b a t t l e , The term " n i t r o g e n m u s t a r d s " might b e used t o i n c l u d e
a few of t h e s e p r e c t i c a l l y o d o r l e s s a g e n t s , HN-2 and HN-3 a r e
e x a ~ p l e s , Most of t h e s e n i t r o g e n m u s t a r d s a r e f a i r l y r e a d i l y
h y d r c l i z e d by w a t e r , b u t t h e p r o d u c t g of h y d r o l y s i s a r e t o x i c .
(1) HN-2 i s a l i q u i d a t o r d i n a r y t e m p e r a t u r e s w i t h a
v e r y low f r e e z i n g p o i n t . I t w i l l t h e r e f o r e remain a s a
l i a u i d i n a l l c l i m a t e s e x c e p t i n g o n l y t h e extreme c o l d of
the Arctic. A t elevated temperatures i t i s not p a r t i c u l a r l y
s t a b l e s o i t might n o t b e e f f e c t i v e i n h o t c l i m a t e s . A t
o r a i n a r y t w p e r a t u r e s i t i s t h r e e o r f o u r t i m e s as v o l a t i l e
a s o r d i n a r y mustard s o would b e l e s s p e r s i s t e n t . The l i q u i d
i s e vesicant i n contact w i t h t h e skin. It i s not as vesi-
c a n t a s mustard t h e b l i s t e r s may n o t d e v e l o p f o r 8.bout
24 h o u r s . The vqmr of Hh-2 which, becauee of i t s v o l a t i l i t y
may be i n h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n has a marked e f f e c t on t h e e y e s
causing blinaness.
( 2 ) HN-3 i s a s o l i d a t o r d i n a r y t e m p e r a t u r e s , It i s
s t a b l e b u t not very v o l a t i l e . This s o l i d i s a v e s i c a n t
al~o.
( B ) The n i t r o g e n m u s t a r d s a c t a s v e s i c a n t e o r i r r i t a n t s t o
a l l exposed t i s s u e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e e y e s , s k i n , r e s a i r a t o r y t r a c t
and stomach. S y s t e m i c a l l y t h e s e a g e n t s damage t h e blood-forming
o r g a n s a n a c e r t a i n a r e a s of t h e c e n t r a l n e r v o u s system. They
d e s t r o y t h e w h i t e blooO c e l l s . Mild e x p o s u r e s , nowever, w i l l
p r o b a b l y n o t c a u s e n o t i c e a b l e s y s t e a i c symptom. The g r e a t e s t
d a n c e r from t h i s g s s l i e s i n t h e f a c t t h a t e y e s and l u n g s may
be d e n a ~ e db e f o r e t h e p r e s e n c e of g e e i s s u s p e c t e d , i f r e l i a n c e
1 s p l a c e d on s m e l l a l o n e .
 (C) The best skin decontamination for nitrogen mustard j a
soap and water. Clothing can be decontaminated by aeration and/
or washing by the etandard laundry method. The protective oint-
ments are also effective. For decontamination of materiel and
ground the standard methods of bleach, boiling water, or swab-
bing with gasoline are effective. Protection against the
nitrogen mustards is the eame as that for other vesicante.
5. Freezing Deterrents for Mustard Gae
( A ) Several solvents such as nonochlorobenzene, ethylene
dichloride, dichloro ethyl ether, carbon disulphide, acetone,
carbon tetrachloride, etc, may be mixed with H to increase
stability in storage and to lower the freezing point; however,
the addition of a non-toxic solvent may seriously lower the
toxicity if employed in large proportions. The vesicant action
of liouid H is not reduced as much as the effective vapor con-
centrations by the addition of a non-toxic diluent. The reasons
for this presumably being that only the very small amount of H
(very thin 1ayer)actually in contact with the skin contributee
t? the vesicant action, while the absolute H vsgor concentration
is not only decreased in direct proportion to the amount of
diluent present, but also the more volatile solvent vaporizes
separately and more readily, producing a cooling effect which
tends to delay the vaporleation of H until the solvent has
vanorized. (The vesicant action of diluted H should be kept
in mind when using a solvent to remove H from the skin. A
very careful technique must be followed. The solvent should not
be allowed to run from the contm inated to the unaffected skin
as it will carry the vesicant and extend the damage.) The
percentage composition by weight of the solvent in H, the per-
centage decrease in effective vapor concentration, and the
decrease in degrees Fahrenheit of the freezing point are nuEer-
ically eaual for practical purposes. For exanple, 10% solvent
by weight in H decreases the vapor (HI concentration 10% and
lowers the freezing point 10' F. A mixture of H and a solvent
rem~inea slush at temperatures below the freezing point of the
nixture thereby furnishing a convenient safety factor.
(B) The ideal freezing deterrent for H apgears to be
HN-2, the nitrcgen mustard with a very low freezing point.
HN-2 is not as vesicant RS mustard, but it is three or four
times as volatile; hence, a mixture of H and HN-2 in almost
any desired proportions may provide an excellent low temperature
vesicant that can be etared for long periods.
(c) The use of L (lewisite) to lower the freezing point
of H (mustard) has the advantage of also being toxic, but the
mixture ie not suitable for storage. The mixture consists of
equal quantities of H and L by weight or volume, the latter
being preferred because of its slightly better storage charac-
teristlcsand lower freezing point of minus 20°p. ae compared
to O°F. for the former mixture. From present indications, mix-
tures of H and L appear particularly undesirable for uee
from the viewpoint of storage, that is, the mixture is much
more corrosive than either of its constituents, and decomposition,
the generation of gas pressure, and gum-formation take place
no matter w h ~ tthe nature of the container. For this reason
mixturee of H and L should not be stowed for longer periods
than two weeks at any temperature unless required by military
neceesits, in which case, its use is not feasible after one
month in-view of the dec&n~ositionwhich destroxa the vesioant

-
action of the mixture. During this decomposition g u m Rre
formed which would restrict flow out of the tank. This un-
desirable reaction accelerates as the temperature is raised,
being very rapid at temperatures coneiderably above 110 F.
Densities of Mustard-Lewisite Mixtures
Temperature HL* HL**
OP Orc Ih* -

*HL of 50/50 mixture by weight of H and L (00~.

freezing point)
**HL of 50/50 mixture by volume of H and L (-20°F. freezing
point)
6 . Thickening Aaenta - A thickening agent i s desirable f o r
o t h e r than low a l t i t u d e spraying of v e s i c a n t s t o i n c r e a s e
t h e drop s i z e of t h e s p r a y which i n c r e a s e s t h e r a t e of f a l l ,
thereby making h i g h e r a l t i t u d e s p r a y i n g more a c c u r a t e ~ n d
f e e s i b l e i n a c t u a l p r a c t i c e . Within l i m i t s t h e t h i c k e n e r s
a r e u s e f u l f o r o b t a i n i n g an optimum drop s i z e f o r p e n e t r a t i n g
c l o t h i n g and producing c a s u a l t i e s . The s t u d y of thickened vesi-
cants i s not complete, so u n t i l d e f i n i t e d a t a concerning
s t a b i l i t y i s a v a i l a b l e , such mixtures should n o t be r e l i e d upon
f o r long term storage.
7. Screening Smokes - A smoke i s a cloud of minute p a r t i c l e s of
s o l i d s , l i a u i a s , o r b o t h which a r e suspended i n a gaseous
medium, u s u a l l y a i r . I n a broad sense t h i s a l s o i n c l u d e 8 f o g s
which a r e clouds of minute d r o p l e t s of water suspended I n t h e
a i r . Theee p a r t i c l e s may vary i n s i z e from t h o s e t h a t a r e
l a r g e enough t o be seen by t h e unaided eye t o t h o s e which
approach t h e s i z e of a s i n g l e molecule.
(A) Smoke p a r t i c l e s have an i r r e g u l a r , j e r k y , a i m l e s s
movement which i s due t o t h e c o l l i s i o n s of t h e v a r l o u s
p a r t i c l e s of t h e smoke mixture w i t h each o t h e r and w i t h t h e
molecules of t h e air. By v i r t u e of t h i s movement, t h e smoke
p a r t i c l e s g r a d u a l l y d i f f u s e and spread. The l a r g e r p a r t i c l e s
of smoke mixtures n a t u r a l l y d l f f u e e more slowly than t h e
smaller ones, not only because d the g r e a t e r r e s i s t a n c e of
t h e ~ e d i u mi n which they m suspended b u t a l s o beca.use of
t h e lower v e l o c i t y of the l a r g e r p a r t i c l e s . However, t h e
g e n e r a l c i r c u l a t i o n of t h e atmosphere (winds and c o n v e c t i o n a l
c u r r e n t s ) i s a f a r more important f a c t o r i n t h e d i s p e r s i o n of
smokes t h a n i s d i f f u s i o n ; i n f a c t , i n conperison w i t h wind
and c o n v e c t i o n a l c u r r e n t s , d i f f u s i o n i s n e g l i g i b l e .
(B) Due t o v a r i o u s causes, smoke p a r t i c l e s have a
tendency t o i n c r e ~ e ei n s i z e . One of t h e s e i s t h e cohesion
o r coalescence of t h e p t w t i c l e s as t h e y a r e brought i n con-
t a c t w i t h each o t h e r . T h i s e f f e c t i s n e g l i g i b l e i n t h e
case of d r y s o l i d p a r t i c l e s , b u t w i t h l i q u i d d r o p l e t s o r
t h e p a r t i c l e of a s o l i d upon which some w a t e r h a s condensed,
t h i s tendency of t h e p a r t i c l e t o grow i n s i z e beoomes more
pronounced. Another cause of t h e growth of smoke p a r t i c l e s
i s t h e i r a b s o r p t i o n of water from t h e a i r . T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y
t r u e o f water-absorbing s u b a t ~ n c e asuch a s sulphur t r i o x i d e .
A s a r e s u l t of t h i s i n c r e a s e i n s i z e , t h e average r a t e of
settling of t h e smoke p a r t i c l e s a l s o i n c r e a s e s .
\C) A s c r e e n i n g smoke a t t a i n s i t s ob e c t not so much b y
?
t h e a c t u a l o b s t r u c t i o n of t h e l i g h t r a y s exdept i n very dense
smokes) as by scattering the light rays due to the reflec-
tion and refraction by the many smoke particles. The
number of particles, rather than the eize of the particles
determines the efficiency of a smoke to ecreen an object.
Conseauently it is desirable to have a smoke material
dlvided as finely as possible down to a certain minimum size
of particles, not only because in this form the material will
remain suspended longer but also because a given quantity of
smoke material will yield e. larger number of particles and
hence will be more efficient. k screening smoke may be used
in sufficient density to entirely destroy visibility or in
less quantity to create a haze which only lowers visibility.
It is not the total amount of light prevented from passing
through the smoke screen that is important, but it is the
percentage of rays which are diffused, refracted, or reflected
by the smoke. For this reason a white smoke is a more effec-
tive screening agent than a black smoke which depends upon ab-
sorption and obstructioh of the light rays for its screening.
The total light coming through a black smoke is probably less
than that coming through a white smoke, but the percentage of
rays coming through a black smoke without being refracted or
reflected is greater-n that coming through a white emoke.
This permits a greater visibility through a given quantity of
black smoke than would be possible through the same quantity
of white smoke. Also the blinding effect produced by direct
reflection of light from the white emoke is lost in case of
a black smoke.
uide which react with the moisture in the air,
such(D)
as FS
=l? sulphur trioxide in chloreulphonlc acid) and
FM (titaniur tetrachloride) Rre used for laying smoke screens
from aircraft. These materials at ordinary temperatures are
liauids, and when sprayed from an airplane they hydrolize
when they come in contact with the moisture in the air. The
minute particles formed by this hydrolysis diffuse the light
rays tending to pass through them. Since these materials
(F3 and FM) depend to a large extent upon moisture in the
air for their greatest effect, conditions in the air favor-
able for producing a good smoke ecreen with a minimum amount
of liquid emoke material require a high moisture content.
Thus, if the humidity of the air is low, there will be in-
sufficient moisture present for complete'~ d m l y s i e ,and more
smoke material will be required to produc
?
Temperatures coneiderably below freezing 32Ofood ) are not favorable
for laying smoke screens with these chemicals as the absolute
moisture content is low even though the relative humidity
may be fairly high.
8. FS Smoke ~ixture -
FS smoke mixture ie a 90lution of
sulphur trioxide in chlorsulphonic acid; the solution
consists of approximately 55 per cent sulphur trioxide and
45 per cent chlorsulphonic acid by weight. The purpose of the
chlorsulphonic acid ie to keep the eulphur trioxide in a
liquid state at the lowest temperatures likely to be en-
countered. With the 55-45 mixture, the So3 remains a liquid
until temperatures below minue 22O F. are reached. Any
appreciable increaee in the 90 content raises the freezing
1
point to within the normal win er temperatures.
( A ) While the chloreulphonic acid(HC1SO ) has fair
emoke-producing qualities, the sulphur trloxade is the chief
contributor. Both conetituents depend upon hydrolysis to
produce smoke. This reaction is as followe:

The sulphuric and hydrochloric acide thue Cormed continue to

absorb moisture until an equilibrium condition is reached
with the water vapor present. High humidity increases
the effectivenese of the smoke produced. The smoke produced
causee irritation of the skin and throat but ie harmless
since the concentration of acid in a emoke is very low.
The liauid FS, which practically always has'eome water present,
has very etrong corrosive properties reeembling a strong
mineral acid. However it has a very slight reaction with
monel as compared to other metals. It should be noted that
water-free F3 is relatively non-corrosive and is usually
chipped satisfactorily in tightly-sealed steel containers.
9. FM Snoke Mixture - FM smoke mixture, or titanium tetra-
chloride, is a colorlese liauid which hydrolyzes when it
comes in contact with moisture a8 followe:

Titanium hydroxide is water-absorbing and thus the smoke

soon becomes com9osed of combined solid and liquid particles.
The hydrochloric acid, being hydroscopic, also helps to
form the smoke. The smoke produced from FM is harmless and
only slightly irritating. Moisture should not be allowed
to come in contact with FM as traces of moisture cause the
 .
f o r m a t i o n of s o l i d t i t a n i u m hydroxide which t e n d s t o
s e t t l e aA:d might cause t r o u b l e on d i s c h a r g e . FM pro-
duces a good smoke w i t h average humidity and i s con-
s i d e r e d b e t t e r t h a n FS i n c o l d weather, b u t t h e smoke
t e n d s t o d i s s i p a t e r a t h e r r a p i d l y . With a h i g h e r
humidity t h e smoke d i s s i p a t e s more slowly. FU i s
c o r r o s i v e , b u t n o t n e a r l y s o much as BS smoke mixture.
 -
Chapter 3
Weather an8 T e r r a i n Fa.ctors and t h e Technique of
A i r c r a f t C,hemical Spray

Paragraph Page
1. General 21
2. Weather and T e r r n i n e f f e c t on Vesicant D r o p l e t s 24
3. E f f e c t of Weather and T e r r a i n on Vesicant Vapor 25
4. F a c t o r s A f f e c t i n g t h e Area and Degree of Contami-
nation 29
5 , Technique of Vesicant Spraying 33
6 , Technioue of Laying Smoke Screens. 43
7. Law Temperature Operation 45
1. General

\ A ) Gas can p e n e t r a t e i n t o p l e c e s which a r e well p r o t e c t e d

from g u n f i r e . The t a r g e t s a r e groups and a r e a s r a t h e r than
i n d i v i d u a l s ; t h e r e f o r e , c a s u a l t i e s may be expected i n l a r g e
numbers when t h e y occur. Chemical agentn produce r e s u l t 6
under f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s which depend upon a number of f a c t o r s
t h a t a r e f r e q u e n t l y hard t o e s t i m a t e a c c u r a t e l y . The per-
s i s t e n c y and t h e q u a n t i t y of a g e n t used, t h e a r e a a f f e c t e d ,
t h e meteorological conditiona, t h e protection a v a i l a b l e t o
t r o o p s , t h e i r ga8 d i s c i p l i n e and p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n a r e a l l
i m ~ o r t a n tf a c t o r s which must be considered. I n g e n e r a l , t h e
e f f e c t of a chemical agent i s approximately p r o n w t i o n a l t o
t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n and t h e time of expoeure. P r a c t i c ~ l l y ,
however, any mathematical e x p r e s e i o n of t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p l a
of l i m i t e d a p p l i c a t i o n , due t o t h e wide v a r i a t i o n i n con-
d i t i o n s a f f e c t i n g t h e behavior of agent a a f t e r r e l e a s e and
t o v a r i a b l e human r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e s e a g e n t s .
\B) P e r s i s t e n t v e ~ i c a n t s p r a y i s employed t o produce caaual-
t i e a among p e r s o n n e l and animal8 a n d t o contaminate s p e c i a l
t a r g e t s o r a r e a s occupied by t h e enemy, o r t o deny a r e a s t o
t h e enemy. When t h e l a t t e r l a t h e purpoee, i t may be nec-
e s m r y t o r e p e ~ tspray a t t a c k s d a i l y , i n view of t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e agent i s only modera:~ly p e r s i s t e n t when sprayed
because i t i s broken up i n t o r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l d r o p l e t s which
may e v a o o r a t e away i n 24 houre o r l e a s .
(C) I n c o n t r a ~ tt o t h e f i r s t World War, because of t h e i n t r o -
d u c t i o n of t h e a i r p l a n e i n t o chemical \carfare, chemical warfare
o p e r ~ t i o n smay be employe3 a l m o s t anywhere, r e s e r v e and r e a r
a r e a s a s w e l l a s i n f o r w a r d n r e a e . Chemical w e r f a r e o p e r a t i o n s
i n r e a r areafi may b e e s p e c i a l l y e f f e c t i v e a t p o r t s , a i r f i e l d e ,
r a i l c e n t e r s , m d a l o n g l i n e s of communication. The most e f f e c -
t i v e u s e of p e r s i s t e n t a g e n t e i n heavy c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i l l
p r o b a b l y b e t o n e u t r a l i z e o r f o r c e e v a c u a t i o n of a r e a g . Spray-
i n g i s n o t recommended f o r u s e a g a i n s t s h i p s underway u n l e s s
c o n d i t i o n $ a r e i d e a l , s i n c e moving s h i p s , n o t s u r p r i s e d , may
dodge t h e e p r a y u n l e s g i t i e d e l i v e r e d f r o m v e r y l o w a l t i t u d e s ,
and t h i s t y p e of s p r a y i n g i n f a c e of a n t i a i r c r a f t f i r e would
be t o o c o e t l y t o j u s t i f y t h e d o u b t f u l r e s u l t 8 t o be obtained. I n
g e n e r a l epray missions should be accomplished a t h i g h speed, at
l o w a l t i t u d e , and u n d e r c o n d i t i o n o of s u r p r i s e . N i g h t s p r a y -
i n g i s u s e f u l i n o b t a i n i n g s u r p r i s e and t h e n e c e s s a r y p r o t e c t i o n
from s t r o n g a n t i a i r c r a f t d e f e n s e a .
( D ) The d e t e r m i n a t i o n of when a n d where t o u s e p e r s i s t e n t
v e s i c a n t u p r a y , and t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e p r o p e r amount of t h e
proper agent, c o n s t i t u t e t h e t a c t i c s of s g r a y i n g v e e i c a n t s . T h i s
r e q u i r e s a n u n d e r ~ t a n d i n gof t h e power a n d l i m i t a t i o n e of t h e
a g e n t s and epray tanka a v a i l a b l e .
Wea.ther a n d T e r r a i n E f f e c t on V e e i c a n t S m a s Drowlet s,
( A ) High wind v e l o c i t y a n d h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e b o t h i n c r e a s e t h e
r a t e of e v a p o r a t i o n o f p e r s i s t e n t a g e n t s a n d t h e r e b y d e c r e a e e
t h e p e r i o d of e f f e c t i v e n e s s ; however w i t h p e r s i c t e n t a g e n t s
t h e l i a u i d r a t h e r t h a n t h e v e p o r i s u e u a l l y r e l i e d upon f o r
p ~ y s i o l o g i c a le f f e c t : t h e r e f o r e , t h e wind v e l o c i t y a n d d i r e c t i o n
p r i m a r i l y e f f e c t t h e a b i l i t y t o h i t t h e t a r p t , while a low
t e m p e r a t u r e d e c r e a s e s t h e e f f e c t i v e n e e e of t h e v e e i c a n t .
(B) Cloud8 h a v e no d i r e c t e f f e c t on any c h e m i c a l a g e n t . They
a t t a i n t h e i r e f f e c t s i n d i r e c t l y t h r o u g h t h e i r c o n t r o l o v e r temper-
a t u r e which c o n t r o l s a i r c u r r e n t e . An o v e r c a e t o r c l o u d y day
i s l e e a f a v o r a b l e f o r t h e development of r i s i n g a i r c u r r e n t e a n d ,
t h e r e f o r e more f a v o r a b l e t o c h e m i ~ ~ a tlt a c k s .
(C) Heavy r a i n s i n c o n b i n a t i o n w i t h h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e e g r e a t l y
r e d u c e t h e p e r s i s t e n c y of m u s t a r d g a e . L e w i e i t e i s r e a d i l y
h y d r o l y z e d b u t f o r m s a v e r y t o x i c v e e i c a n t s o l i d , L o x i d e , which
i e h i g h l y i n s o l u b l e . Humidity a n d ~ t m o s p h e r i cp r e e e u r e w i l l
have n o a p n r e c i a b l e e f f e c t on t h e p e r s i s t e n t a g e n t s r e g a r d l e s s
of how t h e y may b e r e l e a e e d .
(D) The t e r r a i n h a s no d i r e c t e f f e c t on t h e f a l l i n g v e s i c a n t
d r o p l e t s o t h e r t h m any n a t u r a l s h e l t e r a f f o r d e d ; i t may a t t a i n
some i n d i r e c t e f f e c t e t h r o u g h i t k l i m i t e d c o n t r o l o v e r l o c a l
 t e n p e r a t u r e and wind c o n d i t i o n s . However, a f t e r t h e v e s i c a n t
d r o p l e t s have f a l l e n t o t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e , t e r r a i n c o n d i t i o n s
have a d e c i d e d e f f e c t upon t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e c o n t a m i n a t e d
a r e a ( s e e Para. 3 ( D ) below).
3. E f f e c t o f Weather a n d T e r r a i n on V e s i c a n t Va-
( A ) T h e r e may be s h e l t e r e d o r p a r t l y s h e l t e r e d o b j e c t i v e e
where t h e v a p o r r a t h e r t h a n t h e l i q u i d c h e m i c a l a g e n t w i l l
p r o d u c e most o f t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t . Under o r d i n a r y con-
d i t i o n s f o u r main f a c t o r s c a u s e d i l u t i o n o f the v e s i c a n t v a p o r .
I n o r d e r of t h e i r i m p o r t a n c e t h e s e f a c t o r s a r e :
(1) L a t e r a l s p r e a d and e e r t i c a l r i s e
( 2 ) Drag e f f e c t w h i l e t r a v e l i n g a l o n g earth's s u r f a c e
( 3 ) Set t l i n g a n d a d s o r p t i o n
( 4 ) D e s t r u c t i o n o f the a g e n t t h r o u g h h y d r o l y s i s

(B) R a t e s of d i l u t i o n o f t h e c h e s i c a l a g e n t as a v a p o r a r e
a f f e c t e d b y v a r i o u s weather f a c t o r s . The f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s
a r e s u i t a b l e f o r e f f e c t i v e use of p e r s i s t e n t vapor concentrations:
Favorable Conditiong
Sky - Moderately t o h e a v i l y o v e r c a s t .
Time o r day - N l g h t o r e a r l y morning,
Terrain - L e v e l f i e l d s o r w a t e r f o r v a p o r c l o u d s moving i n ,
a n d wooded areas f o r o r i g i n a t i n g a n d h o l d i n g vapor
cloude. (The e f f e c t i v e n e e s o f vapor clouds i s n o t
a p p r e c i a b l y reduced by passage o v e r water, b u t i s
g r e a t l y decreased b y p a s s a g e t h r o u g h a wooded a r e a .)
Ground o r w a t e r - Colder than air.
Winds - C a l m o r l i g h t w i n d s f r e e from s t r o n g c o n v e c t i o n
T e m p e r a t u r e - Must b e a t l e a s t 5 ' ~ . above f r e e z i n g p o i n t
of chemical agent.
V i s i b i l i t y - S u f f i c i e n t l y good t o s e e t h e t a r g e t o r r e f e r e n c e
p o i n t f r o m t h e s p r a y i n g h e i g h t , u n l e s s o t h e r means
o f l o c a t i n g the t a r g e t a r e p o s s i b l e .
( C ) The f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s r e n d e r t h e p e r s i s t e n t c h e m i c a l
a g e n t as a vapor e n t i r e l y o r l a r g e l y i n e f f e c t i v e :
Unfavorable Condltiona
Sky - C l e a r t o cumulo-nimbus c l o u d s .
Time o f day -
1100 t o 1600.
 Terrain - Broken o r woodec? ( f o r moving vapor c l o u d s o n l y ) .
( k h e n t h e wind i s calm o r l i g h t , a wooded a r e a i s
i c e d f o r a t t a i n i n g a s t a t i o n a r y , heavy, o e r s i s t e n t
vapor concentration. S i n c e most o f t h e e i r c r a f t
e p r a y d r o p l e t s woul3 be c ~ u g h tby t h e t r e e s and b u s h e s ,
t h e v a p o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n becomes i m p o r t a n t . However
d u e t o t h e h i g h d r a g e f f e c t , v a p o r d e p o s i t i n g on
f o l i a g e , e t c . , movement of a v a p o r c l o u d i n a wooded
a r e a g r e a t l y decrease8 t h e vapor concentration.)
Ground o r w a t e r - Much h o t t e r t h a n a i r .
Winds - S t r o n g winds and s t r o n g c o n v e c t i o n .
-
' l e m ~ e r a t u r e Less than 5'F. above f r e e z i n g p o i n t of chemical
agent
Visibility - I n a u t r i c i e n t t o a l l o w a c c u r a t e a i m i n g when no
means o t h e r t h a n v i s u a l a r e a v a i l a , b l e .
( D ) It s h o u l d b e borne i n mind t h a t t e r r a i n a r e a s c o n t a m i n a t e d
by v e s i c a n t e p r a y u s u a l l y s h o u l d n o t b e r e l i e d upon t o produce
c a s u ~ l t i e sf o r p e r i o d s l o n g e r t h a n t h a t shown i n t h e t a b l e
below. C l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n e w i l l c a u s e a v a r i a t i o n i n t h i s
p e r i o d of e f f e c t i v e n e s s . During c o o l w e a t h e r t h e a g e n t w i l l
r e t a i n i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s f o r much l o n g e r p e r i o d s t h a n i n h o t
d r y weather. I n any c a s e , where R l o n g e r p e r i o d of e f f e c t i v e n e s s
i s d e s i r e d , r e p e a t e d a t t a c k s may b e made w l t h v e s i c a n t s p r a y ,
o r t h e c h e m i c a l bomb which i e more p e r s i e t e n t may be used.
T e r r a i n c o n d i t i o n s have a d e c i d e d e f f e c t upon t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s
of c o n t a m i n a t e d a r e a e . Thue c o n t a m i n a t e d l l g h f l y wooded areas
w i l l p r o d u c e more c a s u a l t i e s t h a n g r a s e g d a r e a e ; and contaminated
g r a e s e d a r e a e Rre n n r e a f f e c t i v e t h a n a r e a s of open ground.
The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e shows e s t i m a t e d d a n g e r p e r i o d s d u e t o
e f f e c t i v e c o n t a m i n a t i o n by a i r ~ l a n ec h e m i c a l s p r a y ( 3 1 , a s ~ u r n i n g
S e r v i c e d r e s s ( n o t impregnated) , a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t e w e a t h e r
c o n d i t i o n s , and open c o u n t r y ; add 50 t o 200 p e r c e n t t o t h e d a n g e r
p e r i o d s when i n woods of v a r y i n g d e n s i t y .
I

i
Traversinn O c c u ~ aito n

L ~ n gg r a s s Medium rass ! Short grass Hard Graes Hard

(6lnchen (1to67 ( u n d e r 1 i n c h ) ground any Ground
and o v e r ) , ~nches) length
2 t o 3 hmrs 1 t o 2 hours 1/2to 24 6 t o 19
hours . 1 hr. hra. hours
--
Note: It i s n o t p r a ~ t i c a b l e ~ t o u n d e r t ~wk he o l e s a l e d e c ~ n t ~ m i n ~ t i ~ n
of l a r g e l n n d nreas s p r a y e d w i t h v e s i c a n t ; such a r e a 3 are
u s u a l l y marked ~ n tde m p o r a r i l y e v a c u a t e d . A s h i p , on t h e o t h e r
h ~ n d ,can be d e c o n t ~ m i n ~ t esdu f f i c i e n t l y i n e e v e r a l houre by
a w e l l - t r a i n e d d e ~ o n t ~ m i n a t i ncrew.
g
 2
>
SHADED PORTION IS CONTAMINATE0
SCALE = I - I N C H = 2 0 0 YDS.
0
t SPRAYING TIME 25 SECONDS WITH MARK 5 TYPE TANK.
3 DISTANCE TRAVELLED 3,056 YDS.
INTERVAL BETWEEN PLANES 8 6 0 TO 7 0 YDS.

( IDEALIZED EXAMPLE O F CONTAMINATED AREA AS READ FROM FIG. I l l

FIGURE 8
100
FT.

F I G U R E I0
-30-
 -- 1 6 --
DISTANCE IN FEET BETWEEN TANK AND GROUND (ALTITUDE 1.
 EOUAL AREAS OF CONTAMINATION OBTAINED BY
K E E P I N G E F F E C T I V E CROSS WIND CONSTANT
( FOR AREA SPRAYING ONLY )

LlNE SHOWN AS DIAM. OF

CIRCLE IS ACTU4L WIND
VECTOR; OTHERS ARE
COMPONENTS.
LlNE OF FLIGHT (TRACK)
* -
SO YD. AT LTSO FT. ALTITUDE
HEAVY -
(OVER 0 . 3 YO

Ll6HT . Oz'ZzA 2 0 0 YD.

UNDER 0.3 Yt3

L l N E OF FLIGHT (TRACK) -
t-
5 0 YD. AT 2 5 0 FT. ALTITUDE

LlNE OF FLIGHT (TRACK)

YD. AT 2 1 0 FT. AUITUDE
5b
-
0 YD.

L l N E OF FLIGHT (TRACK)
4
5 0 YD. AT 2 5 0 FT. ALTITUDE

FIGURE 12
. .
 ( 2 ) Type, s i z e , r a t e c~f f l o w , and number of apray
tanke.
( 3 ) Speed of t h e a i r c r a f t .
( 4 ) C o ~ r r s eof t h e a i r c r a f t r e l a t i v e t o t h e d i r e c t i o n
of t h e mean wind t o the s p r a y i n g a l t i t u d e .
( 5 ) Height of t h e s p r a y i n g a i r c r a f t .
( 5 ) V e l o c i t y of t h e wind, and o t h e r weather c o n d i t i o n s .

Note: An i n c r e a ~ ei n t h e r a t e , of f l o w ( o r number of t a n k s d i s -
chfirged s i m u l t a n e o u s l y ) d i r e c t l y i n c r e a s e s t h e d e g r e e of
c o n t a n i n a t i o n , while an i n c r e a s e i n t h e e f f e c t i v e c r o s s -
wind o r t h e speed o r h e i g h t of t h e e p r a y i n g 8 . i r c r a f t a l l
d i r e c t l y d e c r e a s e t h e d e g r e e of contarninat i o n . T h i s r e -
l a t i o n s h i ~w i l l be used l a t e r i n s e t t i n g up approximate f o r +
ulas.
5. Techniaue of V e s i c a n t S ~ r a ~ i n q- . The h e i g h t ~t which s p r a y
i s d i s c k a r g e d w i l l depend upon t h e a c c u r a c y r e q u i r e d t o
p l a c e t h e c h e m i c e l on t h e t a r e e t , t h e amount of c o n c e n t r a t i o n
d e s i r e d on t h e t a r g e t , and t h e 91ze of t h e n r e a t o be covered.
When e p r a y i s r e l e a s e d u t o t h e r t h a n low a l t i t l ~ d e s , i tw i l l
be d i f f i c u l t t o p r e d i c t a c c u r e t e l y t h e a r e a of f a l l , owing
t o t h e e f f e c t o r v a r y i n g winds t h r o u g h which t h e s p r a y must
descend. The g r a p h , F i g u r e 11, ( a e e F i g u r e 10 a l s o ) i n d i c a t e s
t h e p r o b a b l e d r i f t of t h e l i q u i d d r o p l e t s from an a i r p l a n e when
t h e l i n e of' f l i - h t (track) l a a p p r o x i m a t e l y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e
d i r e c t i m of B 6 a.p.h. e u r f a c e wind. Thia g r ~ p hwas made up
u s i n g t h e a v e r a g e wind a t t h e v a r i o u s h e i g h t s when t h e
s u r f ~ c ewind w a e a b o u t 6 rn.p.h.; hence, when t h e a c t u a l winds
a l o f t a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y known, t h e mean wind ( v e c t o r ) should
be d e t e r m i n e d end used i n i t s p l a c e ( s e e F i g u r e 1 2 ) . The
d i s t a n c e from t h e v e r t i c a l c o o r d i n a t e t o t h e l i n e whers t h e
f i r s t d r o p s a p p e a r g i v e s t h e a p ~ r o x i m a t ed i s t e n c e t h e
~ i l o ts h o u l d f l y upwind o f t h e t a r g e t i n o r d e r t o h i t t h e
t a r g e t e f f e c t i v e l y . The d i s t ~ n c ebetween t h e l i n e where
firfit d r o p s a p p e a r and t h e l i n e where s m e l l drop8 end
g i v e e t h e w i d t h of t h e c o n t a m i n a t e d a r e a , which e u p p l i e s
vepor f o r 6 c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t a n c e dobmwind. The l e n g t h of
t h e a r e e w i l l depend upon t h e c a p a c i t y and r a t e of f l o w of
t h e smoke t a n k and t h e speed of t h e a i r p l a n e . The e f f e c t
of an i n c r e a s e o r a d e c r e a a e i n t h e wind v e l o c i t y i s t o t r a n s -
Doee t h e c u r v e s i n F i g u r e 11 t o t h e r i g h t o r t o t h e l e f t , r e
s p e c t i v e l y , by chenglng t h e d l s t a n c e s from t h e v e r t i c a l coor-
d i n a t e t o each c u r v e a p r o p o r t i o n a t e amount. An i n c r e a s e i n
For p r z c t i c a l purposes t h e approximate c e n t e r of e a c h t a c t i c a l
s p r a y i n g u n l t may b e c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e l o c a t i o n of a s i n g l e
spraying a i r p l a n e having a v e s i c a n t diecharge r a t e equal t o
the t o t a l f o r that unit. So many r e c t o r s i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f e c t i v e -
n e s a o f v e s i c a n t s p r a y t h a t n o t h i n g more t h a n an e s t i m a t e c a n be
g i v e n f o r what c o n s t i t u t e s a n e f f e c t i v e , c a s u a l t y - p r o d u c i n g
c o n c e n t r a t i o n . T h i s e e t i m ~ t ec a n b e e t b e resented a e P s p e c i f i c
example from which f o r m u l ~ sm y b e d e r i v e d . 'l'he f o l l o w i n e con-
d i t i o n s n r e e s t i m a t e d t o produce an e f f e c t i v e , casualty-producing
c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t e r m e r a t e we'ather*
Altitude ( H) 250 feet
Speed (3) 200 m.p.h.
lAean C r o s s wind (v) 6 m.p.h.
V e s i c a n t D i s c h a r g e r a t e (H) 10 gal./sec.
From t h e above d a t a t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n c a n be s e t up t h a t
w i l l l i m i t the variables t o Insure a desirable density:
1
30,000
= density constant.

Nothing h a s b e e n s a i d a b o u t t h e d r o p s i z e of t h e s p r a y ( s e e
F i g u r e 13) i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e e f f e c t i v e c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
b e c a u s e w i t k a g i v e n r a n g e o f d r o p s i z e s , t h i s i s a m a t t e r of
l o c a t i n g and s p a c i n g t h e a i r p l a n e s l a t e r a l l y s o t h a t t h e s p r a y
p a t t e r n s o v e r l a p and a l w a y s c o n t a i n d r o p l e t a o v e r 0.3 mg. i n
~ i z e . 'l'he t o t 8 1 ~ r n o u n t o f v e s i c a n t r e q u i r e d f o r a g i v e n d e g r e e
of p e r ~ i s t e n c yo r p e n e t r ~ t i o nof c l o t h i n g i n c r e a s e s a s t h e d r o p
~ i z ed e c r e a s e s , and t h i s e i z e (0.3 mg.) 1; s e l e c t e d as t h e
rninirnurr s i z e f o r p r a c t i c a l e f f i c i e n c y , If t n e s p r a y p a t t e r n 8
o v e r l a p s o t n a t t h e slow f a l l i n g 0 . 3 mg. d r o 7 l e t s from e a c h
a i r p l a n e ( a i r p l a n e s f l y i n g s i d e by s i d e ) c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e f a s t
f a l l i n g 3 mg. d r o p l e t s from e a c h succeed in^ a i r p l a n e (downwind),
t h e n t h e s p r a y e d a r e a w i l l a l m y e c o n t a i n d r o p l e t s o v e r 0 . 3 rng.
i n weight. S i n c e b o t h 3 mg. a n d 0.3 mg. d r o p l e t s w i l l n e a r l y
a l w a y s be p r e s e n t , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e k i n d o f t e n k , i n h i g h o r
low a l t i t u d e spraying,using thickened o r unthickdned v e s i c a n t ,
t h e s p r e a d on t h e e a r t h ' s mrrfe.ce between t h e s e two d r o p s i z e s
w i l l be t a k e n s s t h e a p p r o x i m a t e w i d t h , meesured p e r p e n d i c u l a r
t o t h e airplane'^ p ~ t ho v e r t h e e s r t h ' e s u r f a c e , c o n t a m i n a t e d
by d r o p l e t s ovPr 0.3 mg. i n s i z e . Maximum d r o p s i z e s o f e i t h e r
1 mg. o r 9 mg., i n s t e a d of 3 me., would p r o d u c e t h e same a b e o l u t e
e r r o r i n t h i s width, because t h e a b s o l u t e d i f f e r e n c e i n t e r m i n a l
v e l o c i t y between t h e 3 rng. a n d 1 mg. d r o p s i s t h e same as t h a t
between t h e 3 ma. and 9 mg. d r o p s . T h i s e r r o r i n w i d t h , however,
wou1A b e o n l y a b o u t +. 10%; a n e g l i g i b l e amount compared t o t h e
e r r o r s c a u s e d by wind v a r i a t i o n s . The w i d t h ($1 i n y a r d s o f
t h e f i t r i p c o n t a i n b n g d r o p l e t s o v e r 0.3 mg. i n w e i g h t i s f o u n d
as follows:
-05
w
. ...
o.2 or
0

0.4 03
I . :. 0
a c a7 a8 as, lo
-
.
Jo
@a@
SO 60
-

'. 0

,,I?.C2AFT SPWY, U S I N G MOLASSES IIESIDUUE.

!123). AND GAGE FOR D3OP SIZE IN M1LLIGW.S
ON ST.LJDARD 110# RRISTOL BOARD
 A ~ p r o x , t e r m i n a l v e l o c i t y of 0.3 mg. d r o p l e t s
t e r m i n a l v e l o c i t y of mg. d r o p l e t s =
= 9 ft/sec.
ft./sec.
Approx. 3 22

9
( 1 / 2 V) = d r i f t of 0.3 mg. d r o p l e t s i n y a r d 8 ( V multiplied
by $ t o c o n v e r t f r o n a.p.h. t o y d s . / s e c . ) .

( 1 / 2 V ) = d r i f t of 3 mg. d r o p l e t s i n y e r d s .
22
w'= (H- -
H ) 1/2 V =
(9 22) 30 . Theref o r e HV = 30
drop s i z e ,
W' based on

and IiV 30.000 based. on d e n s i t y . From b o t h e n u a t i o n s we have

S
30 w = 3O,OOr)R, o r w = 1000 R brrfied on b o t h d r o p s i z e and density
S S

r e a u i r e m e n t s , where w i s t h e one n a r t i c u l a r v a l u e of w' when

H = V
80 w . I t i s recomaended t h n t a t l e a s t two o r t h r e e a i r -
p l a n e s be c o n e i d e r e d a,- t h e b a s i c o r minimum s p r a y i n g u n i t s i n c e
o v e r l a p p i n r s p r a y att terns ( s e o F i p u r e 1 4 ) n c t o n l y h o l d t h e
i ~ s i d e trips t o a more uniform, c o n s t a n t d e n s i t y o v e r a wide
v a r i a t i o n i n a l t i t u d e and wind v e l o c i t y (depending on number of
a i r p l a n e s ) , b u t a l e 0 i n c r e ~ f i e st h e t o t a l w i d t h e f f e c t i v e l y
contaminated and t h e r e b y adds t o t h e chance of b i t t i n g t h e
target. Symbols w i l l be d e f i n e d and used d i r e c t l y i n a p p r o x i n a t e
f o r m u l a s b a s e d on t h e above d a t a f o r a n e f f e c t i v e , c a s u a l t y -
w o d u c i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t e m p e r a t e weather. These f o r m u l a s
w i l l be found h e l p f u l i n making c h a r t 9 o r t a b l e s f o r uee on
s p e c i f i c s p r a y i n g m i s s i o n s . It i s emphaai zed t h a t v a r i a t i o n s
i n o t h e r f a c t o r s , t o o numerous and i m n r a c t i c a b l e t o i n c l x d e i n
t h e s e f o r m u l a s , make t h e f i n a l c o m p u t a t i o n s n o t h i n g b u t t h e
estirnatetl r e a u i r e m e n t s f o r e f f e c t i v g c o n t a m i n a t i o n i n temperate
weather by f a l l i n g d r o p l e t e 0 . 3 mg. o r more i n weight. The
f a c t must n q t be overlooked t h ~ about t t w i r e---
a s much v e s i c a n t
w i l l be nezded i n c o o l wenther and only about o n e - h a l f a s much
i n wrnl weather. Although t h e f o r m u l a s Rre based on T h a t art
of t h e e p r ' ( r a l l i n a d r o p l e t s ) most g e n e r a l l y r e l i e d on f o r
p h y s i o l o ~ i c a le f f e c t , t h e d r o p l e t s s n a l l e r t h a n 0.3 mg. and
t h e v m o r c n n c e n t r ~ t i o nm y h ~ v ec o n s i d e r ~ b l ee f f e c t , b u t t h i s
4epends h e a v i l y w o n f a c t o r s t o o h ~ r dt o e s t i m a t e a c c u r a t e l y
and t c c numerous t o i n c o r p o r a t e i n t o s i m p l e formulas. It i s
i n t e n d e d t h a t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s s e t u p by t h e f m m u l a s a l s o be
taker! a s t h e s t a n d a r d f ~ ari r c r a f t v e e j c a n t s p r a y I n e s t i m a t i n g
t h e v a p w e f f e c t from t h e i n f o r m ~ t l o ng i v e n i n p a r a g r a p h 3 of
t h i e e h a p t e r . A l t h o u h c ~ s u a l t i e smay he caused by c o n t a c t w i t h
(1) f n l l i n p d r o P l e t s , T 2 ) Vapor, find 3 contaminated o b j e c t s , when
r e l i a n c e i s p l a c e d p r i n c i p a l l y on ( 1 1 , (2) and (3) may be
consid-ered a $ s a f e t y f a c t o r s a n d , o f c o u r s e , when ( 2 ) and ( 3 !
e r e wholly d e ended upon f o r p r o d u c i n g c a s u a l t i e s o r d e n y i n g
a r e a s , e t c . , P 1 ) i s s i m p l y t h o s o u r c e of ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) . !leasonable
e s t i m a t e s a r e necese:?ry f o r i n t e l l i q e n t l y p l a n n i n g a n s f r e c t a
a i r c r a f t v e s i c a n t s p r a y a t t a c k , and t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a e , p 1 . u ~
8 knowledge of t h e i m p o r t a n t f z c t o r s n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e ~ ef o r m u l a s
w i l l f u r n i s h t h e b a ~ i sf o r t h e s e n e c e s s a r y e s t i m a t e s .
V e s i c a n t d i s c h a r g e r a t e p e r p l a n e i n ~ a l l o n sp e r second
( t o t a l r a t e f o r a l l s p r a y t a n k s on t h e a i r p l a n e , if o p e r a t e d
simultaneously).
Ground speed i n m i l e s p e r h o u r o r , f o r p r ~ c t i c p ~ ulr p o s e 8 , t h e
ir,dicated a i r s p e e d i f t h e d i f f e r e n c e is r e l a t i v e l y small.
L e n g t h I n y e r d s c o v e r e d by one pess. An ~ m n l es a f e t y f a c t o r
s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d f o r any 1m o r l e a d i n t h e frilling Ppray.
Time o f v e s i c a n t d i s c h a r a e i n secondu f o r one p ~ s s .
Width i n y a r d s ( a e a e u r e d ? e r p e n d i c u l ~ r t o t h e t r a c k o v e r t h e
round) c o n t a r i n a t e d w i t h d r o p l e t s o v e r 0.3 mg. by one a i r p l a n e
f l y i n g a t t h e r e q u i r e d a l t i t u d e f o r j!let n r o d u c i n g t h e d e s i r e d
density.
T o t a l width i n y a r d s (measured p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e t r a c k over
t h e ground) t h a t shoula be contaminated i n o r d e r t o cover, w i t h
a n a r n ~ l es a f e t y f a c t o r , t h e w i d t h of t h e t a r g e t Rrea.
Number of a i r p l a n e s r e q u i r e d f o r one p a a s t o e f f e c t i v e l y con-
t a m i n a t e t h e a r e a of w i d t h a n d l e n g t h L.
Any ~ r a c t i c a b l eh e i g h t i n f e e t w i t h i n t h e upDer and l o w e r a l t i t u d e
l i m i t s f o r e s p e c i f i c s e t of c o n d i t i o n s .
Note: B e f o r e e e l e c t i n g d e f i n i t e a l t i t u d e s , i t w i l l be n e c e e s a r y
t o d e t e r a i n e t h e lowest p o s s i b l e a l t i t u d e t h a t s t i l l ~ e r m i t s
completely covering t h e t a r g e t a r e a , and t h e higheat p o s s i b l e
a l t i t u d e f o r s t i l l obtaining an e f f e c t i v e c c ~ c e n t r a t i o n .
I n t e r v a l ( l a t e r a l ) i n y a r d s between i n d . i v i d u a 1 a i r p l a n e s o r
i f u s i n g t a c t i c a l s ~ r a y i n pu n i t s , between s p r a y i n g u n i t e o f
a i r ~ l a n e f if o r k e e p i n g t h e s p r a y vniforrn e n d w i t h i n t h e t a r g e t
a r e a ~t t h e s e l z c t e d h e i g h t .
Nvrnber of a i r p l a n e s i n one t a c t i c a l s p r a y i n g u n i t .
V = Mean wind v e l o c f % y ( v e c t o r ) i n m i l e s p e r h o u r t o h e f q h t H ,
r n e ~ s u r e da t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e t r a c k o v e r t h e g r o u n d .

-
Note: It
Even when
i s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t V i s t h e most u n r e l i a b l e f a c t o r .
v e r y a c c u r a t e measurcments of t h e mean wind ( v e c t o r )
a r e mzde o n l y 30 m i n u t e s o r s o b e f o r e a c t u a l l y spraying, i t
w i l l i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y have changed n l i g h t l y d u r i n g t h e 30
minutes i n t e r v a l . The h i g h e r t h e a i r p l a n e s t h e more e f f e c t
s u c h v ~ r i a t i o n sw i l l have: h e n c e , low a l t i t u d e s p r a y i n g i s
c o n s i f l e r a b l y more s c c n r a t e t h a n h i g h a l t i t u d e s p r a y i n g .
D = D i s t a n c e ( l a t e r a l ) i n y a r d s t h a t upwind a i r p l m e ( o r t a c t i c a l
f o r m a t i o n u n i t of a i r p l e n e s ) s h o u l d f l y from t h e upwind edge
of t a r ~ e ta r e a f o r t h e s e l e c t e d a l t i t u d e i n o r d e r t o h i t t h e
t a r g e t ; specifically, t h e ~ p p r o x i m n t el a t e r a l d r i f t of t h e
2 mg. d r o p l e t 6 ( t e r m i n a l v e l o c i t y a b o u t 20 f t . / s e c . ) . The
2 rng. d r o p l e t s were chosen b e c e u s e i t i s b e t t e r t o uprPy t o o
f a r upwind t h e n n o t f a r enough.
( w i d t h e f f e c t i v e l y c o v e r e d by one
p l a n e i n t e m p e r a t e v7eath e r ) ,
(2)L = TS ; T, 2L ( L e n g t h (L) c o v e r e d by one p l a n e o r
2 d i s c h a r g e time (TI f o r i n t e r m i t t e n t
spraying1
(Number of p l a n e s r e q u i r e d )

(The u p p e r ~ n ldo w e r limits of H w i l l

depend on t h e v a l u e s ~ s s i g n e dt o G ; t h e r e
f o r e , f o r t h e l ~ w e rl i m i t s u b s t i t u t e t h e
s e l e c t e d v a l u e of G find f o r t h e u p p e r
l i m i t s u b s t i t u t e G =N. Any v a l u e of H
w i t h i n t h e s e two l i m i t s may be used i n
f o r m u l a ( 5 ) below. )
( I n t e r v a l f o r proc?ucing u n i f o r m contarnl-
n a t i o n and k e e p i n g a l l t h e s p r a y w i t h i n
the target area).
( Upwind l a - t e r ~ d
l i s t a n c e t h a t windward
u n i t s h o u l d f l y from edge of t a r g e t
area)
S ~ r a vTank D i s c h a r g e Time Discharge Rate
Mark 7 t y p e 1 4 secondsW 1.3 g a l . / s e c .
?Jmk 5 t y n e 23 eecondsu* 2.0 g a l . / s e c .
M-10 tyne 6 eeconcla 5 gal./sec.
F-33 type 7 seconds 10 g a l . / o e c .
 * D i s c h a r g e t i m e g i v e n i s f o r t h e a v e r w e r a t e of flow.
T h l ~t ~ n k1s c a p b l e of i n 5 e r m i t t e n t sprayln;?.
* * D i s c h ~ r g e t i m e g i v e n i s f o r t h e a n p r o x i m a t e maxFmum r a t e
of flow. The r a t e o f f l o w can be d e c r e a s e d and t h e t a n k
I s c e p a b l e of I n t e r m i t t e n t m r a y i n p .
The f o l . l o ~ ~ ~ iproblem
ng ~ r l l lb e b r i e f l y worked q u t , ljf3ln€? Vark 5
t y p e t a n k ? , t o i l l u e t r s t e u s e of t h e f o r m u l a s .
Given: R = 4 gal./sec. (2 Mark 5 t a n k s p e r p l a n e )

I t 1 8 eseumed t h a t t h e wind r e l a t i v e t~ an i r r e g u l a r l y s h a p e d
t a r g e t i s fiuch t h a t t h e t o r g e t c a n be a9wroached from a c e r t a i n
d i r e c t i o n and t h e t a r q e t a r e a c a n b e e n c l o s e d by n s q u a r e , 1900 by
1000 y d s . , s u c h t h a t t h e a r e a (W)(L), i n c l u d e s t h e neceRsAry s a f e t y
margins. This a r e a should be Increased as t h e spraylnq h e i g h t
i n c r e a e e s t o a l l o w f o r e r r o r s d u e t o wind v a r i a t i o n s . I t i s f u r -
t h e r a s s u m e 4 t h a t enemy a i r a t t a c k i s p r o b a b l e and t h a t machine
pun f i r e from t h e ground i s l i k e l y , h e n c e , "H" w i l l be elected
P E 3000 f t . ( i f and " S " as 5.

,.SO a i r p l a n e s .
20
= ( 3 0 ) (5) ( 2 0 ) = 500 f e e t ( l o w e r l i m i t ) ;
6

From t h e above I n f o r m a t t o n t h e p a t h o v e r t h e ground f o r e a c h of t h e

t e n t a c t i c a l s p r a y l n q nits o f 5 ? l a n e s e a c h c a n be l a i d o u t . The
f a r t h e s t rlpb11nd u n i t s h o u l d f l y 450 y a r d s from t h e upwin? e d g e of
t h e t a r g e t e r e a , and e a c h s u c c e e f l i n p u n i t s h o u l d b e s p ~ c e dl a t e r a l l y
( d ~ w n w l n d )f r c a t h l e l i n e a t t f i t e r v ~ lo ~ f 44 y a r d s . S i n c e t h e above
c o n f i i t i o n e a r e t h e e s t i n o t e d r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r c a u ~ l n ga l l t h e
 - -
e f f e c t i v e s p r a y from 3000 f t . t o f a l l w i t h i n t h e t a r p e t sree, t h e
e f f e c t of e r r o r s i n any one cf t h e s e c o n d q t i m e s h o u l d be examined
s o t h ~ t h e f l i g h t ~ l m may e i n c l u d e more flexibility i n c e r t a i n
d i r e c t i o n s . A check ~ h o u l db e m d e t o v e r i f y t h a t t h e a r e a , (W)(L),
i s sufficient t o allot: f o r estlmated errors. Alternate a l t i t u d e s ,
e t c . may be c o n v e n i ~ n t l yi n c l u d e d i n t h e p l e n s by a l s o s u p p l y i n g t h i s
information on a n y marked mapw, t a b l e s , o r c h a r t s t h a t a r e b e i n g
p r o v i d e d f o r g u i d a n c e of t h e p i l o t s . I n t h i e example o n l y 10 s e c o n d s
~f a c t u a l s p r a y l n p i s r e q u l r e d : t h e r e f o r e , by making u s e of t h e
i n t e r m i t t e n t , s p r a y i n g f e a t u r e of t h e Mk. 5 t y p e t a n k s , t h e r e q u i r e d
o r e a a a y b e e f f e c t i v e l y c o n t a m i n a t e d by ma kin^ two p a s s e s ( e p r a y -
I n q 10 a e c o n d s e a c h ~ a e s )krfth o n l y h a l f t h e number of ~ i r n l m e s .
One-!mlf t h e a r e a s h o u l d b e c o m p l e t e l y c o n t a m i n a t e d by e a c h pesF.
No s t a n d ~ r dmethods w i l l f i t a l l c i r c u m s t a n c e s ; i t w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y
t o work o u t tactic^ and t e c h n i q u e b e l i e v e d b e e t f o r p a r t i c u l a r
conditions.
(1) I t w i l l b e d i f f i c u l t d u r i n g a c t u a l oper: t i o n s t o a s c e r t a i n
and compensate f o r wind c o n d i t i m s a t t h e t a r g e t , s o when
f l y i n g low and r e 1 i n p on a c c r i r e c y t o h i t p a r t i c u l a r t a r g e t s
of t h e t a r g e t .
3
( n o t a r e a e p r a y l n g , t h e f l i p h t p a t h s h o u l d conform t o t h e p a t h
However, when f l y i n g l o w and a p p r o x i m a t e l y
crosswind and i t i s eviclent t h a t t h e r e i e a s t r o n p wind a c r o s s
a l i n e of t a r e e t a , t h e f l i p h t p a t h of t h e a i m l a n e s s h o u l d f a v o r
t h e upwind s i d e o f t h e t n r g e t s , and t o i n s u r e a t l e ~ s st p a r t i a l
h i t on s l o n g l i n e o f t a r g e t e , t h e f l l g h t and t a r g e t l i n e s s h o u l d
g r p d u a l l y converge.
(2) F n r Navy t y p e t a n k s t h e leg between t h e f i r s t movement of
t h e d i s c h a r p e l a n y a r d and t h e s t a r t o f s p r a y i n g may be a b o u t
one s e c o n d . A s i m i l a r l a g nay be e x p e c t e d in t h e o n e r a t i o n o f
Army t y p e t a n k s . I f a one second l a g ie n n t t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t ,
a p l a n e f l y i n g 1 7 5 t o 350 k n o t e (200 t o 4CO rn.p.h.1 could
e a s i l y o v e r ~ h o o tt h e i n t e n d e d s t a r t i n g p o i n t by 1 0 0 t o 200 y a r d s .
It Is tl-erefore d e s i r a b l e t o l e a d t h e t s r g e t s u f f i c i e n t l y t o
p r o v i d e a s a f e t y r e c t o r and t c a l l o w f o r a t i m e l a p . A l s o when
f l y i n g o t h e r t h e n c r o e s w i n d , t h e corn o n e n t o f t h e wind e l o n g
P
t h e l i n e of f l i e h t w i l l cauee a l a g d r i f t of t h e spray i n t h e
d i r e c t i o n of f l i g h t ) o r a l e a d ( d r i f t of t h e epray i n t h e o ~ p o s l t e
d i r e c t i o n ) , which s h o u l d be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t ~ ( s e eF ~ g u r e1 2 ) .
X3) I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e h e a v i e c t v e s i c p n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h e
Mark 5 t y p e awoke t a n k s h o u l d be o n e r a t e d u s i n g t h e ~ r e a t e 6 t
r e g u l a t o r p r e e a u r e o b t a i n a b l e ( a b o u t 2 0 C pounds p e r s q u a r e i n c h ) .
F o r more d e t a i l Bee C h a p t e r 4. A l o w e r d i s c h a r ~ ef l o w r a t e may
be s ~ t i s f r c t o r gf o r l a y i n g smoke s c r e e n s , b u t it i s n e c e s e a r y
t o u s e t h e f u l l r p t e of d i s c h a r g e vhen s p r a y i n p v e s i c a n t s i n
o r d e r t o obtain t h e most e f f e c t i v e f i e l d c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h i n t h e
capabilities of t h e t a n k .
 (4) P e r s o n n e l of t h e s p r a y i n g e i r c r a f t s h o u l d b e provided
w i t h g a s rnssks, p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h ' n g , f i r s t a i d and
d e c o n t a m i n a t i n g m a t e r i a l , e t c . f o r u s e i n emergencies.
I t should b e remembered t h a t t h e Mark 5 type t a n k
( p r e s s u r e t y p e i s u n s a f e f o r use i f p u n c t u r e d , because
t h e a i r p l a n e may be contaminated by any v e s i c a n t e j e c t e d
by GO2 p r e s s u r e through t h e h o l e s . I f an airplane
becorn~fi engaged I n a e r i a l combat, t h e t a n k s s h o u l d b e
j e t t i s o n e d immediately, n o t i n g t h e e x a c t l o c s t i o n where
dropped I f o v e r f r i e n d 1 y l a n e , i n o r d e r that s t e p s can
be taken t o have t h e contaminated areae l o c a t e d and
decontaminated. I f a t a n k i s dropped from a s u f f i c i e n t l y
h i g h a l t i t u d e , i t w i l l b u r s t upon impact and produce an
e f f e c t similar t o t h a t of a l a r g e t h i n c a s e chemical bomb.
(6) S p e c i e 1 c a r e should be t a k e n t o avoid f l y i n g t h r o u g h any
v e s i c a n t s p r a y . On t h e ground and i n t h e a i r an a i r p l a n e
c a r r y i n g s p r a y t a n k s should n o t b e f o l l o w e d immediately
i n t r a i l by o t h e r a i r p l a n e s . However, u s u a l l y more than
one p l a n e i s r e q u i r e d t o l a y down a d e s i r e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n
i n a g i v e n a r e a ; t h e p l a n e s should f o l l o w c l o s e l y behind
one e n o t h e r b u t w e l l s t e p p e d up toward %he r e a r and o v e r
a d i s t a n c e t o windward depending on p a r t i c u l a r c o n d i t i o n s .
I t i s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t downwrd a c c e l e r a t i o n s of t h e
a i r p l a n e may cause t h e s p r a y t o s t r i k e t h e t a i l s u r f a c e s ;
hence, d l v l n g o r s t a l l i n g maneuvers should b e avoided
while a c t u a l l y spraying.
(7) A f t e r d i s c h a r g i n g any chemical a g e n t , f u r t h e r f l y i n g
f o r 1 5 t o 30 minutes w i l l minimize o r p r e v e n t any
d r i p p i n g f r o m - t h e s p r a y tank d i s c h a r g e l i n e .
6. Technique of L a v i n ~Smoke S c r e e n a
(A) The o n l y r e q u i r e m e n t s of a sxioke Rcreen a r e t h a t t h e
s c r e e n b e l o n g enough t o encompass t h e t a r g e t and p r o p e r l y
p l a c e d t o p r e v e n t l a t e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n ( s e e F i g u r e s 5 and 1 5 ) .
I n t h i s method, a w a l l of smoke i s formed by l a y i n g t h e smoke
from an a l t i t u d e o f a b o u t 1 2 5 f e e t f o r FS o r 140 f e e t f o r FM.
Not only do t h e s c r e e n s f a l l t o t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e , b u t t h e
t o p e of b o t h s c r e e n s r i s e t o a n a l t i t u d e of approximately 250
f e e t i n a b o u t 1 5 seconds; t h e FS s c r e e n showing l e s s tendency
t o b r e a k up than t h e F'M s c r e e n . The b a s e o f a s i n g l e FS
s c r e e n w i l l be approximately 300 f e e t t h i c k and t h e b a e e of
an FM s c r e e n a b o u t 125 f e e t t h i c k .
(B) The Naval P r o v i n g Ground found t h a t , when u s i n g FS, a
d e n s i t y of 10 g a l l o n s p e r thousand y a r d s gave an e x c e l l e n t
s c r e e n if t h e s c r e e n was l a i d up o r down wind, and t h e f o r c e
of t h e wind d i d n o t . e x c e e d 1 4 k n o t s ( 1 6 m.p.h.1. If t h e s c r e e n
i s made a c r o s s wind under t h e same wind c o n d i t i a n s , d e n s i t i e s
of 13 g a l l o n s and 1 5 g a l l o n s p e r thousand y a r d s b c t h a p p e a r e d
t o make a s a t i s f a c t o r y s c r e e n . D e n e l t i e s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y
20 g a l l o n s p e r t h o u s a n d y a r d s gave good s c r e e n s u n d e r g u s t y
wind conC.itions where t h e wind v e l o c i t y e x c e e d e d 20 k n o t s
( 2 3 m.p.h.). The above remarks a p p l y t o s c r e e n s made u s i n g a
s i n g l e a i r p l a n e a n d one Mark 5 t y p e smoke t a n k . The f l e e t may
find that excellent screens a r e obtained with l e s s d e n s i t i e s
o r that s e v e r a l a i r p l a n e s f l y i n g i n echelon, each l a y i n g a t a
f r a c t i o n o f t h e d e s i r e d d e n s i t y , w i l l g i v e a more e f f i c i e n t
screen.
(C) S i n c e a f l o w r a t e o f .0005 g a l . / s e c . i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y
e q u a l t o 1 ga1./1000 yds./m.p.h., t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a may b e
c o n v e n i e n t l y u s e d t o compute t h e f l o w r a t e ( i n g a l . / s e c . )
r e q u i r e d t o o b t e i n t h e d e s i r e d d e n s i t y i n ga1./1000 y d s . f o r
a s p e c i f i c speed.
Flow r a t e ( i n g a S . / s e c J = ga1./1000 y d s . X m.p.h. X .0005

F o r example if f l y i n g 225 m.p.h., and i t i s d e s i r e d t o l a y a

smoke s c r e e n h a v i c g a n a p p r o x i m a t e dens1 t y o f 13 ga1./1000 y d s . ,
13 X 225 X . 0 0 0 5 * 1 . 4 6 g a l . s e c . F o r o p e r a t i o n o f t h e Nark 5
t y p e t a n k , r e f e r t o F i g u r e 22, and i t w i l l b e s e e n t h a t a p p r o x i -
n a t e l y 147 pounds p e r s q u a r e i n c h r e g u l a t o r p r e s s u r e i s r e q u i r e d
t o m e i n t a i n a flow r a t e o f 1.46 g a l . / s s c .
(D) Smoke c l o u d e u s u a l l y p e r s i s t f o r a b o u t 1 5 t o 20 m i n u t e s ,
t h e b e h a v i o r and d u r s t i o n d e p e n d i n g on t h e i n i t i a l smoke d e n s i t y
and on t h e f a c t o r s o f w e a t h c r and t e r r a i n , t h e e f f e c t b e i n g
similar t o t h a t g i v e n f o r v e s i c a n t v a p o r c l o u d s i n p a r a g r a p h 3
o f t h i s c h a p t e r . The c l o u d w i l l m a l n t s i n I t s d e n s i t y f o r a
c o n s i d e r a b l e t i m e i n a s t e a d y wind o f m o d e r e t s v e l o c i t y , b u t may
soon b e d i s p e r s e d b y E s t r o n g o r g u s t y wind. A s i n g l e l i n e of
snioke w i l l u s u a l l y p r o v i d e a s a t i s f a c t o r y s c r e e n i n g e f f e c t w h i l e
d r i f t i n g from 3,000 t o 4,000 y a r d s from the o r i g i n a l l i n e I n
steady w i n d s from tibout 2 t o 25 m.p,h, v e l o c i , t y . The l e a d i n g
edge ( t o p ) o f t h e c l o u d u s u a l l y t r a v e l s a p p r o x i s a t e l y 1-1/2 t i m e s
a6 f a s t as t h e s u r f a c e wind b e c a u s e t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e wind i s
u s u ~ l l yg r e a t e r a t a n a l t i t u d e o f 1 0 0 o r 200 f e e t t h a n a t t h e
s u r f a c e , a n d t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e , b e i n g r e t a r d e d by c o n t a c t w i t h
t h e s u r f a c e , moves a t approx-imately 8/10 of t h e wind v e l o c i t y .
Computation of t h e p r o b a b l e d r i f t and s p r e a d of a sqoke c l o u d
can b e b a s e d on t h e f i g u r e s g i v e n above.
Low Te.- e O ~ e r ~ t i oq

( A ) Smoke s c r e e n s c a n n o t b e p r o d u c e d i n t e m p e r a t u r e s below t h e
f r e e z i n g p o i n t o f t h e smoke m i x t u r e , and s c r e e n i n g o p e r a t i o n @ I n
c o l d w e a t h e r w i l l r e q u i r e more sinoke m a t e r i a l b e c a u s e t h e a b s o l u t e
a o i s t u r e c o n t ~ n tof t h e a i r n o r m a l l y d e c r e a s e s w i t h t h e t e i n p e r a t u r e .
I n e x t r e m e l y c o l d w e a t h e r F'M smoke s c r e e n s a r e s u p e r i o r t o FS
smoke s c r e e n s .
MAXIMUM RATE OF FLOW VS TEMPERATURE FOR A MARK 5 TYPE
SMOKE SCREEN TANK FILLED WITH LIQUIDS OF DIFFERENT VISCOSITY

FIGURE 16
- 4L -
 .-
L+

(B) V e s i c a n t s p r a y i n g and smoke s c r e e n o p e r a t i o n s i n c o l d weather,

when p o s s i b l e , simply r e q u i r e more m a t e r i a l , b u t v e s i c a n t s p r a y i n g
r e q u i r e s more c o n s i d e r a t i o n because t h e e f f e c t of c o l d a e a t h e r i s
more pronounced.
(1) The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of v e s i c a n t a g e n t s d e c r e a s e s w i t h the
t e m p e r a t u r e ; t h e added p r o t e c t i o n of heavy w i n t e r c l o t h i n g f u r t h e r
d e c r e a s e s t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of c o n t a m i n a t i n g p e r s o n n e l .
(2) The r a t e of flow of s p r a y t a n k s d e c r e a e e s due t o t h e
i n c r e a s e i n v i s c o s i t y o f t h e chemical e. e n t i n c o l d weather
g
( s e e F i g u r e 1 6 ) . The C 0 2 c y l i n d e r s uae w i t h p r e s s u r e type t a n k s
l o s t p r e s s u r e and t h e f l o w of CO vapor d e c r e a s e s more r a p i d l y
i n c o l d w e a t h e r because l e s s h e a t i a a v a i l a b l e f o r v a p o r i z a t i o n
of t h e l i q u i d COZ*
(3) The t e m p e r a t u r e may be s o low as t o f r e e z e t h e v e s i -
cant, t h e r e b y p r e v e n t i n g d i s c h a r g e from t h e t a n k . Sbnce
mustard g a s (commercial p r o d u c t ) f r e e z e s a t a b o u t 4 3 F, i t s use
r e q u i r e s more c o n s i d e r e t i o n than t h e o t h e r a g e n t s .
( C ) The d i s a d v a n t a g e s i n (1) and ( 2 ) above can be o f f s e t o n l y
by s p r a y i n g much l e r g e r q u a n t i t i e s of chemical a g e n t , l e e . , u s i n g
more a i r p l a n e s and s p r a y tanks. The use of f r e e z i n g d e t e r r e n t s
f o r H i s covered i n Chapter 2 on Chemical Agents.
(1) If H f i l l e d s p r a y t a n k s a r e t o be s u b j e c t e d t o extreme
c o l d f o r s e v e r a l hours, such a s t h a t encountered a t h i g h a l t i t u d e s ,
I n s u l a t i n g t h e t a n k s w i t h l e g g i n g w i l l keep t h e H from f r e e z i r A gf o r
s e v e r a l hours (depending c o n s i d e r a b l y on l n i t i e l t e m p e r a t u r e of
f i l l e d t a n k s ) and p e r m i t d i s c h a r g i n g t h e H any time durbng t h i s
i n t e r v a l . The f i l l e d t a n k s may b e h e e t e d ( n o t over 110 2') b e f o r e
i n s t a l l i n g t h e i n s u l a t i n g cover. I f t h e s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e i s
below t h e v e s i c a n t f r e e z i n g p o i n t , t h e chemical a g e n t w i l l f r e e z e
a f t e r d i s c h a r g e , l i m i t i n g i t s iise t o h a r a s s i n g t h e enemy o r denying
a r e a s t o t h e enemy. However a p o t e n t i a l , e f f e c t i v e , c a s u a l t y -
pro4ucing c o n c e n t r a t i o n could a l s o e x i s t , r e q u i r i n g o n l y t h a t
the temperature r i s e s u f f i c i e n t l y .
( 2 ) The forma.tion of a c r u e t ( f r o z e n H) on t h e i n s i d e
w a l l s of a c o n t a i n e r due t o t h e r a p i d l o s s of h e a t by t h e
l i q u i d in contact with metal, provides i n s u l a t i o n , but t h i s
c m d l t i o n i n t h e Merk 5 t y p e smoke tank might s e r i o u s l y r e -
e t r i c t t h e flow because of the s m a l l c l e a r a n c e between t h e end
of t h e d i s c h a r g e \ p i p e and t h e walls of t h e tank.
(3) If no l a g p i n g i s a v a i l a b l e , keeping t h e t ~ n k 6warm
b e f o r e i n s t a l l a t i o n and h o l d i n g exposure t o t h e c o l d ambient
a i r t o a minimus w i l l h e l p c o n s i d e r a b l y i n p r e v e n t i n g t h e mustard
from f r e e z i n g b e f o r e d i s c h a r g e . Thus h i g h a l t i t u d e s , where
f r e e z i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s might be e n c o u n t e r e d , s h o u l d be avoided.
FIGURE 18
(D) Although vnpor c o n c e n t r a t i o n s are g r e a t l y d e c r e a s e d by
cold v e ~ t h e r ,t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p e r s i s t e n c y i n c r e a s e 6 makes
c o l d v e a t h e r i d e a l f o r p r e v e n t i n g normal o c c u p a t i o n of a r e a s
and c o n t a m i n a t i n g eauipment, e t c . The d a n g e r i n t h i s c a s e
l f i not from t h e vapor, b u t from c o n t ~ c tw i t h eny o b j e c t s con-
t a m l n a t e d by t h e v e s i c a n t . A l a r g e l a d e r e a h e a v i l y contami-
n a t e d m a g remain dangerous a l l w i n t e r , and complete decontami-
n a t i o n would be i m p o s e i b l e , o r a t l e ~ f ta v e r y l a b o r i o u s and
l m p r n c t i c a l p r o c e s s . T h i s f a c t should be k e p t i n mind If
f r i e n d l y t r o o p s a r e e x p e c t e d t o occupy t h e a r e a b e f o r e the
a r r i v a l of t h e warmer season.
An i n l e t and o u t l e t p i p e e x t e n d from t h e a . f t e r end. o f t h e t a n k s .
Each p i p e has a f l a n g e welded t o i t , t h e f l a n g e s b e l n g i 5 e n t i c a l .
The c h e c k s a f e t y v a l v e assembly i s b o l t e d t o t h e f l a n g e on t h e
i n l e t p i p e , a n d t h e d i s c h a r g e v a l v e a s ~ e m b l yt o t h e o u t l e t p i p e .
Three b a f f l e p l a t e s i n s i d e t h e t a n k l i m i t t h e f r e e s u r f a c e a r e a
o f t h e l i q u i d , t h e r e b y p r e v e n t i n g sudden s h i f t s o f weight.
(E) The t a i l cone aesemblg i s h o u s e d by t h e t a i l cone s h e l l
which i s b o l t e d t o t h e t a n k p r o p e r . A t t h e v e r t e x o f t h e t a i l
cone s h e l l i s a c e n t e r i n g cup which m a t e s w i t h a p o s t on t h e
s w i v e l body making a b a l l and s o c k e t t y p e c o n n e c t i o n that i n s u r e e
? r o p e r a l i g n m e n t o f t h e v a r i o u s o p e n i n g s i n t h e t a i l cone s h e l l .
I n s i d e t h e t a i l cone s h e l l i s t h e c h e c k - s a f e t y v a l v e assembly, t h e
d i s c h a r g e v a l v e , t h e s w i v e l body, and t h e r e l i e f t u b e ( s e e F i g u r e 1 9 ) .
(1) A l l t h e v a l v e 8 i n t h e t a i l cone assembly depend on
c o n t a c t between ground monel s u r f a c e s f o r s e a l i n g . These
v a l v e s a r e v e r y d e p e n d a b l e when k e p t i n good c o n d i t i o n . Each
t a n k , with complete t a i l cone assembly i n s t a l l e d , has n r e v i o u s -
l y p a e ~ e ds p e c i f i c a t i o n t e s t s r e q u i r i n g t h a t t h e y h o l d 225
pounds p e r e o u a r e i n c h h y d r a u l i c p r e e e u r e w i t h o u t l e a k a g e .
( a ) The c h e c k - s a f e t y v a l v e assembly has two s p r i n g
l o a d e d , p l u n g e r t y p e v a l v e s , one a check v a l v e a n d t h e
o t h e r R ~ ~ f e rte yl i e f v a l v e . The c h e c k v a l v e i s a one-
way v a l v e which p e r m i t s t h e carbon d i o x i d e t o e n t e r t h e
smoke t a n k b u t d o e s n o t p e r m i t t h e c h e m i c a l a g e n t t o back-
up i n t o t h e C02 l i n e . The check v a l v e i s non-ad.7ustable
and opens vhen t h e p r e s s u r e i n t h e c a r b o n d i o x i d e l i n e i s
a p p r o x l m a t e l y 4 pounds p e r s q u a r e i n c h g r e a t e r t h a n t h e
p r e s s u r e i n t h e smoke t a n k . The s a f e t y r e l i e f v a l v e i s
a d j u s t a b l e a n d i s u s u a l l y g e t t o open a t a ~ ~ r o x i m a t e l y
1 7 0 pounds p e r s q u a r e i n c h . It i s a one-way v a l v e , open-
i n g when t h e p r e s s u r e i n t h e t a n k r e a c h e s t h e s e t p r e s s u r e ,
t h u s p e r m i t t i n g t h e e x c e s s CO, g a s i n t h e t a n k and any of
t h e chemical a g e n t t h a t may haire b a c k e d i n t o t h e v a l v e ,
t o b e p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e r e l i e f t u b e t o t h e s w i v e l body
and o u t t h e e x h a u s t t u b e .
( b ) The d l s c h e r g e v a l v e i s s quick-opening, swinging
t y p e , g a t e v a l v e , which i s s e a l e d b y c o n t a c t o f t h e ground
s u r f a c e s o f two d i s k s with two t a p e r e d s e a t s . The two
d i s k s a r e s e p a r a t e d by t h e v a l v e stem t o which ea,ch d i s k
i s e t t a c h e d by a. b a l l and s o c k e t t y p e j o i n t t o p r o v i d e
f l e x i b i l i t y f o r eating m r a n g e m e n t . A s t h e r e l e a s e l e v e r
i s a l l o w e d t o l o w e r und.er i t s s p r i n g t e n s i o n , t h e two d i s k s
move down between t h e s l i g h t l y t a p e r e d v a l v e s e a t s t o make
the seal.
 ( 2 ) The r e l i e f t u b e i s a c o i l e d l e n g t h o f 3/8 i n c h 011t~:3e
d i a m e t e r monel t u b i n g which has a c o u p l i n g n u t on each end f o r
c o n n e c t i n g t o t h e r e l i e f v e l v e and swivel body.

(3) The skdvel body r e s e m b l e s a p i p e elbow w i t h an

aligning p o s t p r o j e c t i n g a f t , a flanged connection f o r b o l t i n g
t o t h e d i s c h a r g e v a l v e on one e n d , and a l o c k i n g l u g and
machined o u t s i d e s u r f a c e on t h e o t h e r end. The machined sur-
face mates w i t h t h e machined s u r f a c e i n s i d e t h e ewlvel elbow
on t h e e x h a u s t t u b e ; t h u s making a "bayonett1 t y p e J o i n t t h a t
l o c k s t h e e x h a u s t t u b e t o t h e s w i v e l body. The a l i g n i n g p o s t
p r o t r u d i n g from t h e a f t e r end o f t h e s a v e 1 body mates w i t h
t h e t a i l cone c e n t e r i n g cup. A t h r e a d e d o p e n i n g i s p r o v i d e d
i n t h e s w i v e l body f o r a t t a c h i n g t h e s a f e t y r e l i e f t u b e coming
from t h e check-sa.fety v a l v e .
(C) The s t r a i g h t e x h a u s t t u b e , which i s u s e d f o r wing o r
e x t e r n a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s , i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 i n c h e s l o n g and h a s
a %ayoneti' t y p e f i t t i n g on one end t h a t mates w i t h t h e l u g on t h e
strive1 b ~ d yf o r l o c k i n g t h e e x h a u s t t u b e t o t h e smoke tank. An
a d j u s t a b l e clamp i s b o l t e d t o t h e e x h a u s t t u b e f o r a t t a c h i n g a
l a n y a r d t h a t i s used t o r a i s e o r l 2 w e r t h e e x h a u s t tube. I n s t a l l a -
t i o n s where t h e smoke t a n k i s c a r r i e d i n a bomb bay r e a u i r e a Mark
1, 2 o r 3 t y p e h i n g e d e x h a u s t t u b e ( g e e Chapter 5 cn h i n g e d ex-
h a u s t t u b e s ) i n p i e c e o f t h e straight e x h a u s t t u b e . When t h e
s t r a i g h t e x h a u s t t u b e i s lowered i t f a l l s t o t h e d i s c h a r g e p o s i t i o n
of i t s own weight wlthout t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f n s p r i n g .
(D) The carbon d i o x i d e equipment i s l o c a t e d i n t h e f u s e l a g e
o f t h e a i r p l a n e , and c o n s i ~ t so f a carbon d i o x i d e c y l i n d e r , a
c y l i n d e r v a l v e , and a p r e s s u r e r e g u l a t o r and gauge. The empty
c y l i n d e r w i t h v a l v e weighs a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 pounds, and i s 6-3/4"
i n d i a m e t e r , and 19" long. The c a p a c i t y o f t h i s c y l i n d e r i s 12.6
pounds o f COZ. The c y l i n d e r v a l v e i s R q u i c k opening, lobe t y p e
v a l v e which screw i n t o t h e t o p o f t h e CO c y l i n d e r ; t h e v a l v e i s
s e a l e d by m e t a l t o m e t a l c o n t a c t and rnay%e opened by removing t h e
l o c k i n g p i n from t h e handwheel and t u r n i n g t h e handwheel i n a
counter-clockwise d i r e c t i o n . Tke p r e s s u r e r e g u l a t o r ( w i t h gauge)
i s screwed d i r e c t l y t o t h e c y l i n d e r v a l v e .
(1) The CO c y l i n d e r s u s e d w i t h smoke t a n k s a r e n o t
g
eouipped w i t h syp on t u b e s , as i s t h e c a s e w i t h C 0 2 f i r e
e x t i n g u i s h e r s , s i n c e l i q u i d C 0 2 ( i n s t e a d o f CO gas) e n t e r i n g
t h e smoke t a n k would produce a d a n g e r o u s l y h i & p r e s a u r e un-
l e s s v e r y c a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d . Likewise, t h e C02 c y l i n d e r
must b e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e p l a n e w i t h t h e v a l v e end up so Coo
w l l l be discharned. The r e g u l p t o r s f u r n i s h e d w i t h smoke
t n n k s 8 r e designed f o r r e g u l a t i n g t h e f l o w o f GO2 gas only.
( 2 ) The r e g u l a t o r v a l v e n o t o n l y p e r m i t s c o n t r o l o f t h e
smoke t a n k d i s c h a r g e ra.te, b u t a l s o a c t s a s a s a f e t y v a l v e
s i n c e i t m e v e n t s t h e b u i l d l n g up o f dangerous p r e s ~ u r e si n
 t h e CO, l i n e o r t h e t a n k . The maximum o b t a i n a b l e r e g u l a t o r
p r e s s u p e i s a b o u t 200 pounds p e r s q u a r e i n c h , e i t h e r s t a t i c
o r f l o w i n g . The r e g u l a t o r has two o t h e r s ~ f e t yf e a t u r e s , a
s a f e t y o u t l e t p l u g and t h e f a c t t h a t e x c e e s i v e p r e s s u r e w i l l
r u ~ t u r et h e r u b b e r diaphragm.
(E) The Mark 1 c a r r i e r w a s p r e v l o u s l y known as a h o i e t P i t t i n g
I t i s a, d e v i c e f o r l i f t i n g , h a n d l i n g , a n d c a r r y i n g smoke t a n k s
? a r k 5 and 6 t y p e s . I t has a s h a c k l e on t h e a f t e r end f o r h a n d l i n g ,
and a l o c k i n g d e v i c e on t h e a f t e r s u s ~ e n s i o nhook p r e v e n t s a c c i d e n t -
a l r e l e a s e o f t h e t a n k from the c a r r i e r .
2. Suspending t h e Tank from the A i r p l a n e . The smoke t a n k may b e
susp.ended from a n a i r p l a n e on a two hook bomb r a c k mounted u n d e r
t h e f u s e l a g e o r wing, o r f r m a two hook r a c k i n t h e bomb b a y . I t
a l s o nay b e suspended between two r ~ c k so r s h a c k l e s b y s l i n g s i n
t h e same manner as a 163C o r 20008b. bornb. The snoke t a n k i f se-
c u r e d t o t h e bomb r a c k ( a Xark 35 o r 5 1 t y p e ) i n t h e same manner
r s P double l u g bomb. Vhen s u s p e n d i n g t h e t a n k b y s l i n g s , t h e
g u i d e key ( e e e F i g u r e 1 9 ) may b e i n s e r t e d i n t h e pocket p r o v i d e d
on sqme a i r p l z n e s . T h i e p r e v e n t s t h e t a n k from moving f o r e
and a f t . A l s o , i f u e i n g t h e g u i d e key i n s l i n g s u s p e n s i o n , i t I@
v e c e s s a r y t o r o t a t e t h e t a i l cone p ~ ~ e m b l180 y degrees. This i s
done by removing the t a i l c o n e s h e l l a n d e x c h a n g i n g t h e p o e i t l o n
o f t h e c h e c k - s a f e t y v a l v e and t h e d i e c h a r g e v a l v e on t h e t a n k
f l a n g e s . O t h e r methods o f ling s u e p e n s i o n do n o t m ~ k eu s e o f t h e
g u i d e key a n d , i n t h e s e c a s e e , t h e t a i l cone a s s e m b l y i s not ro-
t ~ t e d180 d e g r e e s . S i n c e t h e mein p u r p o s e o f t h e t a i l cone s h e l l
i s f o r s t r e a m l i n i n g , i t may b e o m i t t e d from bomb b e y i n s t a l l a t i o n s .
The f l e x i b l e t u b i n g ( u u u a l l y c o n t r a c t o r i n s t a l l e d ) c o n n e c t i n g t h e
CO, r e g u l a t o r v e l v e and t h e c h e c k - e a f e t y v a l v e s h o u l d b e made o f
tw6 s e c t i o n s of f l e x i b l e t u b i n g j o i n e d t o g e t h e r b y a s h o r t r u b b e r
t u b e c o u p l i n g . When c o n n e c & i n g t h e l a n y a r d s t h a t o p e r a t e t h e t a n k
d i s c h a r g e v a l v e and t h e e x h a u s t t u b e ( d u r i n g l a n d i n g m d t a k e o f f ,
t h e e ~ h ? ~ ? tgutb e may h a v e t o b e r a i s e d i n o r d e r t o c l e a r t h e d e c k ) ,
t h e c o n n e c t i o n s s h o u l d b e made u s i n g t h e e h e a r p i n s ( c o t t e r p i n s )
f u r n i s h e d , o r similar s h e a r p i n s . Then i f i t becomes n e c e s g a r y t o
, l e t t i s o n t h e t a n k , t h e s h e a r p i n s and t h e r u b b e r c o u p l i n g on t h e
COP l i n e w i l l p e r m i t t h e t a n k t o f a l l c l e a r o f t h e a i r p l a n e . If
n e d e s s a r y , t h e a i r p l a n e c a n b e maneuvered t o p r o d u c e a n a d d i t i o n a l
s t r a i n on t h e s e b r e a k a b l e c o n n e c t i o n s , t h a t I E , zooming w i l l i n -
c r e a e e t h e downward f o r c e on t h e s e c o n n e c t i o n s t o a s e i ~ ti n b r e a k -
i n g them.
3. O n e r a t i o n - The c o n t e n t s o f t h e Mark 5 t y p e Smoke S c r e e n Tank
a r e d i s c h a r g e d from t h e t a n k b y t h e C02 g a s . The r a t e o f d i s c h a r g e
i s c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e p r e s a u r s i n t h e t a ~ k ,which IE:r e g u l ~ t e d .b y
t h e c a r b o n d i o x i d e r e g u l a t o r v a l v e . The p r e s s u r e r e g u l a t o r m d
i n d i c a t o r p e r m i t p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l o f t h e p r e E s u r e i n t h e t a n k . T3e
r e g u l a t o r ( o r d i a p h r a p ) p r e s s u r e IF s e t t o t k e d e s i r e d amount by
t u . r n i n g t h e a d j u s t i n g s c r e w i n o r o u t , which c h o n g e s t h e compression
i n t h e a d j u s t i n g screw spring.
 ( A ) The r e g u l a t o r t h r o c c ~ ev a l v e ( s e e F i g u r e 2 1 ) i e b a l a n c e d
i n an open p o s i t i o n between two main f o r c e s , t h e p r e s s u r e o f CO,
g a s f l o w i n g t h r o u g h i t from t h e CO, c y l i n d e r , t e n d i n g t o c l o s e t h e
v a l v e ( v a l v e s n r i n g a l s o t e n d s t o E l o p e v a l v e ) , and t h e p r e s w r e
i n t h e a d l u s t i n g s c r e w s ~ r i n ga c t i n g on t h e v ~ l v e~ t e mt h r o u g h t h e
d i c l p h r a p , t e n d i n g t o open t h e v a l v e . The t h r o t t l e v a l v e f o l l o w s
e v e r y mnvement o f the d i p o h r a g m , nuXckly r e s t o r i n g any m i n u t e l y
changed diaphragm p r e s s u r e t o i t s o r i g i n s l l y ~ e amourt t by s l i g h t l y
o r y e n i n e o r c l o s i n g . The o p e r a t i n g ~ r i m c i p l eo f t h e r e c u l a t o r i s
t k i a t a n i n c r e ~ e ei n dia3hragm p r e s s u r e (more CC p r e e ~ u r e )a o v e s
t h e F i a ~ h r a g r ni n R d i r e c t i o n &way from t h e v e l v & etem a l l o w i n g t h e
f l o w of-^^ cas t o c a u s e t h e t h r o t t l e v a l v e t o f o l l o w t h i s movement
and close l t l which i n t u r n l i m i t s t h e f l o w o f COQ nnd t h e r e b y
$ e c r e ~~ e tsh e d i q h r a g n p r e e s u r e a l l o w i n g ~ p r i n gp r e e s u r e t o c a u e e
t h e d i ~ n h r a g mt o move t c w a r d e t h e v a l v e stem, which a l s o n o v e s t h e
v a l v e etem a n d operls t h e t h r o t t l e v e l v e s l i g h t l y , e t c . , u n t i l t h e
f o r c e s a r e i n p e r f e c t b ~ 1 . a n c e . A c t u a l l y , t h e movement o f t h e
t h r o t t l e v a l v e and diaphragm i s a smooth p r o c e e s t h a t n r e v e n t s any
a p p r e c i a b l e change i n diaphragm D r e s s u r e which would c a u s e t h e
t h r o t t l e v a l v e t o over-compensate f o r p r e s s u r e c h a n g e s as i l l u 6 -
t r a t e d above, E m e s s i v e f r i c t i o n i n t h e movinc ? a r t s ( s w i n g s ,
e t c . ) would, however, c e u s e R l a g i n i n i t i ~ movement3 l 2nd t h u s
~ r o d u c ec V ~t te r i n g o r r a p i d o s c i l l a t i o n o f t h e t h r o ' t l e v a l v e .
Operating Procedure
( A ) P r i o r t o t q k e o f f , t h e r e g u l a t o r v a l v e should be t e e t e d ,
T h i s nay b e done b y t u r n i n g t h e r e g u l a t o r v a l v e a d j u ~ t i n gs c r e w
o u t ( a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e i n t h e c o u n t e r - c l o c k w i s e d i r e c t i o n ) . Then
remove t h e l o c k i n g p i n t h a t l o c k s t h e C02 c y l i n d e r v a l v e a n d ooen
t h i s v a l v e p e r m i t t i n g the COO gzae t o t r a v e l up t o t h e r e g u l a t o r
v a l v e . I f t h e r e g u l a t o r v a l v e i s s e a t i n g ~ r o n e r l y , i t willn o t
a l l o w t h e Con r a e t o p a s s t h r o u g h t h e r e g u l a t o r v a l v e 8 ~ t2 o t h e
smoke t a n k , &nd t h e p r e s g u r e i n d i c a t o r w i l l r e m a i n on zero. It i s
I m p o r t a n t t h a t t h i s v e l v e s e a t p r o ~ e r l yb e c a u e e i f t h e v ~ b l v el e a k s ,
a n e x c e s e i v e p r e P s u r e b r i l l b e b u i l t up i n s i d e t h e r e g u l a t o r v a l v e
a s s e z b l y which m i g h t p u l l t h e e d g e s o f t h e r e g u l n t o r dianhragm o u t
f r q m between t h e r e g u l p t o r body ar?d t h e s p r i n g h o u s i n g . I f t h e
e d g e s q f t h e r u b b e r diaphragm m e t h u s p u l l e d l o o s e , t h e C O P w i l l
e n t e r t h e a i r ~ l a n ec o ~ ; ~ p i tn s t e ~ do f t h e smoke t a n k , s n d ngc-
e s s i t a t e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f a new d i ~ p h r a g n , A f t e r c h e c ' < i n ~t h e r e -
g u l a t o r v e l v e , t h e c y l i n d e r v a l v e shoulc7 b e c l o ~ e d~ n ds e c u r e d
with t h e l o c k i n g pin.

( R ) j u s t p r i o r t o s t a r t i n g a c h e m i c a l s w e y rl.ln, t h e e x h ~ u c t
'

t u b e should Le lowered ( i f n o t p e r m a n e n t l y l o w e r e d ) by r e l e ~ e - ; n g
t h e t e n ~ i o non t h e e x h a u e t t u b e 0 7 ) e r a t i n g l a n y a r d . The f o r c e o f
g r 3 v i t y , a i d e d by n, c o i l e d .onrinp on Yark 1, 2, o r 3 ";ye h i p p e d
e x h ~ u ~t utb e s ( s e e C h ~ ? t e r 5 ) , w i l l p u l l t h e e x h a u ~ tt \ ; b e down s o
t ? a t t h e a . i r r ? l a n e w i l l n o t b e contc7mina.ted. The lar?ya.rd s h o v l d be
n a r ~ e do r t h e a t o p a d j u s t e d so t h e c o r r e c t p o ~ i t i o nof t h e ex-
b a u s t tube can b e o b t a i n e d . The l o c k i n g p i n on t h e CO c y l i n d e r
v a l v e should t h e n b e removed, t h e s e a l w i r e h a v i n g b e e 8 broken
p r i o r t o t a k e o f f when t e s t i n g t h e r e g u l a t o r v a l v e . The a d J u s t i n g
screw of t h e p r e e c u r e r e g u l a t o r s h o u l d b e scr-ewed o u t , i f i t i s
n o t a l r e a d y i n t h a t clofied p o s i t i o n , t h e n t h e CO c y l i n d e r v a l v e
i s ogened completely. The d e s i r e d p r e s s u r e may !hen be o b t a i n e d by
s l o w l y opening t h e r e g u l a t o r v a l v e ( c ! ockwise d i r e c t i o n ) u n t i l t h e
presPure gauge I n d i c a t e s f h e d e s i r e d p r e e s u r e ; however, t h e reg-
u l a t o r p r e s s u r e s h o u l d n o t b e i n c r e a s e d t o a p o i n t where i t w i l l
become a s g r e a t as t h e ' p r e e s u r e n e c e s s a r y t o open t h e smoke t a n k
s a f e t y r e l i e f v a l v e ( u s u a l l y 1 7 3 pounds p e r s q u a r e i n c h ) , u n t i l
a few second^ b e f o r e opening t h e t a n k d i s c h a r g e v a l v e , s i n c e
go2 g a s would be u n n e c e s s a r i l y l o s t t h r o u g h an opened r e l i e f valve.
A t no time ehould t h e r e g u l e t o r p r e s s u r e exceed 225 pounds p e r
s a u s r e inch. S i n c e sudden p r e s m r e changes may J e r k t h e edges
of t h e r u b b e r dizphragm o u t from i t s permanent s e a t between t h e
r e g u l a t o r body and t h e s p r i n g h o u s i n g , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t 3 a t t h e
r e g u l a t o r v a l v e b e c l o s e d ( o u t - p o s i t i o n ) when opening t h e CO?
cylinder valve.
( C ) The c o n t e n t s of t h e smoke t a n k a r e r e l e a s e d by f l r r n l y
p u l l i n g t h e discharge lanyard (opens tank discharge valve) ; t h e
r a t e of f l o w may be a d J u s t e d f u r t h e r by t u r n i n g t h e a d J u s t i n g screw
i n o r o u t , a s t h e c a s e may b e , u n t i l :he d e s i r e d r e g u l a t o r p r e s s u r e
i s o b t a i n e d ( s e e F i g u r e 22 t o e s t i m a t e t h e r e g u l a t o r p r e s s u r e t o
u s e ) . An i n t e r m i t t e n t d i s c h a r g e may b e o b t a i n e d simply by opening
and c l o s i n g t h e d i s c h e r g e v a l v e i f t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i s s t i l l above
t h e t o ? of t h e o u t l e t p i p e . When t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e t a n k
f a l l s below t h e to^ of t h e o u t l e t p i p e , t h e r a t e of d i s c h a r g e o f
t h e chemical agent t s p e r s o f f , and t h e i n d i c a t e d r e g v l a t o r p r e s s u r e
f a l l s because GO2 gas i s now b e i n g d i s c h a r g e d w i t h t h e chemical
agent. Opening and c l o s i n g t h e d i s c h a r g e v a l v e s e v e r a l t i m e s w l l l
f a c i l i t a t e emptying t h e t a n k as colnpletely a s p o s s i b l e ; however,
t h e r e u s l a t o r p r e s s u r e ( a s i n d i c a t e d when t h e d i s c h a r g e v a l v e i s
f
c l o s e d s h o u l d be a d . ' u s t e d and a l l o w e d t o f a l l below 100 pounds
p e r square i n c h b e f o r e s t a r t i n g t h i s procedure I n o r d e r t o p r o t e c t
t 3 e r e g u l a t o r dianhragn f r o m damage, s i n c e o t h e r w i s e l a r g e z b r u p t
changes i n p r e p s u r e would occur d u r i n g t h e absence of t h e h i g h e r
r e s i s t a n c e c f a p u r e l y l i q u i d . flow. A f t e r emptying t h e moke
t a n k , c l o s e t h e C02 c y l i n d e r ve-lve and a l l o w t h e r e g u l a t o r p r e s -
s u r e t o drov-! t o zero b e f o r e c l o s ' ? n g t h e d i s c h a r g e v a l v e . T h i s
procedure I n s u r e s t h a t ttle tarlk w i l l b e brought b a c k without en
I n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e t h a t would r e a u i r e g r e a t e r c a u t i o n i n f u r t h e r
h m d l l n g o f t h e tank. A f t e r c l o s ' l n g t h e dificharge v ~ l v ea n d a i r i n g
t h e t a n k b y f l y i n g about 1 5 t o 3.3 m i n u t e s more, r a i s e t h e e x h a u s t
tube ( I f necessary) t o i t s r e t r a c t e d position.
i1 1 / ! CURVES WERE COMPUTED ASSUMING AVERAGE

FIGURE 2 2
5. S t o c k Numbers. The f o l l o w i n s s t o c k numbers have b e e n
a s ~ i g e dt o t h e e q u i m e n t d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r :
TA"'K, Mark 5 Mod 2 ( c o m p l e t e e x c e q t f o r
C02 equipment) 3-T-151
TAITK, M ~ r k5 Mod 3 (coinplete e x c e p t f o r
C02 equipment) 3-T-152
TANK, Mark 6 Mod 2 ( c o m p l e t e e x c e p t f o r
C02 e a u i ~ m e n t ) 3-T-156
TANK EODY f o r Mark 5 Mod 3 Tank 3-T-273
TANK BODY f o r Mark 6 Mod 2 Tank 3-T-?73-.5C)
TAIL CONE ASSEYBLY
Mark 5 Smoke Screen Tank
Mark 6 Snoke Screen Tank
TUEE, S t r a i g h t Exhaust f o r Smoke Screen
Tanks - Mark 5 and, 6 t y p e s . 3-T-1700

CYLINDERS, CAI3BON D I O X I D E
Mark 5 and Vods
Mark 6 and Mods
VALVE, CAWON DIOXIDE, 3EGT:LATOE,
SPOKE SCREEN TAYK

CARTjIFR, SMOKE TAF!t', Park 1 3- C-780

GASKET, FLANGE, FOR S?EKE SCREEF TANKS
Mark 5 and Mark 6 t y p e s
 Chapter 5
Hinped Exhaust Tubes
Mark 1 Mod 1, Mark 2, and Mark 3

Paragraph Page
I. Purpose and Use
2. Description
3. Differences
4. Stock Numbers
1. Purpose and Use. The Mark 1 Mod 1, the Mark 2, and the
Mark 3 hinged exhaust tubes are used with the Mark 5 and Mark 6
type smoke screen tanks when these tanks are suspended in the
bomb bay of an airplane. The exhaust tube is used to conduct
the contents of the smoke tank out of the bomb bay and into the
air ( see Figure 2 3 ) .
(A) The hinged exhaust tubes were designed to permit instal-
lation in the bomb bays of the following type aircraft:
Mark 1 Mod 1 - - -SB2A, SB2C, TBF
Mark 2 - - - - - -SB2D, SB3C
Mark 3 - - - - - -SB2A, SB2C, TBF, TBU, TBEI
2. - The main parts of these monel hinged exMust'
Description.
tubes are as follows:
(a) A n "St' shaped tuSe (not interchangeable). This tube
conducts the chemical agent from the tank in a downward and
after direction.
(b) Two swivels (for operation in the vertical plane).
(c) A torsional spring and spring stop.
(d) A long, straight tube that is elliptical in cross
section. This tube is usually carried in a horizontal
position to facilitate landing and take-off, and is lowered
for smoking or spraying.
The " S f ' shaped tube has a permanently attached swivel elbow on
one end that mates with the swivel body in the tail cone of the
smoke tank. On the other end of the " S t t tube there is a swivel
spindle that mates with the swivel body on the straight tube. This
connection holds the "S" tube to the straight tuSe and provides the
hinge. The torsional spring is on the swivel body attached to the
 --HINGED EXHAUST TUBE YK.2
RIGHT HAND ASSEYBW.

--& OF AIRPLANE
-- --
/

FIG, 2 4

INSTALLATION OF THE MARK 2 HINGED EXHAUST T U B E

s t r a i g h t t u b e and i s hooked t o t h e s w i v e l s p i n d l e on t h e " S N
tube. When t h e exhaust t u b e i s i n s t a l l e d on t h e smoke t a n k ,
t h e s p r i n g t e n d s t o fiepress t h e l o n g s t r a i g h t t u b e . The s t r a i g h t
t u b e i s p r e v e n t e d from b e i n g lowered f a r t h e r t h a n d e s i r e d by
setting the adjustable stop s t the position that i t i s desired t o
check t h e downward t r a v e l of t h e s t r a i g h t tube. The s t o p may be
s e t t o t h e d e s i r e d 9 o s i t i o n by removing t h e machine screws hat
s e c u r e i t t o t h e s w i v e l s p i n d l e and r o t s t i n g t h e s t o p . The s t r a f g h t
tube may be m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e up p o s i t i o n by means of an o p e r s t l n g
l a n y a r d , which i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e clamp on t h e t u b e by a s h e a r p i n .
3. Dif'ferences. The Mark 1 Nod. 1, t h e Mark 2, and t h e Mark 3
hinged exhaust t u b e s a r e i d e n t i c a l e x c e p t f o r t h e " S 1 ' t u o e s
which are b e n t o r shapea d i f f e r e n t l y . The "3" t u b e on t h e Mark 1
Mod. 1 hinged exhauet t u b e i s a p o r o x i n a t e l y 1 5 l n c h e s l o n g and
i s shaped l i k e a n extended 11S18. The Mark 2 h i n g e d e x h a u s t t u b e s
come i n p a i r s ( s e e F i g . 2 4 ) ; that i s , t h e r e a r e two complete ex-
h a u s t t u b e s p r o v i d e d , e a c h w i t h a d i f f e r e n t l y shaped " 3 " t u b e
p e r m i t t i n g r i g h t a n d l e f t hand assembly f o r i n a t s l l a t i o n s i n
which two smoke t a n k s a r e suspended i n t h e bomb bay. The " S U
t u b e on t h e & r k 3 h i n g e c e x h a u s t t u b e i s shaped similar t o t h e
" 3 " t u b e on t h e Mark 1 Hod. 1 hinged e x n a u s t t u b e except t h a t t h e
' S n t u b e on t h e Mark 3 i s a d j u e t a b l e p e r m i t t i n g a 3!'1 v a r i a t i o n i n
t h e o v e r a l l l e n g t h of t h e "S" tube.
4. S t o c k Nunbers. The f o l l o w i n g s t o c k numbers have been a s s i g n e d
t o t h e hinged exhaust t u b e s :
Mark 1 (obsolescent)
Mark 1 Mod 1 ( o b s o l e s c e n t )
Mark 2 (Pairs)
* Mark 3

* T h i s hinged e x h a u s t t u b e may r e p l a c e e i t h e r t h e Mark 1 o r Mark

1 Mod 1 t u b e s .
 L

Chapter 6 99/?43

Paragraph
1.
2.
3.
Description
-
The Mark 7 Mod 2 Smoke S c r e e n Tank

S u s ~ e n d i n gt h e Tank from t h e A i r p l a n e
Operation
Page
66
68
68
4. Operating Procedure 68
5. F i l l i n g Capacity 70
6. S t o c k Numbers 70

1. D e s c r i p t i o n , The Mark 7 Mod 2 Smoke S c r e e n Tank i s a bomb-

shaped monel wing t a n k u s e d i n l a y i n g a smoke s c r e e n from a n
a i r p l a n e . I t i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 55 i n c h e a l o n g 1 2 i n c h e s i n
d i a m e t e r , and has a c a p a c i t y of 19.1 g a l l o n e fno v o i d ) . The
weight of t h e t a n k i s 45 pounds when empty, The Mark 7 t y p e
smoke s c r e e n t a n k w i t h r u b b e r v a l v e d i s k s , i s c o n s i d e r e d obso-
l e t e and u n s a f e f o r p r o t r a c t e a s t o r a g e ; howeveq t h i s tank can
b e o b t a i n e d and used i n a n emergency ( s e e P a r a g r a p h 5 below). The
t h r e e main p a r t s of t h e t a n k a r e t h e t a n k p r o p e r , t h e v a l v e
assembly ( w i t h a i r scoop a n a d i s c h a r g e t u b e ) , and t h e v a l v e
o p e r a t i n g system.
( A ) _Tank P r o ~ e r- Welded t o p s i d e of t h e t a n k p r o p e r i s
a s u s p e n s i o n l u g , two s t e a d y i n g f o r k s a d d l e s , and t h e
two f i t t i n g s f o r t h e f i l l i n g p l u g s which a r e screwed I n
almoet f l u s h w i t h t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e t a n k . A l s o welaed
t o t h e t a n k a r e t w o b r a c k e t s t o e i t h e r of which t h e
o p e r a t i n g l e v e r 1 3 l o c k e d when i n a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n .
These b r a c k e t s a r e j u s t forward of t h e s u s p e n s i o n l u g ,
one b e i n g on e i t h e r s i a e of t h e t a n k . B o l t e d t o t h e
f l a n g e e x t e n d i n g from t h e u n d e r s i d e of t h e t a n k i s t h e
v a l v e body assembly which i n c l u d e e t h e a i r s c o o p and
alecharge t u b e ( see Figure 2 5 ) .
(B)"Valve Assembly - Two s p r i n g l o a d e d v a l v e s , a n a i r v a l v e
a n 3 a d i s c h a r g e v a l v e , a r e mounted i n s i d e t h e t a n k . Both
v a l v e s a r e mounted on v a l v e s t e m s which a r e guided by
b r a c k e t s mounted on t h e a i r t u b e . The v e l v e d i s k s a r e made
of r u b b e r , t h e v a l v e s e a t s of a n i c k e l copper a l l o y ; t h e
v a l v e s w i l l s e a t s ~ t i s f 2 c t o r i l yif t h e y a r e p r o p e r l y
c l e a n e d a f t e r u s i n g and a r e i n a good c o n d i t i o n . When t h e
v a l v e s a r e c l o s e d , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3/8" s e p a r a t e s t h e a i r
v a l v e stem from t h e d i s c h a r g e v a l v e stem. This gap i n s u r e s
that t h e valves w i l l s e a t without binding o r interference
from e a c h o t h e r ,
 (C) Valve O p e r a t i n g System - A r i g h t and l e f t hand o p e r a t i n g
l e v e r i s provided w i t h each tank p e r m i t t i n g t h e o p e r a t i n g l e v e r
t o be mounted on e i t h e r s i d e . The t a n k has t w o g u i d e b a r s
welded t o i t , one on e a c h s i d e , which g u i d e t h e o p e r a t i n g l e v e r
a s i t i s p u l l e d a f t by t h e o p e r a t i n g c a b l e . A v a l v e stem l i f t -
i n g l e v e r i s b o l t e d t o t h e lower e n d o f t h e opera t I n g l e v e r ;
i t r o t a t e s w i t h t h e l e v e r a c t u a t i n g t h e d i s c h a r g e v a l v e which
i n t u r n a c t u a t e s t h e a i r valve.
2. Suspending t h e Tank f'rom t h e A i r p l a n e , B e f o r e t h e smoke t a n k
16 suspendea from t h e a i m l a n e , i t s h o u l d be checked t o be s u r e
t h a t t h ? t a n k end i t s f i t t i n g s a r e n o t l e d c i n g a n a t h s t t h e o p e r a t i n g
l e v e r i s n o t binding. The t a n k i s s e c u r e d t o t h e bomb r a c k ( a Mark
41 o r Mark 50 t y p e ) i n t h e same manner a s s i n g l e l u g bomb. A f t e r
t h e emoke t a n k has been suspended from t h e bomb r a c k , a t t ~ c ht h e
opereting cable t o the operating lever arranging it t o give t h e
o p e r a t i n g l e v e r a s t r a i g h t p u l l a f t of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 i n c h e s ,
Care must be t a k e n i f u s i n g a Mark 53 t y p e bomb r a c k t h a t t h e o p e r a t i n g
c ~ b l ew i l l n o t foum on t h e e l e c t r i c a l r e c e p t a c l e . If n e c e s s a r y ,
t h e t a n k may b e j e t t i s o n e d p r o v i d i n g t h a t a means o f a l l o w i n g t h e
t a n k t o f a l l f r e e from t h e o p e r a t i n g c a b l e has been made by In-
corporating a shear pin,
3. 0 p e r a t i o n . S i n c e t h e a i r scoop on t h e Mark 7 t y p e smoke s c r e e n
t a n k i s p l a c e d under t k e t a n k and i n t h e windstream i t scoops
up a i r , p i p i n g i t i n t o t h e t a n k when t h e a i r v a l v e i s open. The
f o r c e of t h i s a i r s t r e a m b u i l d s up a s l i g h t p r e s s u r e i n s i d e t h e
t a n k f ~ c i l i t e t i n gt h e f l o w of t h e l i q u i d from t h e tank. The
f o r c e of g r a v i t y p l u s t h i s s l i g h t a i r p r e s s u r e c a u s e s t h e l i q u i d
t o be d i s c h a r g e d a t a r a t e of a b o u t 1.3 g a l l o n s p e r second, t h e
r a t e of f l o w b e i n g o n l y s l i g h t l y a f f e c t e d by v a r i a t i o n s of a i r -
c r a f t speed.
4. O ~ e r a t i n nProcedurg. When i t i s d e s i r e d t o & a r t s p r a y i n g
t h e c h e n i c a l a g e n t , p u l l t h e o p e r a t i n g c a b l e . The f i r s t move-
ment of t h e o p e r a t i n g c a b l e a f t , t r i p s t h e s a f e t y r e l e a s e c r a n k
u n l a t c h i n g i t from t h e e x t e n s i o n b r ~ c k e t ;t h i s p e r m i t s t h e
o p e r a t i n g l e v e r t o be r o t ~ t e dfurther n f t . The o p e r n t l n g l e v e r
must be h e l d a l l t h e way back d u r i n g d i s c h a r g e . A s t h e o p e r a t i n g
l e v e r r o t a t e s , t h e v a l v e stem l i f t i n g l e v e r , which i s b o l t e d t o
i t a t t h e p i v o t p o i n t , moves upward. Aa t h e v a l v e s t e m l i f t i n g
l e v e r moves upward, i t 1'or3ces t n e l o w e r v a l v e stem upwara sausin6
t h e d i s c h a r g e v a l v e t o u n s e a t which p e r m i t s t h e c n e m i c a l a g e n t
t o be dische.rged. Af'ter t he lower v a l v e s t e n moves upwara a p p r o x i -
mately 3/8It, i t c o n t a c t s t h e a i r v a l v e stem. Continued movement
of t h e lower v a l v e s t e m upward, r a i s e s t h e a i r v a l v e s t e m uneeat-
i n g t h e ~ l vra l v e and p e r m i t s t h e a i r scoop t o p i p e a i r i n t o t h e
tank. To c l o s e t h e d i s c h a r g e valve, r e l e a s e t h e t e n s i o n on t h e
operating cable. This permits the valve springs to seat the
valves. As the lower velve stem moves downward, it forces the
valve stem lifting lever down causing the operating lever to
rotate forward to a vertical position, When the operating lever
reacnes tnis position, tne safety release crar~ken6ae;es the ex-
tension bracket securing the operating lever in this position.
5. Filling Ca.~acits
(A) The Mark 7 type t m k (19.1 allons total capacity) may
?
be filled to 18 gallons (6s void instead of only 16 gal3.ons
(10% void) for the following reasons:
(1) The tank ie obsolete mainly becauee of its limited
capacity.
(2) Internal pressure closes the valves tighter.
(3) The standard 10s void is purpoeely high to allow
also for probable maximum errors in the volume of filling
in the field; hence, the reduced safety factor can be
compensated for by exercising greater care In filling.
(B) This type tank ehould not be stored for longer than sever
days when filled with chemical agents, as the present valve
disks (rubber) are considered unsafe for long term storage.
The rubber valve disks are unsatisfactory for storing either
smoke mixtures or vesicants, as rubber is attacked by smoke
mixtures and will disintegrate, and also rubber is poreus to
vesicants allowing penetration after a day or so. However,
neoprene valve disks will make the tank satisfactory for
long term storage(at least 6 months) of vesicants, but not
smoke mixtures. apecia1 care should be taken to load
more than the specified amount (18 gallons) of chemical agent
lhthis tank. The operating lever should not be installed
while the tank is in storage in order to prevent accidental
release of the cnemical agent.
(C) The rubber valve disks have a short life and probably
will need frequent replacement, Heplacement valve disks
should be made of neoprene, as this material is not only
impermeable to vesicants, but also more resistant to the
highly corrosive smoke mixtures.
6. Stock Numbers, The following stock numbers have been assigned
to this tank and several replacement parts.
 Tank, Nark 7 Mod 1 Smoke Screen 3-T-160
Tank, Xark 7 Mod 2 Smoke S c r e e n 3-T-162
D i s c s , Valve f o r Mark 7 t y p e t a n k
A i r I n l e t ( e p e c i f y "neoprene o n l y " ) 3-D-647
Diecharge ( s p e c i f y Uneoprene o n l y " ) 3-C-648
Gasket, F l a n g e
For D i s c h a r g e Tube, Mk. 7 t y p e Tank 3-G-533
 Chapter 7
The Mark 1 and Mark 1 Mod
Chemical F i l l i n g Equipment

Paragraph I _ Page
1. D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e F i l l i n g Equipment 72
2. F i l l i n g P r e c a u t i o n s f o r Vesicant War Gases 75
3. F i l l i n g P r e c a u t i o n s f o r Smoke Mixtures 76
4. F i l l i n g Procedure 77
5. Stock Numbers 79
1. D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e F i l l i n g E a u i ~ m e n t . The Mark 1 and t h e
Mark 1 Mod 1 Chemical F i l l i n g Equipment (manel) c o n s i s t of a
f i l l i n g hose, a vent hose, a s p e c i a l d r a i n a g e elbow, and t h e
v a l v e s , g a s k e t s , and a d a p t e r a that a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r f i l l i n g
a smoke s c r e e n t a n k w i t h a l i q u i d chemical agent. The Mark 1
Chemical F i l l i n g Equipment can be used f o r f i l l i n g a Mark 5 o r
a Mark 6 type ( o b s o l e s c e n t ) smoke s c r e e n tank; t h e Mark 1 Mod 1
Chemical F i l l i n g Equipment can be used t o fill a Mark 5, a Mark
6 , o r a Mark 7 t y p e ( o b s o l e t e ) smoke ecreen tank. The Mark 1
and t h e Mark 1 Mod 1 a r e i d e n t i c a l e x c e p t t h a t two f l a n g e
a d a p t e r s a r e s u p p l i e d w i t h t h e Mark 1 Mod 1 Chemical F i l l i n g
Equipment. These f l a n g e a d a p t e r s a r e n e c e s s a r y , when f i l l i n g
a Mark 7 type smoke s c r e e n tank, f o r a d a p t i n g t h e f l a n g e s on
t h e lower end of t h e f i l l i n g and vent h o s e s t o t h e f i l l i n g and
vent openings i n t h e Mark 7 type smoke s c r e e n tank. These
f l a n g e a d a p t e r s a r e not used when f i l l i n g a Mark 5 o r Mark 6
type smoke s c r e e n tank, a s the f l a n g e s on t h e lower ends of t h e
f i l l i n g and vent hoses a r e b o l t e d t o t h e f l a n g e s of t h e i n l e t
and o u t l e t p i p e s extending from t h e a f t e r e n d of the smoke
s c r e e n tank. The above f a c t i n view of t h e o b s o l e t e e t a t u s
of t h e Mark 7 t y p e t a n k , p u t s t h e s e f l a n g e a d a p t e r s i n t h e ob-
s o l e t e c l a s s w i t h t h e supply h e l d t o minimum; hence, t h e Mark 1
i n e t e a d of t h e Mark 1 Mod 1 chemical f i l l i n g equipment ehould
be o r d e r e d ( t o conserve material) except i n p a r t i c u l a r c a s e s
where t h e Mark 7 type t a n k i s contemplated f o r uee. Using t h i e
chemical f i l l i n g equipment p e r m i t s t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e l i q u i d
chemical agent from t h e s h i p p i n g drums (55 g a l l o n c a p a c i t y drum)
t o t h e smoke s c r e e n t a n k w i t h a minimum exposure of' t h e l i q u i d
t o t h e atmosphere. The l i q u i d e n t e r i n g t h e smoke s c r e e n tank
d i s p l a c e s t h e entrapped a i r and vapors; t h e e e vapors a r e then
vented back i n t o t h e s h i p p i n g drum, t h u s g i v i n g a c l o s e d f i l l i n g
system.
( A ) The f i l l i n g and vent hoeee a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y one i n c h
a n d t h r e e e i g h t h s of a n i n c h i n diameter. A l l t h e f i t t i n g s ,
 VENT COCK
DRAINAGE ELBOW

VENT HOSE

LIQUID LEVEL INLET PIPE

MARK 5 0 R MARHC
TYPE S M O K E ' T A N K

--- ---

FIGURE 2 7
FILLING A M A R K 5 T Y P E SMOKE SCREEN TANK
-7 3-
 V E N T PIPE

55 GAL,
SHIPPING DRUM

DRAINAGE ELBOW
VENT COCK

FILLING HOSE

VENT HOSE

FILLING C O C

-MAR6 7 TYPE
5 M O K E TANK
FLANGE ADAPTER

I -1 SCALE
-u'--- - -- -7--

FIGURE 2 8

FlLLlNG A MARK 7 TYPE SMOKE SCREEN TANK

-74-
 -- -
nipples, and flanges necessary to connect these flexible metal
hoses to the smoke screen tank, as well as a straightway cock
type valve for each hose, are provided with this equipmont.
(B) In addition to the Chemical Filling Equipment, it is
necessary to use a scale capable of weighing up to 1000 pounds
or more, a supporting stand for holding the smoke tank on the
scale in the filling position, and a hoist with the necessary
accessories for raising the shipping drum above the smoke screen
tank (see Figures 27 and 28).
-- War Gases.
Filling Precautions for Vesicant

(A) A competent officer should be in charge of filling operations

at all times, and all personnel in the filling detail should
have had previous training in this work.
(B) Filling operations (except for smoke mixtures) should not be
attempted aboard ship, except under expert supervision, as
vesicant war gases are too dangerous to risk exposing the comple-
ment of a ship to the added hazards that are likely to accompany
such filling operations. At present most of the filling will be
done at regular filling depots or at field stations set up for
this purpose.
(c) All war gases are dangerous, and great care must be taken
when handling them. Those engaged in filling operations, and
those in the immediate vicinity, should be provided protective
clothing and gas masks, and there should be on hand a sufficient
amount of the proper decontaminating agents, first aid materials
(see Chapters 8 and lo), and the necessary tools.
(D) Filling operations should be conducted downwind from
personnel and equipment so that toxic fumes will not be blown
towards them.
(E) Any chemical agent that has been spilled on the equipment
or ground should be immediately decontaminated using the proper
decontaminating agent(s) (see Chapter 8). Waste contaminated with
a chemical agent should be removed as used and burned, or other-
wise properly disposed of, and all tools contaminated or likely
to have been contaminated should be wiped off with the proper
decontaminating agent absorbed in an adequate amount of waste.

(F) Extreme caution must be exercised-in the handling and dis-

mantling of the filling line after use, in order to prevent
contamination of personnel or equipment from drops of the chemical
agent which may drip or be splashed. A metal, trowel-like instru-
 -4'
\

ment t h a t can be deconteminated e a s i l y ma,y be used t o c a t c h

any d r i p p i n g s .
(G) Before p r e p a r i n g a n unused t a n k f o r f i l l i n g , i t should
be c a r e f u l l y - i n s p e c t & t o be sure t h a t i t i s c l e a n and dry
( w a t e r i n v e s i e a n t s forms c o r r o e i v e a c i d , g e n e r a t e s gas p r e s s u r e ) ,
and that no cracks have developed due t o rough handling. Any
worn o r broken p a r t s should be replaced, e s p e c i a l l y d e f e c t i v e
gaskets. A s u i t a b l e greaee such as a s o f t g r a p h i t e grease i s
recommended f o r uee on g a s k e t s and t h r e a d s of equipment -,only
when used w
(H) Chemical spray t a n k s which a r e t o be s t o r e d b e f o r e u s e
should be f i l l e d t o only 90s c a p a c i t y s i n c e i t i s advieable t o
s e t a s i d e approximately 108 (but not more than lo$) f o r ex-
pansion. ( A 6% void i s e u l f i c i e n t f o r t h e Mark 7 type tank.
See Chapter 6, paragraph 5.)
(I) Liquid chemical agent8 a r e u s u a l l y eupplied i n 55 g a l l o n
s t e e l o r i r o n drume equipped with two plugs one i n t h e end
and one midway on t h e eide. Great c a u t i o n should be e x e r c i s e d
i n removing a plug, s i n c e a c t u a l experience hae shown that an
unexpected amount of p r e s s u r e sometimes develops w i t h i n t h e
drum. To remove t h e s i d e p l u g f o r i n s t a l l i n g t h e f i l l i n g l i n e ,
p l a c e t h e drum on i t s s i d e w i t h t h e p l u g a t t h e top. With a l l
personnel s t a n d i n g upwind from t h e drum, t h e p l u g should be
removed w i t h a s u i t a b l e wrench having about a 5-foot l e n g t h
of appropriate-eized p i p e s l i p p e d o v e r t h e handle t o enable
i t s being worked from a s a f e distance. An ample amount of waste
should be placed around t h e plug and jaw6 of t h e wrench t o
absorb any l i q u i a which may s p a t t e r i n t o t h e a i r .
F i l l i n a P r e c a u t i o n s f.or Smoke Mixtures,
( A ) Since both FS and F M smoke mixtures a c t l i k e heavy a c i d s
(FS being extremely c o r r o s i v e when i n t h e l i q u i d s t a t e ) , i t i s
necessary t h a t personnel engaged i n f i l l i n g t a n k s w i t h a smoke
mixture be f a m i l i a r w i t h decontamination procedure and t h e
e a f e t y p r e c a u t i o n s t o be observed when handling t h e s e m a t e r i a l s
( s e e Chapter 1 0 ) . Except f o r t h e t o x i c i t y a e p e c t , t h e f i l l i n g
p r e c a u t i o n s f o r w a r gases a l s o apply i n g e n e r a l t o smoke mix-
tures.
(B) Both FS and F'M r e a c t w i t h explosive ~ c l e n c ewhen they
come i n c o n t a c t w i t h water o r grease. Therefore, s p e c i a l
p r e c a u t i o n s should be t a k e n t o prevent t h e i r coming i n c o n t a c t
w i t h t h e s e m a t e r i a l s , e s p e c i a l l y when ueing a cloeed system
of f i l l i n g . c o n t a i n e r s o r f i l l i n g equipment which a r e t o be
used with FS o r FM should always be thoroughly i n s p e c t e d t o be
 s u r e t h a t t h e y are c l e a n , f r e e from g r e a s e o r f o r e i g n m a t e r i e l s ,
and a r e thoroughly d r y . I f g r e a s e h a s been a p p l i e d t o t h e gas-
k e t s o r t h r e a d s of any of t h e eauipment, t h e greased s u r f a c e s
may be c l e m e d s u f f i c i e n t l y by wiping them w i t h e p i e c e of waste;
t h e small amount of g r e a s e remaining w i l l be n e g l i g i b l e .
(C) When h a n d l i n g FB and F'M, each member of t h e crew ehould
p r o t e c t himself from s e r i o u s i n j u r y by weering a c i d proof aprons
o r c l o t h i n g and neoprene gloves. Since t h e fumes of FS and FM
a r e n o t t o x i c , $a8 maeke a r e n o t e s s e n t i a l b u t may be worn i f
desired.
4. F i l l i n n Procedure. The f o l l o w i n g procedure i s recommended when
f i l l i n g emoke tanks.
(A) P l a c e t h e s h i p p i n g drum on e u i t a b l e r a i l s w i t h t h e s i d e
bung of t h e drum up. P l a c e t h e smoke tank i n a eupporting
atand and on a s c a l e n e a r t h e drum. Mark 5 and Mark 6 t y p e
~m0ketanka should be t i l t e d approximately 20° from t h e v e r t i c a l
a s ehown i n F i g u r e 27, vent l i n e up. T h i s p e r m i t s t h e smoke
t a n k i n l e t p i p e t o v e n t t h e t a n k throughout t h e f i l l i n g .
(B) A s o f t g r a p h i t e g r e a s e i s recommended f o r use on t h e
g a s k e t s and t h r e a d s of a l l eauipment when used w i t h v e s i c a n t e ,
b u t no g r e a s e should be used when t h e e a u i ~ r n e n tl a u ~ e dw i t h
FS o r FM emoke mixtures.
(C) Remove t h e screw cap from t h e bung i n t h e s i d e of t h e
shipping drum and i n s t a l l t h e d r a i n a g e elbow b e i n g ~ u r e ' t h a t
t h e vent and f i l l i n g v a l v e s a r e c l o s e d and a s a n added pre-
c a u t i o n t h e ends of t h e h o s e s may be t e m p o r a r i l y plugged w i t h
wa.ste.
(D) R o l l t h e drum u n t i l t h e bung end 1s down between t h e r a i l s
and h o i s t t h e s h i p p i n g drum above t h e emoke t a n k . Remove any
waste and connect t h e f i l l i n g and v e n t hoees t o t h e smoke t a n k ;
be s u r e t h a t a l l connectione of t h e f i l l i n g equipment a r e t i g h t .
A t no t i n e should a s t r a i n be p l a c e d on t h e f i l l i n g o r vent hoeee.
A f t e r t h e shipping drum has been h o i s t e d and t h e smoke tank moved
i h t o a p o e i t i o n under t h e drum, t h e r e ehould be enough s l a c k
i n t h e f i l l i n g and vent l i n e s t o p e r m i t f a i r l y a c c u r a t e weighing
of t h e smoke t a n k and eupporting s t a n d .
(E) Weigh and r e c o r d t h e weight of t h e empty smoke tank, s t a n d ,
and f i l l i n g connections. To t h i s weight, add t h e weight of t h e
chemical agent t h a t i s t o be p l a c e d i n t h e smoke tank.
 b /

NOTE: The number of g a l l o n s of charge i e important. The

weight p e r g a l l o n v a r i e s due t o t h e d i f f e r e n t d e n s i t i e s of
t h e chemical agenta. Therefore, determine t h e weight of one
g a l l o n of t h e chemical a g e n t t o be used, and a d J u s t t h e weight
on t h e e c a l e t o s u i t . (The approsimate weight of FS and FM
smoke mixture i s 15.8 and 14.5 pounde p e r g a l l o n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ;
t h e approximate weight of H and L i s 11.2 and 15.6 pounde p e r
g d l o n , respectively, )
( F ) Open t h e vent v a l v e , then t h e f i l l i n g v8,lve p e r m i t t i n g
t h e chemical agent t o run i n t o t h e smoke tank. When t h e s c a l e
i n d i c a t e s t h e weight d e s i r e d , c l o a e t h e f i l l i n g v a l v e immediately.
Allow t h e smoke tank t o v e n t f o r a few seconds then c l o a e t h e
vent valve. F a i l u r e t o f o l l o w t h e above procedure may r e s u l t
i n some of t h e l i q u i d chemical a g e n t s b e i n g t r a p p e d between t h e
f i l l i n g v a l v e and t h e smoke tank. T h i s might r e s u l t i n s p i l l i n g
t h i s l i q u i d when removing t h e f i l l i n g l i n e from t h e smoke tank.
G A f t e r c l o s i n g t h e v e n t v a l v e , cautiously b r e a k t h e J o i n t
between t h e f i l l i n g hose and t h e smoke t a n k , a l l o w i n g any
l i q u i d which might b e entrapped t o d r a i n i n t o t h e tank, D i s -
connect t h e f i l l i n g l i n e s from t h e loaded smoke tank, u s i n g
an ample amount of waste o r R m e t a l t r o w e l t o c a t c h any l i q u i d
which may d r i p . Waste may be used t o keep a l l openings tem-
p o r a r i l y closed.
(H) For t h e Mark 7 type smoke t a n k , remove t h e waste and
screw i n t h e vent and f i l l i n g p l u g s . For t h e Park 5 type
tank, remove t h e w a s t e and c a r e f u l l y i n s t a l l t h e blank f l a n g e s
o r t h e t a i l cone assembly. I f i n s t a l l i n g t h e complete t a i l
cone aesembly f o r s t o r a g e , f o l d i n t h e end of t h e d i s c h a r g e
v ~ l v eoperat,lng l e v e r , and cover the opening f o r t h e l e v e r i n
t h e t a i l cone w i t h a s u f f i c i e n t amount of nasking t a p e o r
some o t h e r s u i t ~ b l em a t e r i a l . Put a s m a l l p i e c e of t a p e o v e r
t h e check v a l v e p o r t , and p l u g t h e swivel body d i s c h a r g e
opening w i t h a i e c e of waste. Secure t h e l a n y a r d f i t t i n g
7
( w i t h ahear p i n f o r t h e o p e r a t i n g l e v e r t o a convenient p a r t
of t h e t a i l cone assembly, f o r f u t u r e use. When i n a t a l l . i n g t h e
t a i l cone ~ s s e m b l yf o r s t o r a g e , t h e i n l e t p i p e should be l o c a t e d
i n the u ~ u a p l o s i t i o n on t h e same s i d e a s t h e euapension l u g a .
The t a i l cone assembly can be r o t a t e d l a t e r i f n e c e s s a r y f o r a
p a r t i c u l a r i n a t a l l a t i o n , s i n c e t h i s c a s e probably w i l l not be
encountered.
( I ) A f t e r f i l l i n g t h e l a s t t a n k , lower t h e s h i p p i n g drum, re-
p l n c e t h e screw cap, and c l e a n a l l f i l l i n g eauipment ( s e e Chapter
8).
 ( j) A f t e r t h e emoke s c r e e n t a n k a have been f i i l a d w i t h e
chemical agent t h e y s h o u l d b e i n s p e c t e d f o r p o e s i b l e l e a k s
( s e e C h a p t e r 9 ) . A t a n k which shows e v i d e n c e of l e a k i n g
should have i t s c o n t e n t s t r a n e f e r r e d i m m e d i ~ t e l yt o e i t h e r
a n o t h e r t a n k o r h e c k t o a s h i p p i n g drum. The d e f e c t i v e
t ~ n ks h o u l d t h e n be t h o r o u g h l y d e c o n t a r n i n a t 4 a n d i n s p e c t e d
t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c a u s e of t h e l e a k and t h e p o s e i b i l i t y of
making r e ~ a i r s .
( k ) . A s u i t a b l e t ~ sgh o u l d be a t t a c h e d t o a c o n v e n i e n t p l a c e
on a l l l o a d e d t a n k s , t h e t a g t o c o n t a i n p e r t i n e n t d e t a i l s
such a a t h e name of t h e chemical a g e n t , d a t e , t e m p e r a t u r e ,
and p l a c e of f i l l - i n g , t h e w e i g h t o f t h e c o n t e n t e , and t h e
e s t i m a t e d maximum s t o r a g e p e r i o d b e f o r e a e t a b i l i t y i n e p e c t i o n
ehould b e made a t a f i l l i n g d e p o t .
5. Stock Numbers. The f o l l o w i n g s t o c k numbera have been a s s i e n e d
t o $he f i l l i n g equipment:
F i l l i n g Equipment , C h e m i c ~ lMark 1 3-F-110
Fil3.ing Equipment, Chemical Mark '1 Mod 1 3-F-112
 L -
CHAPTEH 8
Decontamination, Care and Maintenance of Equipment
Paragraph Page
1. Care and Maintenance of Tanka 80
2. Care and Maintenanoe of C02 Yqui-pment 83
3. Decontamination after a Spraying Misalon 81)
4. Decontaminating Agents for a Smoke Mixture 88
5. Deoontaminating Agents for Vesioants 89
1. Care and Maintenance ot Tan---Empty tanke should never be
stored unless elitposed contaminated surfacee have bean oleaned
and deoontaminated. Tanks whloh are to be etored empty for a
considerable length of time, should be completely disseeembled,
cleaned thoroughly, and inspected for leake and wear, eepecially
the valves and gaskets, and then aaeaembled. No lubrication
ie necessary for monel tanke and parts. Tanks should be stored,
if possible, in a dry place and in a place where they will not
become dented, punctured, or damaged in any way. Before use,
each tank should be carefully inspected to be sure that all
parts of the tank will operate properly, Due to the oorrosive
action of smoke mixtures and the harmful effeote of vesioants
on personnel and equipment, the possibility of leaks in the
tank proper, valves, any flanged oonneotions, and the inlet and
exhaust line connections should be investigated before filling
any tank with a chemical agent,
(A) The tank proper may be cheoked at the same time the
tank is being cleaned prior to filling with a chemical agent,
by filling the tank with water, After filling with water, any
waterwhich may have been spilled on the exterior of the tank
should be wiped off and the tank then inspected for leakage,
Special attention should be given to manipulating the tank eo
that the drainage plugs, filling and vent plugs, valves, and
flanged connections areach placed in the lowest relative position
for checking theee seals,
(B) Special attention ehould be given the discharge valve
when cheoking it to be sure that it may be opened readily w i t h
out any tendency to etick,
(1) On the Mark 7 type smoke eoreen tank there are
two valves to be checked, the diecharge valve and the air
inlet valve. Both valve d i m e ehould be checked to be e w e
that they are in good condition and that the valve springe
have sufficient strength (designed for 50 lbs. preeaure) to
keep the valves in a tightly oloeed position.
 \
or 6 -
(2) On t h e b r k 5/type s~nokes c r e e n tank t h e r e a r e
two v a l v e assemPliea t o be checked, t n e a i a c h a r g e valve
and t h e check-safety valve.
(a) A l e a k i n g aiecilare;e v a l v e ca~,ueually be
d i s c o v e r e d when t h e t a n k p r o p e r i s f i l l e d w i t h water
i n o r d e r t o check i t f o r leakage. A l e a i n g d i s c h a r g e
v a l v e p e r m i t s a s t e a d y , continuous d r i p p i n g of w a t e r
from t h e exhaust l i n e . Leakage r e s u l t s from t h e sep-
a r a t i o n of t h e ground s u r f a c e s of t h e v a l v e d i s c s
and valve s e a t s , and i s u s u a l l y due t o t h e presence
of f o r e i g n s o l i d p a r t i c l e s between t h e s e s u r f a c e s .
P a r t i c l e s may lodge on t h e d i s k s o r s e a t s , o r i n t h e
r e c e s s i n t h e v a l v e body between and below t n e s e a t e .
I f leakage o c c u r s , t h e t a n k should be s t o o a on end,
nose down, and t h e v a l v e opened and c l o s e d r a p i d l y
s e v e r a l t i m e s by working t h e r e l e a s e l e v e r . i f t h i s
does not s t o p t h e leakage, t h e v a l v e should be removed
and i n s p e c t e d a t t h e f i r s t o p p o r t u n i t y . M a t e r i a l
accumulated i n t h e valve body r e c e s s may be removed
by thoroughly f l u s h i n g w i t h water o r a i r from a n a i r
p r e s s u r e l i n e . When leakage i s due t o damage o r wear
of t h e ground s u r f a c e s of t h e d i a k s o r s e a t s , t h e
v a l v e should b e replaoed. The d i s c h a r g e valve should
be i n s p e c t e d f r e q u e n t l y f o r l e a k s around t h e v a l v e
stem; such l e a k a g e i s c o r r e c t e d by drawing up t h e
packing n u t J u s t t i g h t enough t o s t o p t h e leak.
( b ) The r e l i e f v a l v e , i n t h e check-safety v a l v e
aeeembly, o r d i n a r i l y i s a d j u s t e d t o blow o f f when t h e
p r e s s u r e r e a c h e s 170 pounds p e r s q u a r e inch. To
a d j u s t t h i s v a l v e ( r e l i e f v a l v e ) t h e i n l e t f l a n g e of
t h i s v a l v e i s connected t o t h e d i s c h a r g e valve, and
t h e check v a l v e p o r t t o some source 01' a i r o r C02 p r e s s u r e
w i t h t h e J & g u l a t o r and p r e s s u r e gauge between t h e v a l v e
ana source of preseure. A f l a n g e g a s k e t should be used
i n t h e connection between t h e check-safety v a l v e and
the a i e c h a r g e valve. The r e l i e f v a l v e adJueting ecrew
cover i s removed and t h e screw locknut loosened; t h e n
t h e pressure i s increased carefully u n t i l i t r i s e s
s u f f i c i e n t l y t o open t h e r e l i e f valve. The a d j u s t i n g
ecrew of t h e r e l i e f v a l v e should t h e n be screwed i n
o r out u n t i l t h e i n d i c a t e d p r e s s u r e can b e i n c r e a s e d
t o 170 pounds p e r square i n c h b e f o r e t h e r e l i e f v a l v e
opens. A f t e r s e t t i n g t h e s a f e t y r e l i e f w l v e t o open
a t 170 pounds p e r q u a r e i n c h , t h e screw locknut s h o u l a
be t i g h t e n e d , b e i n g c a r e f u l t h a t t h e a d j u s t i n g screw
does not t u r n d u r i n g t h i s o p e r a t i o n , and t h e a d j u s t i n g
screw cover replaced. (~eforedisconnecting the
pressure supply, all the valves can be checked
carefully for leaks). To check the safety relief
valve for either a defective spring or improper
seating of the valve, it is necessary to dis-
assemble the valve, which is easily accomplished
as follows:
(1) Remove the adjusting screw cover.
(2) Remove the adjusting screw lock nut and
the adjusting screw; this relieves the tension
in the safety relief valve spring.
(3) Remove the body cover.
(4) Remove the safety valve (plunger).
Reassembly of the relief valve is accomplished by
reversing the above procedure. After reassembly
the valve should be adjusted as already described.
The complete check-safety valve assembly and the
discharge valve should be inspected for leaks and
sticking whenever the tank has been filled and
discharged approximately six times, or on dis-
assembling the tank for storage, and at any sign
of malfunctioning. To check for leaks in the
check-safety valve assembly and the discharge valve,
the C02 tube end of the check valve should be con-
nected, as reviously described, to a pressure source
(cop or air7 with the discharge valve bolted to the
assembly using a good flange gasket in the connection.
After loading the assembly with 50 to 100 pounds pressure,
the pressure line should be removed and all valve ports
covered with a film of soapy water and watched for bubbles.
The duration of this test should be about five minutes.
At the conclusion of the test, a rush of air should be
heard when the discharge valve is opened. If a valve
 leaks, , , shoula be removed and t h e ' c a u s e of leakage
c o r r e c t e d . The check valve i s disassembled by re-
rLoving t h e s e t screw and unscrewing t h e oheok valve
body. The moat probable cauees of leakage a r e :
(1) Presence of f o r e i g n p a r t i c l e e on t h e ground
valve e u r f a c e s which p r e v e n t s t h e valve d i s k from
s e a t i n g properly,
( 2 ) P i t t i n g of the ground s u r f a c e s which a l l o w s
passage of gas o r l i q u i d between t h e d i s k and s e a t .
If no p i t t i n g has occurred, t h e ground s u r f a c e 8 of
~ o t he e a t and d i s k ehould b e wiped c l e a n and r e p l a o e d ,
u s i n g extreme c a r e that no p a r t i c l e s of d i r t become
lodged on t h e s e a t o r diek, When e i t h e r e e a t o r d i e k
i s p i t t e d , nicked, o r o t h e r v i s e damaged, t h e valve
should be replaced. Any new f i t t i n g s o r t u b i n g
a t t a c h e d t o any of t h e v a l v e e ehould be cleaned thoroughly
removing a l l d i r t , water, and metal f i l i n g 6 o r ehavings,
Since oold (expanding) 002 gas w i l l r a p i d l y f r e e z e any
water p r e s e n t i n t h e C02 l i n e o r valvee, a a r e should
be t a k e n that t h e l i n e and valves a r e thoroughly d r y
when i n s t a l l e d .
2. Care and Y ~ i n t e n a n c eof C02 Eaui~ment-- F i l l e d Co2 cylinders
w i l l o r d i n a r i l y be eupplied t o t h e s e r v i c e u n i t s . Should i t be
necessary t o recharge c y l i n d e r e i n the f i e l d , t h e following pro-
cedure may be followed. The l a r g e c y l i n d e r of C02 from wNch
t h e charge i s t o b e t a k e n i s l a i d on i t s s i d e w i t h t h e valve i n
t h e lowermost p o s i t i o n , Then a f l e x i b l e p i e c e of metal t u b i n g
which h a s t h e proper f i t t i n g s i s used t o connect t h i s c y l i n d e r
t o t h e s n e l l e r CO c y l i n d e r . The smaller C02 c y l i n d e r should
then be placed up& a s m a l l platform s c a l e so t h a t t h e proper
weight of f i l l i n g oan be measured and t h e c y l i n d e r f i l l e d t o t h i s
proper weight, The C02 c y l i n d e r has marked on i t t h e n e t weight
of t h e c y l i n a e r and t h e proper weight of t h e c y l i n d e r when f i l l e d ,
The r e g u l a t o r should not be shipped a t t a c h e d t o t h e f i l l e d C 0 2
c y l i n d e r , and i t should not be p e r m i t t e d t o remain a t t a c h e d t o
t h e c y l i n d e r f o r any a p p r e c i a b l e time when n o t i n uee. Cylindere
t h a t a r e t o be recharged i n t h e f i e l d should be f i l l e d t o t h e
p r o p e r w i g h t immediately a f t e r t h e a i r p l a n e r e t u r n s from i t s
mission; t h e c y l i n d e r w i l l t a k e a charge e a s i e r i f i t i s re-
charged while i t 1 8 oold,
(A) If any p a r t of t h e C02 tube between t h e r e g u l a t o r v a l v e
and t h e tank hae become contaminated, i t should. be washed w i t h
an abundance of water o r w i t h t h e p r o p e r decontaminating agent
and then w i t h f r e s h water, blown d r y w i t h a i r , and allowed t o
hang i n a d r y p l a c e u n t i l r e q u i r e d f o r a n o t h e r miseion. Since
any moisture present inZhe C02 line will probably3reeze as the
L O 2 gas is discharged, this line must be kept thoroughly dry.

(B) Periodically the regulator valve should be disaseembled

end all parts thorcughly cleaned, dried, and inspected. No
lubrication of the regulator valve is necessary with the poseible
exception of dipping the lower end of the valve spring in
glycerine which minimizes any tendency of the valve to chatter.
When the regulator is not in use the adjueting screw should be
turned out as far as possible (in the counter-clockwise direction)
in order to relieve the pressure on the adjusting screw spring and
prevent it from taking a permanent set. A weakened spring will
decrezse the maximum regulating pressure that can be obtained.
3. Decontamination after a S ~ r a ~ i nMisslog
a
(A) Immediately upon completion of a spraying mission, the
spray tank(s) should be removed from the airplane and the
airplane and landing area inepected for cont~nination. Under
normal circumetances neither the airplane nor the landing area
will be contaminated. Usually new inetallations are thoroughly
tested in flight by using spray tanks filled with a molgsses
residuum solution (MR), a harmleas, dark brown liquid that is
easily discernible on almost any surface. However, if tnere
is any evidence of contamination of the airplane after~ray-
ing a veeicant, the airplane should be immediately segregated
downwind from personnel until decontaminated. After the chemical
agent has been discharged from spray tanks, further flying
I'or 15 to 30 minutes usually eliminates all dripping and
prevents any contamination of the flight deck or runway. It
is practical for slightly dripping spray tanks to be brought
back with the airplane, since the few resulting contaminated
spots are easily renaered harmless by the proper decontami-
nating agent and, being in the open, the vapor danger is
negligible. Porous substances like concrete Rno wood are
very difficult to decontaminate completely if the vesicant
has had time to penetrate deeply, but even in thie case the
small spots can be marked and direct contact with then avoided
until in time renderea completely harmless to touch. Con-
=ideration might be given to wetting down the landing area
or to the uee of disposable absorbents 6r strips of impermeable
materials on areas likely to 'become contaminated when the
airplanes are landing. Every reasonable effort snoula be
made to conserve all spray tanks, especially those constructed
of monel (critical metal).
(B) Aboard ship it may be more practical to seal all openings
in the spray tanks and decontaminate any contaminated exposed
surfaces only, such as those portions of the inlet and exhaust
 L-

assemblies outside the sealea sections, leaving the more

difficult decontamination to be done at the filling depots
ashore.

(1) For the Nark 5 type tank the swivel body port (the
only part not sealed by valves or caps) shoula De plugged
with a neoprene stopger or by some other suitable means;
this eliminates the difficult job of decontaninating the
tail cone section beyond the discharge valve. Hather
than attempting to seal the end openings in the exhaust
tube, it will probably be simpler to deoontaminate the
whole tube.
(2) For the Mark 7 type tank, any contaminated outside
surfaces, the air scoop, and discharge tube should be
thoroughly deoontaminated, keeping the valves cloeed all
the tine,
( 3 ) Army M-10 (or M-33) spray tanks usually are r ecommended
to be jettisoned after a vesicant spraying mission, These
tanks are considered somewhat e xpendible since they are
constructed of light gage copper-bearing or mild steel;
however, if these tanks are brought back, the following
procedure is recommended. Install the air inlet closure
plug and the exhaust closure plate, ana then decontami-
nate the unsealed or exposed portions of the inlet and
exhaust assemblies.
(C) All aecontamination materials can be put in one or more
of the following classes:
(1) Chlorinators and oxidizina agents,-- Bleaching
powder is thei outstanding example of this group.
(2) Hsdrolszin~agents--Water is the only hydrolyzing
agent.
(3) Neutralizin~anentg--Alkalis auch as caustic soda
(lye) or alkaline soape increase the speed of hydrolysis
by the neutralization of the hydrochloric acid which is
usually present.
( 4) Absorbents and solventa--Bolvent 8 do not destroy
chemical agents, but simply dilute them. If an area is
repeatedly scrubbed it will be freed of most contami-
nation if the swabs are changed frequently. Solvents
a d soapy water are es~eciallyuseful in decontaminating
a ~ r p l ~ nsurfaces
e where corrosive chlorinators or neutral-
izing agents might damage the airplane. Occasionally
 s p a 1 1 argas of terrain are decontami%ated by bleaching
powder with an absorbent such as dry earth, sand, ashes,
or sawdust in the proportion by weight of one part of
bleach to three parts of earth or substitute. This
ratio corresponds to two parts of bleach to three parts
of earth by volume.
(5) Incinerating material$--These include liquids which
can be applied to contaminated surfaces and subsequently
ignited, the heat of burning driving off or breaking u~
any injurious chemical agents. Many materials, such as
contaminated waste can be burned without the aid of in-
flammable liquids, vesicant vapors being somewhat in-
flammable themselves.
(D) In decontaminating spray tanks, airplane surfaces, etc.,
the general procedure is the same regardless of the applicable
decontaminating agent used. The first step is to rinse, or if
possible, to scrub the contaminated object thoroughly with
the proper decontaminating material, then rinse with water
(salt or fresh) to remove any corrosive decontaminating agents.
Volatile solvents may be used after rinsing with water in
~ r d e rto decrease the drying time of the tanks or surfaces.
When using highly knflammable solvents such as acetone,
alcohol, gasoline, etc., great care should be taken to prevent
a serious accident during the drying process; sparks, flame,
or any other possible source of fire must be kept away from
the vapors. All decontaminating work, drying of tanks, etc.
should be done in the open if possible, since closed spaces
add to the danger. All waste materials, decontaminating agent,
solvent, or water used in the cleaning process should be care-
fully disposed of since they become contaminated and are them-
selves a source of danger, especially the initial waste
material. Although some decontaminating agents are universally
applicable, the effectiveness may vary considerably between
different vesicants. For this reason the following decon-
taminating and rinsing agents are listed in the order of their
effectiveness and practicability for the principle chemical
agents, including smoke mixtures.
(1) H, HL, and Mixtures of H and HN-2
(a) RH-195 solution, then (e) or (f).
(b) Bleach slurry, (bleach-water mixture)
then (e) or (f).
to) Caustic soda (lye) solution, then (e) or (f).
(d) Strong soap (laundry soap) and hot water, then (e)
or (f).
(e) Hot fresh water.
 U d

(2)Salt water, then (e) if practicable.

(2) L and/or the Nitrogen Mustards
(a) Caustic soda (lye) solution, then (d) or (e).
(b) Strong soap (laundry soap) and hot water, then (d)
or (e).
(c) RH-195 solution or bleach slurry, then (d) or (e).
(d) Hot fresh water.
(e) Salt water, then (d) if practicable.
(3) Smoke Mixtures (FS or FM)
(a) Washing soda solution, then (d) or (e).
(b) Sodium bicarbonate solution, then (d) or (e).
(c) Strong soap (laundry soap) and water. then (d) or (e).
(d) Fresh water.
(e) Salt water, then (d), if practicable.
(E) Initial cleaning of the Mark 5 type tank should be done
with the exhaust tube attached to the tank. Af'ter rinsing the
tank out thoroughly, open and close the discharge valve
alternately, allowing the rinse to drain out through the ex-
haust tube. The exhaust tube is then removed from the tank
by swiveling it upward until it is approximately perpendicular
to the surface of the tail cone. In this position the ex-
haust tube is unlocked from the swivel joint and may be easily
removed. Care must be taken in removing the exhaust tube,
especially after toxic chemicals have been used, in order to
hold to a minimum the amount of contamination. The exhaust tube
and the exposed portion of the swivel body should be decontami-
nated as goon as practicable. After removing the exhaust tube,
the tail cone shell should be removed. This is accomplished
by pushing in the discharge valve operating lever, unscrewing
the six nuts at the tail cone and pulling the tail cone to
the rear. After removing the tail cone shell, add the proper
decontaminating agent or solvent to the smoke tank and manip-
ulate the tank in order to wash every part of the interior of
the tank. The discharge valve should then be opened and closed
alternately permitting the decontaminating agent or solvent
to drain from the tank. To clean the discharge valve more
thoroughly, the discharge valve cap may be removed and the
 valve o2ened and closed as the cleaning progresses. All sur-
faces of the tank, both exterior and interior, should be
thoroughly decontaminated.
( F ) Af'ter sgray tanks have been thoroughly washed and d c
contaminated, they should be rinsed with water and then per-
mitted to dry in the sun or in a warm place with all valves
and fittings open. Tanks ahould be so placed that any entrapped
liquid will drain. If there is insufficient time for them to
dry thoroughly in this manner, the drying time can be materially
shortened by flushing then with either acetone or denatured
~lcohol. First, 8-11water that can be drained must be removed.
Then about one gallon of acetone or denatured alcohol poured
into the tank and the tank manipulated so that the liquid will
come in contact with all the interior surfaces. Af'ter rinsing
with the alcohol or metone, the tank should be drained and
alr blom through the tank until no odor of the drying agent
can be detected. A given amount of acetone or alcohol can be
usea to rinse several tanks in succession. If a supply of
compressed air is not available, allow the tanks to stand, with
the drainage plugs and inlet ana exhaust pipes open, until
they are clear of all vwrs. After the tanks are thoroughly
ury, they should be assembled and stowed in a proper place
until further use.
(G) Personnel engaged in decontamination work should wear
protective clothing and gas maeks. Aftertsrking around
vesicants, it is always a good idea to take a hot bath using
a strong eoap. It should be remembered that the protective
clothing and gas masks may have been contaminated; special
care bould be taken in removing these clothes. Before leaving
the xorking area, shoes should De dusted with KH-195 or bleach-
ing powder to prevent spre8,ding contamirration to other areas.

(A) Washing soda, sodiur.. carbonate, is also known as aoda ash,

s ~ l
~ o d a ,and laundry soda. It is a white, powdery substance
possessing mila alkaline properties. Commerci~lgrades may
contain large amounts of sodiun bicarbonate. To prepare a
solution, keep ao-dingwashing soda to water while stirring
until no more washing soda will go into solution. Washing
soda has no serious action upon the skin, eyes, or clothing.
Its dust skould not be breathed as it is somewhat caustic.
(B) A sodium bicarbonate solution can be prepared in the same
manner as the washing soda solution. Either a concentrated
 s o l u t i o n o r a t h i n s l u r r y may be u s e d , d e p e n a i n g on t h e amount
of smoke m i x t u r e t o 'be neutrpclized.

( C ) Laundry s o w i n w a t e r i s v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r c l e r n i n g t a n k s ,
e t c . The soapy w a t e r , b e i n g an a l k e l i n e l i q u i d , n e u t r a l i z e s t h e
a c i ~ sand p o s s e s s e s a c l e a n s i f i g a c t i o n c n a r a c t e r i s t l c o r soap,
5, Decontaninatinp: Agents f o r V e s i c a n t 6

( A ) RH-195 i s a l i g h t t a n o r w h i t e powder which g r a d u a l l y de-

composes, g i v i n g o f f a c h l o r i n e - l i k e odor, This a g e n t must b e
a i s s o l v e d i n a s o l v e n t s u c h as a c e t y l e n e t e t r a c h l o r i d e J u ~ pt r i o r
t o u s e , s i n c e elow d e t e r i o r a t i o n t a k e s p l a c e a f t e r mixing,
(1) RH-195, a l s o c a l l e d n o n c o r r o s i v e d e c o n t a m i n a t i n g a g e n t ,
is r e l a t i v e l y h a r m l e s s , b u t t h e s o l v e n t , a c e t y l e n e t e t r a c h l o r i d e ,
i s t o x i c i n b o t h t h e l i q u i d and v a p o r s t a t e , s o c a r e should b e
e x e r c i s e d i n h a n d l i n g i t . Continued a b s o r p t i o n of t h e l i q u i d
through t h e s k i n i s harmful, and t h e same i s t r u e of t h e con-
t i n u e d bree'hing of i t s v a p o r s , I f t h e l i q u i d i s s p l a s h e d on
t h e body, i t a h o u l d b e washed o f f w i t h soqpand w a t e r a e soon
a s p o s s i b l e . When working w i t h i t t h e r e s h o u l d alwaye be
p l e n t y of v e n t i l a t i o n , and p e r s o n n e l always k e p t t o u p w i n d of
t h e s o u r a e of t h e v w r . I f a h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e v a p o r
i s formed, p e r s o n n e l working w i t h t h e m a t e r i a l must wear gas
masks,
(2) A s o l u t i o n i s made by d i s s o l v i n g 1 p a r t of t h e a g e n t
i n 1 5 p a r t s of a c e t y l e n e t e t r a c h l o r i d e , a l l part8 by weight,
Any l a r g e can, drum, o r wooden t u h may be used f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n
of t h e s o l u t i o n . The s a n e s t r e n g t h s o l u t i o n i s o b t a i n e d by
u s i n g 1 p a r t a g e n t a n d 6-1/4 p a r t s a c e t y l e n e t e t r a c h l o r i d e , a l l
p a r t s by volume. The l i q u i d s h o u l d be s t i r r e d w i t h a wooden
p a d d l e u n t i l a l l of t h e a e n t has been d i s s o l v e d , t h e n i t i s
resrly Tor use. About 1-172 gallons of t h i a ~ o l u t i o ns h o u l d be
a a e q u ~ t et o decontaminete a s p r a y t a n k o r 15 s q u a r e y a r d s of
contaminated a r e a .
( 3 ) RH-195 s o l u t i o n i s one of t h e most e f f e c t i v e decontami-
n a t i n g p r e p a r a t i o n s known, b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y i t i s e x p e n s i v e ,
so i t s u s e should b e l i m i t e d t o contaminated equipment. The
s o l v e n t , acetylene,tetrachloride, s h o u l d n e v e r mixed w i t h
d i l u t e d a l k a l i e s , s u c h as washinn soda oy solutions, m.
due t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e m i x t u r e mas p r o d u c e e x p l o s i v e m-
nouncs. Some o f i t s o t h e r d i s a d v a n t a g e s a r e i t s t o x i c i t y ,
obnoxious o d o r , tendency t o s o f t e n r u b b e r and remove p a i n t ,
 and the formation of hydrochloric acid through the
acetylene tetrachloride when in contact with moisture.
The powder is stable in storage, but the solution loses
its effectiveness after about three months. RH-195 is
the standard shipboard decontaminating agent.

(B) Bleaching powder, also known as calcium bleach, chlo-

rinated lime, and chloride of lime, is a white substance con-
taining about 35 percent available chlorine. It gradually
decomposes in storage and is easily recognized by its chlo-
rine-like odor. Containers should not be so thoroughly
sealed that high internal pressures created by the decomposi-
tion of the bleach cannot escape. Bleaching powder is very
corrosive to most metals (very slight to monel) and fabrics,
but nevertheless it is the most commonly used decontamlnating
chemical ashore.
(1) Bleaching powder will destroy or convert vesicants
into less toxic compounds by oxidation and chlorination;
however, the oxidation product of lewisite is a solid
which is toxic to the touch. Dry bleaching powder reacts
violently with liquid H , evolving a great deal of heat
which usually ignites the H vapor; therefore, it is nor-
mally mixed with water or some absorbent before appli-
cation to contaminated surfaces. Care should be taken
not to breathe excessively of its dust, as it has a very
irritating effect upon the lungs and throat. If spilled
upon the skin it should be washed off with water. It
is not dangerous, but irritating.
(2) Bleaching powder is most commonly mixed with water in
equal proportions by weight, or about three shovelfuls
of bleach to two gallons of water, making a slurry. About
1-1/2 gallons should be sufficient to decontaminate a
spray tank or 15 square yards of contaminated area.
(3) Because of its relative cheapness, availability, and
effectiveness, bleaching powder is the standard decon-
taminating agent ashore, However, suspensions of it are
difficult to maintain, it deteriorates rather rapidly
(average chlorine loss is one percent per month), corrodes
most metals, cakes in storage, and becomes difficult to
remove from its container. Persons handling any con-
siderable quantity of it are forced to wear masks and
must expect their clothing to be damaged.
(c) Caustic soda, chemically sodium hydroxide, is commonly
called lye; it is a white solid easily dissolved in water.
It destroys most non-metallic substances upon contact when in
the presence of moisture, but only long periods of exposure
produce any appreciable corrosion to monel or steel. It
hastens hydrolysis of vesicants by neutralizing free hydro-
chloric acid. Solid caustic soda is stored in iron drums
which have been sealed so as to prevent the absorption
-90-
of carbon dioxide and water from the air. Solutions of caustic
soda must be kept in glass containers equipped with rubber
stoppers. Caustic soda is dangerous to handle since it attacks
the skin, eyes, and clothing. It does not give off a poisonous
vapor but is very poisonous if swallowed. Workmen should wear
goggles and respirators or caustic-proof hoods, rubber gloves,
rubber aprons, wooden or rubber shoes, and rubber puttees
(leggings), or boots. If any particles touch the skin, they
should be washed off with copious amounts of water, followed
by a wash with a two percent solution of acetic acid, if
available.
(1) Aqueous (water) solutions are effective in most pro-
portions, but the more concentrated solutions provide
speedier decontamination. Surfaces which would be corroded
by a strong aqueous solution should be treated with an
alcoholic solution containing five percent caustic soda.
This is prepared by adding five parts of caustic soda to
95 parts ethyl alcohol, all parts by weight.
(2) Solutions of caustic soda are very effective for de-
contamination of most vesicants, particularly lewisite.
Being a true solution, it has greater penetrating power
than slurry. Solutions of it can be diluted sufficiently
to make a relatively inexpensive decontaminating agent.
The injury to the skin of personnel and the corrosive
effect on treated surfaces are greater than that of bleach.
(D) Soap has a strong absorptive power towards most substances,
including vesicants, and carries them away. The great lowering
of the surface tension of water and the increase in its wetting
power by soap permits the soapy water to slip in between particles
and loosen dirt. Mustard gas is emulsified and carried off as
minute droplets by soapy water. Strong soap (like laundry soap)
contains some sodium hydroxide which hastens hydrolysis of vesi-
cants by neutralizing the free hydrochloric acid usually formed,
making soapy water very effective against lewisite since L oxide,
the toxic solid, must be washed away in any event.
( E ) The most common solvents used in decontamination are gas-
oline, kerosene, motor oil, carbon tetrachloride, alcohol, and
acetylene tetrachloride. ow ever, most hydrocarbons and oils
will dissolve vesicants.
(1) Solvents must be used carefully so as not to spread
contamination to clean surfaces. They are best applied to
swabs, which are then used to clean small areas and dis-
carded. It should be borne in mind at all times that
solvents do not destroy chemical agents, but simply dilute
 - d

them. If an area is repeatedly scrubbed it will oe freed

of most contamination if the swabs are changed frequently.
(F) Steam may be classified as both a hydl -yzing and inciner-
ating material, since the heat proves very effective in driving
off or breaking up any injurious chemical agents. Steaming of
spray tanks is the standard decontamination method ashore.
Spray tanks used with H or mixtures containing H should be
steamed at least 3 or 4 hours (H hydrolyzes slowly), while
those used with L or the nitrogen mustards should be steamed
at least 1/2 hour (L and the nitrogen mustards hydrolyze
readily).
 Chnpter 9
:',torage and I n s p e c t i o n of F i l l e d "_'ar,ks

Paragrnph
1. General 93
2. Fire 94
7
A. P r e p a r i n g Tanks f o r S t o r z g e 95
4. D e t e c t i o n and D i s p o s i t i o n of Leaking Tacks 96
5. Zurve i l l a n c e 98

1. - -
G e n e r a-l Liquid c h e m i c a l a g e n t s s h o u l d be s t o r e d i n a c o o l ,
d r y , f i r e p r o o f s t o r a g e p l a c e which h a s s u f f i c i e n t v e n t i l a t i o n t o
v e n t any v a p o r s , which might c o l l e c t due t o a l e a k i n g c o n t a i n e r ,
t o t h e open atmosphere. The f l o o r of t h e s t o r a g e p l a c e should be
made of s t e e l o r a s p e c i a l l y t r e a t e d , non-absorbent c o n c r e t e
(sodium s i l i c a t e i s a s u i t a b l e t r e a t i n g a F ; e n t ) ; wood o r any rub-
b e r i z e d m a t e r i a l s should n e v e r be u s e d f o r f l o o r i n g . The f l o o r
sholild a l s o be provided w i t h a d r a i n a g e system which w i l l permit
t h e s t o r a g e p l a c e t o be r e a d i l y d r a i n e d should it become n e c e s s a r y
t o wash t!;e s t o r a g e p l a c e w i t h a n abundance of w a t e r a n d / o r de-
c o n t ~ ~ i 3 a t i n~g, ; e n t . Smoke s c r e e n t a n k s o r o t h e r c o n t a i n e r s f i l l -
e d w i t h a l i q u i d c h e n i c a l a g e a t should be p l a c e d on r a c k s o r s t a n d s ;
t h e s e r a c k s o r s t a n d s s h o ~ l l dbe s o c o & r u c t e d t h a t each c o n t a i n e r
( o r n e t a l o r wooden s t a n d and c o n t a i n e r ) i s r e a d i l y removeable i n
c a s e of l e a k a g e , f i r e , o r o t h e r emergencies.
( A ) E e c h s t o r a g e p l a c e o r magazine should have a s e t of f i r s t
a i d and d e c o n t a m i n a t i n g i r l s t r u c t i o n s and g a s warning s i g n s posted
i n a conspicuous p l a c e .
( B ) Decontaminating and f i r s t a i d m a t e r i a l s s h o u l d be k e p t on
hanZ a h e n e v e r h a n d l i n g c h e n i c a l a g e n t s . If practical, f i r s t aid
and d e c o n t a m i n a t i n g a g e n t s a l s o s h o u l d be s t o r e d i n and n e a r t h e
chemical w a r f a r e magazine o r s t o r a g e p l a c e s .
(C) On board s h i p , s e l e c t i o n of s t o r a g e s p a c e f o r f i l l e d s g r a y
t a n k s should be such t h a t any l e a k a g e would n o t a l l o w v a n o r s t o
s p r e a d throu;h t h e i n t e r i o r p o r t i o n s of t h e v e s s e l . To t h i s end, t h c
mechsnical v e n t i l a t i o n of t h e s p a c e i ~ v o l v e dshould b e s o o p e r a t e d
a s t o e x h a u s t p o s s i b l e fumes from t h e s t o r a g e compartment d i r e c t t o
t h e w e a t h e r , o r if t h e s y a c e i n v o l v e d i s t o p s i d e ( a s t e r n ) , a r a p i d
and s a f e means of j e t t i s o n i n g t h e t a n k s i n a n emergency should be
provided.
( D ) The t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e & r a g e p l a c e should be k e p t below
110OF. s i n c e t h e s t a b i l i t y of t,he chemical a g e n t s i s a p p r e c i a b l y
dc?creased a t n i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s ,
 L
4

(E) The loaded tanks should Lever be stored in the direct

rays of the sun or near artificial heat except, of course, during
extremely cold weather when the object is to keep the chemical
agent from freezing before contemplated use.

(F) Liquid chemical agents should not be stored with any type
of ammunition.

(1) Vesicants are not inflammable and are only slightly

corrosive (excluding mixtures) to metals; their chief danger
is to personnel because of their exceedingly toxic nature.
(2) Smoke mixtures (like acids) are extremely corrosive
to most metals and attack most all materials, but are not
inflammable themselves (see paragraph 2 below). Containers'
filled with smoke mixtures should not be stored with nitrates,
metallic powders, carbides, picrates, fulminates, or com-
bustible materials.
(3) If storing different chemical agents in the same
storage place or magazine, the odor resulting from leaks or
loosely sealed containers of decontaminating agents, etc.,
may complicate the detection by odor of any particular
vapors; hence, it may be desirable to store different agents
separately or to remove temporarily certain chemical agents
in order to identify an agent by a process of elimination.
(G) Aboard ship, containers of chemical agents which are store
topside or below in magazines should be inspected daily; on shore,
weekly inspections of containers should suffice.
(H) Monel containers filled with vesicants or smoke mixtures
should -
not be vented if filled to only 90% capacity. Periodic
venting may temporarily reduce the danger of the chemical agent's
spurting out should a valve be accidentally opened when liquid
is in contact with the valve, but due to the inherent dangers in
venting tanks and the fact that tanks vented on cold days may
actually have a negative pressure, the practice of venting tanks
in an effort to make them safer may actually do more harm than good.
Steel containers (filled to 90% capacity) need venting only when
filled with the impure plant H which contains substances that
react with iron and cause pressure.
2. Fire - If a fire involves or threatens spaces where chemical
agents are stored, all personnel within the danger zone should bc
notified to vacate this area (move to windward side) until the
danger is past. Since such a fire is extremely dangerous, special
precautions should be taken to prevent fires in areas where chem-
ical munitions are stored.
(A) H and L are not inflammable and are, therefore, not a
fire hazard themselves. However, the vapors of these vesicants
are extremely dangerous and all fire fighters who may be exposed to
vesicant vapors should be complete12 protected by wearing protective
clothing and gas masks.
 (B) FS and FM a r e n o t c o m b u s t i b l e t h e m s e l v e s , b u t t h e y may
c a u s e f i r e s by coming i n c o n t a c t w i t h w ~ t e ro r g r e a s e , o r by t h e
h e a t g e n e r a t e d when smoke m i x t u r e s come i n c o n t a c t w i t h c o m ~ u s t i b l e
m a t e r i a l s . Should c o n t a i n e r s of FS o r FM b u r s t i n a b u r n i n g maga-
z i n e o r b u i l d i n g , a l m g e volume of smoke w i l l b e g e n e r a t e d , c r e a t -
i n g t h e a d d i t i o n a l h a z a r d t h a t men a t t e m p t i n g t o f i g h t t h e f i r e may
become l o s t . P e r s o n n e l , t h e r e f o r e , s h o u l d n o t be p e r m i t t e d t o e n t e r
a b u r n i n g magazine o r b u i l d i n g u n l e s s equipped w i t h l i f e l i n e s .
3. P r e ~ a r i n p a : Tank f o r S t o r a g e - Immediately a f t e r a smoke e c r e e n
t a n k has b e e n f i l l e d w i t h a chemical a g e n t , t h e t a i l cone assembly
o r t h e b l a n k f l a n g e s (Mark 5 t y p e smoke s c r e e n t a n k ) , o r t h e
f i l l i n g p l u g s (Mark 7 t y p e emoke s c r e e n t a n k ) , s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d
on t h e t a n k ( s e e C h a p t e r 7 on F i l l i n g ) . A l l e x t e r i o r s u r f a c e s of
t h e t a n k which may h a v e become c o n t a m i n a t e d d u r i n g f i l l i n g s h o u l d
t h e n b e t h o r o u g h l y decontaminated. The t a n k s s h o u l d t h e n b e
checked f o r l e a k a g e . Any t a n k which l a l e a k i n g s h o u l d have i t 0
c o n t e n t s t r a n s f e r r e d t o a n o t h e r t a n k o r back t o a s h i p p i n g drum. A
l e a k y d i s c h a r g e v a l v e on t h e Mark 5 t y p e smoke tank may sometimes
b e c o r r e c t e d by s t a n d i n g t h e t a n k w i t h t h e v a l v e end up a n d opening
and c l o s i n g t h e d i s c h a r g e v a l v e s e v e r a l t i m e s p e r m i t t i n g t h e v a l v e
t o c l o s e q u i c k l y each time. Tanks which a r e n o t l e a k i n g and which
do n o t have any chemical a g e n t on t h e i r e x t e r n a l s u r f a c e s may be
p l a c e d on r a c k s o r s t a n d s i n t h e s t o r a g e p l a c e . Each t a n k s h o u l d
be a c c e s s i b l e f o r i n s p e c t i o n , and p r o v i s i o n s h o u l d b e made s o t h a t
i f a t a n k d e v e l o p s a l e ~ k ,i t may b e e a s i l y removed.

(A) The Mark 7 t y p e smoke s c r e e n t a n k i s n o t recommended f o r

s t o r a g e l o n g e r t h a n s e v e r a l days ( s e e C h a p t e r 6, p a r a g r a p h 5 ) .
( B ) I t i s recommended that t h e t a i l cone assembly, r a t h e r t h a n
b l a n k f l a n g e s , b e i n s t a l l e d on t h e Mark 5 Mods 2 a n d 3 t a n k s
which a r e f i l l e d with a v e s i c a n t t o b e c a r r i e d a b o a r d s h i p . This
p r o c e d u r e w i l l e l i m i n a t e t h e p o t e n t i a l l y dangerous o p e r a t i o n of
l a t e r removing t h e b l a n k f l a n g e s and i n s t a l l i n g t h e t a i l cone.
( c ) If HL, a m i x t u r e of H a n d L, s h o u l d b e u s e d , t h e m i x t u r e
can b e e x p e c t e d t o b e a very c o r r o s i v e ( n e g l i g i b l e t o rnonel)
and t o d e v e l o p s l u d g e and p r e s s u r e w i t h i n any tank. While H, L,
and a m i x t u r e of H and monochlorobenzene ( a s w e l l as o t h e r
s t a p i l i z i n g d i l u e n t s ) may b e s t o r e d f o r l o n g p e r i o d s ( a t l e a s t
6 months) a t normal t e m p e r a t u r e s w i t h o u t l o s i n g t h e i r v e s i c a n t
p r o p e r t i e s , HL s h o u l d n o t b e s t o r e d f o r p e r i o d s l o n g e r t h a n
two weeks a t any t e m p e r a t u r e s i n c e t h e v e s i c a n t p r o p e r t i e s de-
c r e a s e c o n s i d e r a b l y a f t e r a,bout a month.
(D) The t a g e on l o a d e d t a n k s s h o u l d b e checked t o s e e t h a t
t h e y a r e l e g i b l e and c o n t a i n t h e p e r t i n e n t d e t a i l s s u c h a s t h e
name of t h e chemical a g e n t ( s ) , d a t e , t e m p e r a t u r e , p l a c e of
f i l l i n g , t h e weight of t h e c o n t e n t s , and maximum s t o r a g e p e r i o d
b e f o r e i n c p e c t ' i o n f o r decomposition, s l u d g e , e t c . ( i n s p e c t i o n
t o b e made a t f i l l i n g d e p o t e ) .
 (I;) The loaded Yarl: 5 type tank should ';x stored i n a v c r t i c z l
p o s i t i o n w i t h t h e t a i l cone up, i n o r d e r t o keey th.e c o r r o s i v e
a g c n t s away from t h e v a l v e s and Fn o r d e r t o d e p o s i t p o s s i b l e sludge
away from t h e i n i e t and exhaust openings.
(F) The lohded IAark 7 type tank may be s t o r e d i n any p o s i t i o n
t h a t w i l l n o t allow t h e a i r scoop and d i s c h a r g e t u b e t o become b e n t
o r otherwise damaged.
4. D e t e c t i o n and 3 i s p o s i t i c \ n 6f Leaking Tanks - The scnse of smel-1
o r l i n a r i l y should n o t be r e l i e d upon t o o h e a v i l y t o d e t e c t mustard,
l e w i s i t e , or o t h e r v e s i c a n t s s i n c e l i g h t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e some-
times p r a c t i c a l l y o d o r l e s s and a r e d i f f i c u l t o r irnposdble t o d e t e c t
i n t h i s manner. Also t h e sense of smell a l o n e i s sonetimes unre-
l i a b l e because of " f a t i g u e u of t h i s s e n s e , and i n t h e c a s e of
smokers, because of a decided i n s e n s i t i v i t y . S i n c e t h e d a n g ~ rof
a long exposure t o l i g h t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s can be a s g r e a t a c a s u z l t y
menace a s i s a s h o r t expo8Um t o h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , t h e e a r l i e s t
d e t e c t i o n of v e s i c a n t vapors and maintenznce of 9roper v e n t i l a t i o n
i s of t h e u t n o s t importance. T h e r e f o r e , f r e q u e n t i n s p e c t i o n s of
t h e m a ~ a z i n e sf o r t h e d e t e c t i o n of p o s s i b l e l e a k i n g c o n t a i n e r s i s
essential.
(A) L i s t e d below a r e e i g h t b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s f o r i d e n t i f i c z t i o n
of cherfiical a g e n t s by odor:
(1) Do n o t i n h a l e d e e p l y ; s n i f f .
( 2 ) S n i f f only once. Repeated s n i f f i n g d u l l s
sense of smell.
( 3 ) F i r s t s n i f f , t h e n think. The memory of
odors can be t r a i n e d by p r a c t i c e .
( 4 ) Every p e r c e p t i o n of odor must be named. Learn
odors by t h e memory of t h e t h i n g s n i f f e d r a t h e r t h a n by name
of something e l s e .
(5) A f t e r each t e s t , b r e a t h e out s t r o n g l y through t h e
nose s e v e r a l times. Do n o t s n i f f a ne!v sample u n t i l t h e old
p e r c e p t i o n of odor h a s vanished.
( 6 ) Do n o t smoke while s n i f f i n g . Smokin;; d u l l s t h e
sense of smell.
( 7 ) Do n o t f o r g e t t h a t sometimes a heavy c o n c e n t r a t i o n
of a n a g e n t may be o d o r l e s s .

(8) S e l e c t f o r gas sentry a man w i t h a t r a i n e d sense

of smell.
 (B) The M-9 L -2mical Agent Detector Kit,.recently standardize(
by CWS, will detect and identify dangerous vapor concentrations of
at least 11 chemical warfare agents, including those containing
arsenic. Four other items of chemical warfare equipment for vesi-
cant gas detection are still useful and were standardized years ago
by the Chemical Warfare Service; these are the M4 H Vapor Detector
Kit, the M5 Liquid Vesicant Detector Paint, the M6 Liquid Vesicant
Detector Paper, and the M-7 Vesicant Detector Crayon. It should
be kept in mind that fumes from strong acids (smoke mixtures) may
interfere with some of the detector tests or give reactions similar
to that produced by vesicants. The above items or similar equir-
ment, obtainable through the Bureau of Ships, provide means for
detection of vesicants, both in the liquid and vapor form. The
presence of H vapor may be detected by the use of the highly sen-
sitive M4 H Vapor Detector Kit, and the particular leaks (liquid
forhm of principle chemical agents) may be discovered by use of the
M7 Vesicant Detector Crayon. The M5 Liquid Vesicant Detector Paict,
and the ~6 Liquid Vesicant Detector Paper also may be used to de-
tect surfaces contaminated by a liquid vesicant. All vesicant de-
tector kits include instructions for their use.
(1) As already pointed out, H vapor (even in odorless
concentrations) can be detected by using the ~4 H Vapor De-
tector Kit which is sensitive to very low concentrations.
After vapors are discovered, the particular leaking container(s)
can best be determined with the M7 Vesicant Detector Crayon by
sprinkling the joints, threads, tank surfaces, etc. with shav-
ings of powder mad.e from this crayon. The bright pink powder
or scrappings will turn blue if it comes in contact with a
liquid vesicant or a high concentration of H vapor.
(2) If the vesicant detector crayon is not available, a,
slurry of bleach (chloride of lime and water) may be used to
distinguish drops of water from vesicant, but only if the t ~ n k
is outside and downwind from personnel and equipment. It will
cause considerable heat and possibly smoke to be produced at
leaking points on containers. If there is enough liquid vesi-
cant present, the materials are apt to burst into flame on
contact, and this would cause vesicant to spread rspidly into
the air; therefore, a gas mask and protective clothing should
be worn by each person detecting leaks and decontaminating
tanks in this manner.
(c) When a leaking container is discovered, the officer in
charge of the chemical warfare materials (or in his absence,
another responsible officer) should be notified so tha,t he may take
personal charge of the disposal of the leaker. If' leakage of any
vesicant loaded tanks cannot safely be corrected, such tanks should
be cast overboard into deep water and preferably at least a mile
away from shore. When practicable, defective smoke tanks (lealcage
stopped but still under suspicion) should be turned. in to the
nearest filling depot. Leaking points of a tank should be immed-
iately put at the highest level to prevent escape of the liquia
chemical agent.
 (D) Leaking con.- h e r s that are filled witAda smoke mixture
may usually be detected by the presence of a small amount of smoke
or fog coming from the leaking container. If the leak cannot be
stopped, the leaking tank should be removed and its contents trans-
ferred to a tight container. Aboard ship, if this is not practicable
under the circumstances, the contents of the leaking container
should be emptied into the sea or the loaded container cast over-
board to prevent smoking. Since the vapors from smoke mixtures
are not toxic, gas masks are worn for comfort only, but personnel
handling smoke mixtures should protect themselves with acid proof
clothing or aprons and neoprene gloves.
5. Surveillance - No surveillance tests of the chemical agents
stowed in containers aboard ship is necessary other than detection
of leaks, etc. Smoke screen tanks filled with FS, FM, H or L
will keep at least 6 months in monel tanks with the special gaskets
(reference Ordalt No. 1499); however, if leaks develop, the loadrcl
tanks should be disposed of in accordance with paragraphs 4 (b)
and 4 (c) above. Smoke tanks loaded with HL should be turned into
a filling depot after being stored for approximately (2) weeks,
and after about one month's storage the vesicant value should be
considered too low for chemical warfare use, even under ideal
storage conditions. This fact makes it desirable to store H and L
separately mixing them just before contemplated use. H and L are
mixed usually to lower the freezing point of H for use in cold
weather, and it will be noted that this is the only case wherein
filling operations aboard ship may be desirable, and that under
ideal cold weather conditions (very low volatility). Other methods
of preventing H from freezing &ay be used aboard ship (see
Chapter 2, paragraph 5 and Chapter 3, paragraph 7).
 Chapter 1 0
P r o t e c t i o n , P r e c a u t i o n s , and F i r s t A i d f o r Chemical

Faragraph Page
1. P r o t e c t i o n Required a g a i n s t V e s i c a n t s 99
- 99
4
..
2,
3
Safety Precautions Vesicants
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of Vesicant Agents
Symptons of Vesicant Poisoning
100
101
5.
6.
F i r s t Aid - Vesicants
General P r o p e r t i e s of and F i r s t Aid f o r
101
106
Smoke Mixtures

-- -
1, P r o t e c t i o n Required Against Vesicants It i s necessary f o r
a l l personnel engaged i n handling v e s i c a n t s t o p r o t e c t themselves
from both c o n t a c t w i t h t h e l i q u i d and exposure t o t h e vapors.
Complete p r o t e c t i o n r e q u i r e s t h a t the e n t i r e bcdy be p r o t e c t e d a s
t h e l i q u i d v e s i c a n t r e a d i l y p e n e t r a t e s o r d i n a r y c l o t h i n g , o r shoes,
and even rubber a t a l e s s e r r a t e . The same i s tau8 w i t h v e s i c a n t
vapors, i t permeates the c l o t h i n g and a t t a c k s the skin, e s p e c i a l l y
those a r e a s t h a t p e r s p i r e more f r e e l y ,

( A ) Complete p r o t e c t i o n r e q n i r e s t h a t a gas mask be worn t o

p r o t e c t t h e eyes, r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t , and f a c e ; t h e r e s t of t h e body
then must be p r o t e c t e d by s p e c i a l l y impregnated c l o t h i n g . The use
of such impregnated c l o t h i n g should always be augmented by a h o t
b a t h using a s t r o n g soap a s soon a s t h e c l o t h i n g has been removed.
( B ) A s u i t a b l e o u t f i t f o r personnel who a r e handling v e s i c a n t
c o n t a i n e r s o r munitions, o r engaged i n decontamination work con-
s i s t s of s gas mask, impregnated s u i t of blue denim o r v h i t e d r i l l
(Arnzen) c l o t h , woolen gloves, socks, and shoes, a l l impregnated.
(C) P r o t e c t i v e ointment N-4 i s i s s u e d f o r a p p l i c ~ t i o nt o i n -
s u f f i c i e n t l y p r o t e c t e d a r e a s such a s w r i s t s , hands, and neck, and
f o r prophylaxis, When rubbed on the s k i n , t h i s ointment w i l l pro-
t e c t a g a i n s t h i g h vapor c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and w i l l a l s o f u r n i s h con-
s i d e r a b l e p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t l i q u i d drops of a v e s i c a n t ,
---
,2. S a f e t y P r e c a u t i o n s Vesicants
(A) F i y s t a i d and decontaminating m a t e r i a l s should be on hand
whenever working w i t h v e s i c a n t s , A person working with t o x i c gas
o r o t h e r dangerous m a t e r i a l should have an a s s i s t a n t w i t h him a t
a l l times.
 (C) Clothing which h a s become contzminated v i t h a l i q u i d
t.tsicar:t s!.ould be removed and clccontarninated a s soon a s p o s s i ~ ~ .
h f t e r l e a v i n g t h e contaminated a r e a . If the contanination i s Ereat,
t h c c l o t h i n g should be disposed of by burning o r burying. I f burned,
an i s o l a t e d l o c a t i o n should be chosen i n o r d e r t h a t t o x i c fumes
..rl i c h & r e d r i v e n o f f by t h e h e a t w i l l n o t be blown toward personrlel
or animals. I n any e v e n t , t h e contaminated c l o t h i n g must t e r e -
moved from t h t v i c i n i t y s i n c e t h e v e s i c a n t on t h e c l o t h i n g i s a
scurce of f u r t h e r contamination from i t s vapors o r by d i r e c t con-
tact.
(3) Great c a r e must be taken t o p r e v e n t s p i l l i n g even the
sniallest q u a n t i t y of t h e l i q u i d . Should any s p i l l a g e o c c u r , t h e
clreli c m t a n i n z t e d n u s t be immediately decontaminated.

(E) Liq12id v e s i c a n t s a r e r e a d i l y absorbed by porous m a t e r i a l s

such a s wood, c o n c r e t e , p a i n t and complete decontamination becomes
exceedingly d i f f i c u l t . Immediate a c t i o n f a c i l i t a t e s decontamination,
(F) Great c a r e must be taken i n opening c o n t a i n e r s of v e s i c a n t ,
e s p e c i a l l y t:.ose c c n t a i n e r s having a mixture of one o r more v e s i c a n t ,
because of t h e p r e s s u r e wbich may have developed due t o t h e forma-
t i o n of gases. Vapor fumes and even l i q u i d may be e j e c t e d through
t h e opening by t h e i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e t h u s b u i l t up; t h e r e f o r e always
s t a n 2 on t h e windward s i d e of t h e c o n t a i n e r .

J7 * -
I d e n t i f i c a----
t i m of V e s i c a n t Agents - The a b i l i t y of t h e i n d i v i d u a l
t o r t c o a n i z e chemical a g e n t s by t h e i r odor i s of extreme Importance.
~ t - r s o n n c lof cornbat crews who k i l l p d o r m chemical missions-and a l l
o t h e r personnel employed i n t h e h a n d l i n g of- chemical a g e n t s should
be p r o f i c i e n t i n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e v a r i o u s a g e n t s which may be used
( s e e Chapter 9 , paragraph 4).
(A) Zven i n harmless c o n c e n t r c t i o n s , t h e presence of mustard
and l e w i s i t e ( n o t p u r i f i e d ) i s exposed by t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
odors, g a r l i c (H) and geranium '(L). T h i s e a r l y warning must n o t
be i g n o r e d , f o r though t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n may be t o o lug t o be i n
i t s e l f harmful, i t i s l i k e l y t o be s u f f i c i e n t t o deaden t h e sense
of m e 1 1 so t h a t personnel might be unaware of 2 d a n ~ e r o u si n c r e a s e
-
i n concentration.
(B) Because of t h e f a i n t odor a s s o c i a t e d w i t h n i t r o g e n mustards
and p u r i f i e d v e s i c a n t s , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t some chemical method
of d e t e c t i o n be employed. The.re a r e t h r e e standard methoc?s now
available,
 \ d

(1) Detector paint or paper will change to bright red

color in contact with liquid H, L, ED, or nitrogen mustards,
but is not affected by the vapors of these agents. By expos-
ing it widely, sprayed vesicants are readily detected pro-
viding frequent inspection is made.
(2) Kit, Vapor Detector M-9 will detect the presence of
vapors of the various gases, including those containing
arsenic. It will be of special value in cases of odorless or
non-irritating toxic gases in the presence of other odors and
in establishing the absence of any poison gas.
(3) Crayon vesicant detectors are useful in detecting
definite spots of vesicants on material, etc. A special
crayon for nitrogen mustards is being developed although it
is not yet standarized.
4. Symptoms of Vesicant Poisoning - The symptoms of vesicant
poisoning are delayed and usually do not appear until 15 minutes
after contact with the liquid (L causes immediate pain); if ex-
posed to vapors the symptoms usually do not appear d t i l 2-4 hours
after exposure and may 5 delayed ss w as B h o u r s . The
symptoms are as follows:
(1) A sensation of grit in the eyes, followed quickly
by reddening of the eyes and eyelids and tear flow.
(2) Reddening of skin surface followed by swelling, es.
pecially of moist areas, and later development of blisters.
(3) Hoarse cough, expectoration, and severe pain in
the chest.
(4) Nausea and vomiting, if any of the gas has been
swallowed.
5. First Aid - -Vesicants
(A) The applicatlon of immediate first aid measures is of the
greatest importance to individuals who have been subjected to
vesicant agents. If the liquid vesicant is completely removed from
the skin within three minutes (H) or one minute (L) after con-
tact, it is probable that no severe burn will result and further
medical tres.tment is usually not required. It is essential that
all personnel be tr;.ined in the immediate action to be taken in case
they become contaminated. After about ten minutes for persons ex-
posed to L and thirty minutes for persons exposed to H, prophy-
laxis is prectlcally- ineffective; in fact, protective ohbent or
chlorinating agents should not be used after inflammation appears
as they will increase the irritation. The symptomatic treatment
applied after injury has been produced is usually quite different
from the specific preventative treatment, and usually does little
to prevent further damage. In general, the specific treatment of
injuries caused by chemical agents does not differ from that of
similar conditions occumhg from other causes; for example, the
after treatment of a skin lesion caused by mustard is the same as
that for any ulcerative lesion of the skin of like degree.
(B) Prophylaxis for Mustard (skin) - To be effective, prophy-
lactic measures must be instituted within a few minutes. Immediate
prophylaxis is effective following liquid contamination, but of
little use after exposure to vapor since in this case practically
all of the agent has already penetrated the skin. M t e r getting
out of the gassed area contaminated clothes must be quickly re-
moved, using the proper precautions not to spread the contam-
ination. The continued wearing of clothing contaminated with
mustard, liquid or vapor, will cause severe burning of the skin.
The clothes removed should be segregated until decontaminated,
burned, or buried. A careful terhique must be followed for the
removal of liquid mustard from the skin, otherwise such attempts
merely serve to spread the agent. Three steps are necessary.
(1) First. Dry pads are gently applied to absorb any
mustard remaining on the skin. This action is one of dabbing,
not rubbing. Fresh pads should be used for each dabbing so
as not to spread the agent to uncontaminated areas.
(2) Second. The treatment agent is applied. The fol-
lowing four methods of prophylaxis are recommended:
(a) Protective ointment - Protective ointment M-4
gives excellent prophylaxis if used properly and i m e d -
iately. It is to be used by the individual on himself
as soon after contamination as possible. A small amount
of ointment is squeezed onto a piece of gauze, cotton
waste, handkerchief, piece of shirt, or similar material
and rubbed vigorously on and around the affected area
for 10 to 20 seconds. The ointment is then wiped off.
This procedure of applying, rubbing, and removing the
ointment is repeated three or four times. Protective
ointment should not be used if inflammation has appeared.
(b) Dichloramine - T in triacetin - Gently and re-
peatedly dab the affected areas with gauze (or other
similar material) moistened with a 20 percent solution
of dichloramine -T in triacetin. This method should
-
not be used if inflammation has appeared.
 ( c ) e v e n t s - S o l v e n t s such a s g a s o l i n e ( u n l e a d e d ) ,
kerosene, carbon t e t r a c h l o r i d e , a l c o h o l , e t c . may be used.
A very c a r e f u l technique must be foliowed. The s o l v e n t
must n o t be a l l o w e d t o run from t h e contaminated t o t h e
u n a f f e c t e d s k i n a s i t w i l l c a r r y t h e v e s i c a n t and extend
t h e damage, The sponging m a t e r i a l should be dampened b u t
n o t s a t u r a t e d w i t h t h e s o l v e n t , The c l e a n i n g a c t i o n should
be t h a t of dabbing, n o t rubbing. Only t h i s method should
be used i f i n f l a . a t i o n a p e a r s b e f o r e f i r t a i h a s f e e 2
i n s t i t u t e d , ~ a ~ o r N a u r nssh B ~ l dn o t be t r e a h w R h s o ven s *

(d) Hvochlorites -Products c o n t a i n i n g a c t i v e

c h l o r i n e , suck a s b l e a c h (grade A calcium h y p o c h l o r i t e ) ,
o r sodium h y p o c h l o r i t e ( D a k i n r s s o l u t i o n ) may be used.
Bleach may be used a s a p a s t e , 1 p a r t t o 1 o r 2 p a r t s of
w a t e r . Because of t h e i r r i t a n t p r o p e r t i e s of b l e a c h p a s t e ,
i t must be washed o f f w i t h n a t e r i n 3 minutes. T h i s method
reco e d
&is meRo8 Ti dec
GZlanrm~l9ionRR
ami $in,
5pg&e3:ir. Do not u s e
(3) Third. Following methods i n ( b ) , ( c ) , and ( d ) above,
t h e s k i n a r e a i s washed w i t h soap and water and p a t t e d dry,
Following method i n (a) above, t h e ointment i s washed o f f w E h
soap and water when t h e t a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n permits. The spong-
ing m a t e r i a l s contaminated i n t h e p r o c e s s should be burned o r
buried.
(C) P r o p h ~ & x i s f o r Iiustard (Eye). Liquid mustard i n t h e eye
demands immediate i r r i g a t i o n w i t h 2 p e r c e n t sodium b i c a r b o n a t e
s o l u t i o ~ ,s a l i n e , o r p l a i n w a t e r , continued f o r 1 0 minutes. If
i r r i g a t i o n cannot be i n s t i t u t e d w i t h i n 5 minutes, i t should be
done a t a l l . 'dashing t h e eye ~ i t w h a t e r , when sodium b i c a r b o n a t e
s o l u t i o n i s n o t ' a v a i l a b l e , may be done, u n l e s s i n t h e icmediate
v i c i n i t y of rnedical a i d , s i n c e time i s t h e c o n t r o l - l i n g f a c t o r . n&
Rubbing t h e eye must be avoided. Vapor bnrns of t h e eye s h o u l c b e
i r r i g a t e d . Sodium b i c a r b o n a t e s o l u t i o n should a l s o be used f o r a
t h r o a t g a r g l e and mouth wash,
(D) _Prophylaxis f o r T,ewisite ( S k i n l . I n g e n e r a l , l e w i s i t e
z c t s more q u i c k l y and nore p a i n f u l l y t h a n mustard, Prophylaxis
a g a i n s t s k i n contamination w i t h l i q u i d o r vapor l e w i s i t e should be
i n s t i t u t e d w i t h i n 1 m i n u t e a f t e r exposure s i n c e s k i n g e n e t r a t i o n i s
r a p i d , A f t e r g e t t i n g out of t h e gassed a r e a contaminated c l o t h i n g
must be q u i c k l y removed w i t h u s u a l p r e c a u t i o n s and t r e a t m e n t , i f
p o s s i b l e , s t a r t e d a t the same time. The saxe t h r e e s t e p s a s f o r
p r o p h y l a c t i c t r e a t m e n t of mustard a r e u s e d , though t h e s p e c i f i c
remedies d i f f e r .
(1) F i r s t , Liquid drops a r e removed by q u i c k l y b l o t t i n g
w i t h d r y a b s o r b e n t p a t e r i a l ( s e e paragraph 6 ( ~ ) ( 1 )f o r technique).
 T h i s s t e p i s 'omitted f o r vapor burns, b u r t h e remainder i s the
same a s f o r l i q u i d contamination.
( 2 ) Second. N e u t r a l i z a t i o n and removal by one of t h e
following methods:
( a ) P r o t e c t i v e ointment. P r o t e c t i v e o i n t ~ e n tM-4
g i v e s e f f e c t i v e prophylaxis i f used properly and -- imed-
i- ateQ. It i s t o be used by t h e i n d i v i d u a l on himself
a s soon a s p o s s i b l e a f t e r contamination. The method i s
i d e n t i c a l with i t s use f o r mustard ( s e e paragraph 6 ( ~ ) ( 2 )
above). It should not be used a f t e r inflammation has
developed.
( b ) Hydrogen peroxide. Eight percent hydrogen
Feroxide i s t h e be'st a v a i l a b l e p r o p h y l a c t i c f o r l e w i s i t e
s k i n contaminations* i f n o t a v a i l a b l e , use U. S. P. 3 per-
c e n t hydrogen peroxide. F r e s h swabs should be used f o r
each a p p l i c a t i o n and a c a r e f u l technique used t o prevent
i n c r e a s e of t h e i n j u r e d a r e a due- t o c a r e l e s s swabbing.
( c ) Sodium hydroxidg. A 10 percent s o l u t i o n of
sodium hydroxide i n 30 percent (705 d i s t i l l e d w a t e r )
g l y c e r i n - may be used- i f - hydrogen peroxide i s n o t a v a i l -
able. The s k i n should be swabbed a l t e r n a t e l y w i t h t h i s
s o l u t i o n and alcohol. I f t h e g l y c e r i n s o l u t i o n i s not
a v a i l a b l e , a 5 percent aqueous s o l u t i o n of sodium hydroxide
may be used, and water may be used as a l e s s e f f e c t i v e
s u b s t i t u t e f o r t h e azcohol (Soapy water, G . I . soap, con-
t a i n s a 8mLl mounb~@f Bodium'hydvoxide).
( d ) Solvents. I f none of t h e foregoing m a t e r i a l s
a r e a v a i l a b l e , t h e same s o l v e n t s and technique described
f o r mustard (paragraph 6(~)(2)above) may be used.
( 3 ) Third. P r o t e c t i v e ointment &I-4 i s removed with soap
and water when t h e t a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n permits. A f t e r swabbing
described i n ( b ) , ( c ) , and ( d ) above, t h e s k i n should be
thoroughly washed w i t h soap and water. Swabs should be burned
o r buried.
( E ) Prophylaxis f o r L a s i t e ye). Liquid l e r i s i t e causes
i n s t a n t a n e o u s severe p a i n on c o n t a c t with t h e eye and marked spasms
of t h e eyelid. Severe eye l e s i o m a r e produced by even small drops
of l i q u i d l e w i s i t e . Although not a s severe a$ t h e l i q u i d , l e w i s i t e
vapor a l s o causes marked i n j u r y t o t h e eye. Two t o f o u r drops of
eye s o l u t i o n M-1 should be i n s t i l l e d i n t o a contaminated eye a s soon
as p o s s i b l e . For maximum e f f e c t i v e n e s s t h i s s o l u t i o n should be used
when and where t h e i n j u r y occurs, by t h e i n d i v i d u a l h i m s e l f , or he
 - d

should be t r e a t e d by t h e man n e a r e s t him. T h i s s o l u t i o n may pre-

v e n t l a t e r damage if used up t o 30 minutes a f t e r contaminztion w i t h
l e w i s i t e l i q u i d , The eye s o l u t i o n M - 1 i s used once only and i s
--
n o t r e p e a t e d . I n t h e absence of eye s o l u t i o n M - 1 t h e eye should be
p r o n p t l y washed o u t w i t h water i n t h e mznner d e s c r i b e d f o r mustard
( s e e paragraph 6 ( ~ above), ) whether contaminated by t h e l i q u i d or
t h e vapor, I n t h e c a s e of spasms of t h e e y e l i d , t h e eye s o l u t i o n
may have t o be placed i n t h e i n n e r c o r n e r of t h e eye and allowed
t o spread over t h e cornea a s b e s t i t may. The eye s o l u t i o n M - 1 i s
of no v a l u e f o r mustard contaminations b u t should be used f o r con-
t a m i n a t i o n s by m i x t u r e s of l e w i s i t e and mustard and f o r a l l o t h e r
a r s e n i c a l v e s i c a n t s , L a t e r medical t r e a t m e n t of t h e e y e s may be
required.
( F ) Prophylaxis f o r Mixed Vesicants, The u s e of v e s i c a n t
a g e n t m i x t u r e s may be expected e i t h e r a s premixed a g e n t s o r a s a
c o n b i n a t i m of two a g e n t s d i r e c t e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y on one o b j e c t i v e .
Such m i x t u r e s complicate s p e c i f i c p r o p h y l a x i s and t r e a t m e n t , A t -
t a c k f i r s t t h e a g e n t capable of doing t h e g r e a t e s t damage, a s
quickly a s possible, It w i l l o f t e n be n e c e s s a r y t o u s e more t h a n
one medical agent. Lesions produced by a mixture o f mustard and
l e w i s i t e show c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of b o t h a g e n t s , There a r e two forms
of b l i s t e r i n g a g e n t s : t h o s e which cause only l o c a l i r r i t a t i o n
( l i k e H) and t h o s e which cause l o c a l i r r i t a t i o n p l u s i n t e r n a l poi-
soning ( l i k e L) , These l a t t e r compounds u s u a l l y c o n t a i n a r s e n i c .
The f o l l o w i n g apply t o l e w i s i t e and mustard mixtures.
(1) Skin, P r o t e c t i v e ointment M-4 should be used by t h e
indivjldual a s a l r e a d y d i r e c t e d above, When a v a i l a b l e t h e use
of hydrogen peroxide followed by dichloramine-T i n t r i a c e t i n
o r p r o t e c t i v e ointment i s c o n s i d e r e d t h e t r e a t m e n t of choiae.
( 2 ) Eyes, I f eyes a r e contamined, eye s o l u t i o n M - 1 should
be used immediately, a s a l r e a d y d i r e c t e d above, followed a s
soon a s p o s s i b l e by thorough i r r i g a t i o n w i t h a 2 p e r c e n t sodium
b i c a r b o n a t e s o l u t i o n , normal s a l i n e o r p l a i n water,
(G) Prophylaxis f o r Nitrogen Mustards -The g a s mask should
be u t on a s soon a s t h e g a s i s d e t e c t e d , and worn continuously
P
u n t 1 a l l danger of exposure his passed, Liquid-splashed c l o t h i n g
should be removed a t f i r s t o p p o r t u n i t y , a s f o r o t h e r v e s i c a n t
a g e n t s , The e f f e c t on t h e r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t of humans i s n o t known.
However, s i n c e t h e e f f e c t s i n animals a r e very s i m i l a r t o those pro-
duced by mustard v a p o r , i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e e f f e c t s i n man wou.ld
be s i m i l a r . I n animals t h e r e i s marked s w e l l i n g and i r r i t a t i o n of
t h e l i n i n g of t h e nose, t h r o a t , and windpipe, The i n j u r y i s pre-
dominately t o t h e upper r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t , b u t i n s e v e r e c a s e s the
damage e x t e n d s i n t o t h e s m a l l a i r s a c s of t h e lungs. The symptons,
i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e d i s c o m f ~ r ti n t h e nose and t h r o a t , a r e h o a r s e n e s s ,
cough, and d i f f i c u l t y i n b r e a t h i n g ,
 (1) Eyes. - l f the llquld. ncent has enwred the eye, it
must be washed out by the individual as quickly as possible
with water. The eyes are apparently more susceptible to the
vapor of the more volatile nitrogen mustards than any other
exposed tissue. The less volatile nitrogen mustards are much
less effective than equal concentrations of mustard vapor,
while the more volatile ones produce damage equal to or
greater than that produced by a similar mustard exposure. The
liquid forms of the more volatile nitrogen mustards damage
the eyes more severely than liquid mustard. An exposure pro-
duces in man lacrimation and smarting of the eyes, beginning
at once to 18 minutes after exposure. These early symptoms
disappear after a few minutes and may be overlooked in Ig-
norance. They reappear at intervals, with increasing fre-
quency and severity, until they finally become persistent
about 2 1/2 hours after exposure. Symptoms increase for 8 to 24
hours or longer after exposure. The pupils are contracted.
Eye pain on exposure to light is generally present. Long ex-
posures to low concentrations or short exposures to high
concentrations of vapor produce severe lesions in the eye. In
a more severe exposure the cornea is swollen and cloudy. The
conjunctiva is also swollen and bright red. Irritation,
lacrimation, and deep eye pain are prominent.
(2) Skin. If the contamination is positively known to be
due to n i w e n mustard, soap and water alone are best for de-
contamination, but it is safer where doubt exists to use first
the protective ointment, followed by soap and water, or plain
water. If redness has appeared, the use of the ointment should
be omitted, and soap and water alone used. Blisters should
not be opened until medical treatment is available. The liquids
blister the skin more rapidly, but somewhat less severely, than
equal amounts of mustard. The redness and blisters resemble
those produced by mustard. The blister is translucent, has
sloping sides, and is surrounded by a zone of redness.
(3) Vapor contaminations. In vapor contaminations of
the skin, eyes, or respiratory tract, the damage has already
been done, and it is too late for effective prophylaxis. The
vapors are only about one-fifth as damaging to the skin as
equal concentrations of mustard vapor. As with mustard vapor
contaminations, prophylaxis may t30 more harm thgn good; hence,
the patient should wait until regular medical treatment is
available.
6. General Properties of &d First Aid for Smoke Mixtures. Both
FM and FS act like heavy acids, especially in the presence of water;
however, the concentration of the substances that is encountered in
a smoke or fog is very low, and for this reason gives no deleterious
effects to either personnel or equipment. In the liquid state these
substan'ces must be treated like heavy acids, and all the precautions
taken in handling acids should be applied when handling smoke mix-
tures. Extreme caution is necessary not to spill any of the liquid
on personnel or equipment, or to allow foreign substances, especially
greases and watezs, to come in contact with Zliquid smoke mix-
ture as the smoke mixtures react violently with these substances.
Personnel engaged in handling smoke mixtures should protect
themselves with acid proof clothing or aprons and neoprene gloves.
Since the fumes or vapors are not toxic, gas masks need not be
worn unless desired; however, personnel should be careful not to
inhale the concentrated vapors or unduly expose themselves to
light concentrations of vapors for long periods of time.
r'
(A) When water or grease come in contact with an appreciable
quantity of a smoke mixture, a large amount of heat is liberated
and decomposition of the spoke mixture may take place with ex-
plosive violence. This will cause drops of the acid smoke mix-
ture to be scattered around; the area covered and the amount of
liquid smoke mixture distributed depends upon the original
quantity of the smoke mixture, the quantity of grease and water
and the speed of mixing.
(B) When any liquid smoke mixture is spilled, the liquid
should be diluted by repeatedly drowning with water and/or
neutralized with a sodium bicarbonate solution.
(c) If any liquid smoke mixture gets on the body, it should
be immediately wiped off with a piece of dry cloth or waste
followed by washing with an abundance of water. A weak solution
of sodium bicarbonate and water should then be sponged on the
affected area to neutralize the acid smoke mixture. After neu-
tralizing the acid, the skin should then be washed off with water
and dried. The affected area should then be treated as for
burn.
(D) In case any of the liquid smoke mixture gets into the
eyes, wipe off as much of the liquid as possible and then flush
the eye with a one *or two percent solution of sodium bicarbonate
and water (one or two heaping teaspoonfuls of sodium bicarbonate
to a pint of water). Follow this with a few drops of olive oil,
caster oil, or medical min,eraloil. In case there is no soda
solution available, flush the eyes with copious quantities of
running water.
(E) If a quantity of liquid smoke mixture (2 or 3 ounces) is
spilled on the clothing, remove the garment immediately. Do not
put water on the clothing while it is being worn, as the heat of
the reaction between the smoke mixture and the water is apt to
cause severe burns. The smoke mixture that has soaked through to
the skin should then be removed as described above and the
clothing thoroughly rinsed with water and put in a saturated
solution of sodium bicarbonate.
(F) Personnel who have inhaled excessive quantities of the
fumes should be kept quiet and given medical attention at once.