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09 Evaporation PDF
09 Evaporation PDF
Evaporation
Daene C. McKinney
Evaporation
• Terminology
– Evaporation: liquid water passes directly to
the vapor phase
– Transpiration: liquid water passes from
liquid to vapor through plant metabolism
– Sublimation: water passes directly from the
solid phase to the vapor phase
Factors Influencing Evaporation
• Energy supply for vaporization (latent heat)
– Solar radiation
• Transport of vapor away from evaporative surface
– Wind velocity over surface
– Specific humidity gradient above surface
• Vegetated surfaces
– Supply of moisture to the surface
– Evapotranspiration (ET)
• Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) – moisture supply is not limited
Evaporation from a Water Surface
Sensible
Net radiation Vapor flow rate
heat to air
Hs Rn m& v = ρ w AE
ρa
Hs Rn m& v
d
− m& v = ∫∫∫ ρ w d∀ + ∫∫ ρ wV ⋅ dA
ρa dt CV CS
dh
ρw h
=0
E=−
dt
dh dh
= ρw A E=− No flow of liquid
G
dt dt water through CS
m& v = ρ w AE
Energy Method (2)
d
Vapor Phase - Continuitym& v = ∫∫∫ qv ρ a d∀ + ∫∫ qv ρ aV ⋅ dA
dt CV CS
Hs Rn m& v =0
m& v = ∫∫ qv ρ aV ⋅ dA Steady flow of air
CS over water
ρa
= ρ w AE
dh
ρw h
ρ w AE = ∫∫ qv ρ aV ⋅ dA
E=−
dt
CS
G
1
E= ∫∫ qv ρ aV ⋅ dA
ρ w A CS
Energy Method (3)
Energy Eq. dH dW d
− = ∫∫∫ (eu + V 2 / 2 + gz ) ρd∀
dt dt dt CV
r r
+ ∫∫ (eu + V / 2 + gz ) ρV ⋅ dA
2
Hs Rn m& v =0 CS
≈ 0; V = 0, h ≈ const.
ρa
dH d
= ∫∫∫ eu ρ w d∀
E=−
dh
ρw h
dt dt CV
dt
= Rn − H s − G
G dH
= Rn − H s − G
dt
Energy Method (4)
Energy Eq. for Water in CV
dH
= Rn − H s − G Hs Rn m& v
dt
Assume:
ρa
1. Constant temp of water in CV
2. Change of heat is change in internal E=−
dh
ρw
dt h
energy of evaporated water dH
= lv m& v
dt G
lv m& v = Rn − H s − G & = ρ w AE
Recall: m
1 Rn Neglecting sensible
E= (Rn − H s − G ) Er =
lv ρ w A lv ρ w and ground heat fluxes
Aerodynamic Method
• Include transport of vapor Rn Net radiation
away from water surface as
function of:
– Humidity gradient above
surface Air Flow
• Log-velocity profile
u 1 ⎛ Z ⎞ Air Flow
= ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
τ k ⎝ Zo ⎠ E Evaporation
ρa
• Momentum flux
⎡ k (u − u ) ⎤
2
τ = ρa ⎢ 2 1 ⎥
⎣ ln(Z 2 Z1 )⎦
( )
K w k 2 ρ a qv1 − qv2 (u 2 − u1 )
Too many variables!
m& = Often only know qv and u at 1 elevation
K m [ln(Z 2 Z1 )]2
Thornthwaite-Holzman Equation
Aerodynamic Method (3)
• Simplify Rn Net radiation
Ea = B(es − e )
Air Flow
0.622k ρ a u 2
2
B= E Evaporation
Pρ w [ln(Z 2 Z o )]2
e = vapor pressure
T = 25 degC
Δ γ
Rh = 40% = 0 .738 = 0.262
Δ +γ Δ +γ
Δ γ
E= Er + Ea = 0.738 * 7.10 + 0.262 * 7.45 = 7.2 mm/day
Δ +γ Δ +γ
Example
0.7
0.2 ≤ k c ≤ 1.3 0.6
0.4
0 ≤ ks ≤ 1 0.3
0.2
ET = k s k c ETr 0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time Since Planting (Days)
http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/04707.html
Combined Method
• Evaporation could be calculated by
– Aerodynamic method: when energy supply is not limiting
– Energy method: when vapor transport is not limiting
• Normally, both are limiting, so use a combination
method
• Sensible heat flux is difficult to estimate
– Assume it is proportional to the vapor heat flux H s = β (lv m& v )
– Where β = Bowen ratio
1
– Energy balance equation (G=0) E= (Rn − H s − G )
lv ρ w A
Rn = lv m& (1 + β )
Combined Method (2)
• Transport equations for heat and vapor
dqv dT
H s = −ρa K w m& v = − ρ a C p K h
dz dz
H s C p K h (T2 − T1 )
= H s = β (lv m& v ) qv = 0.622
e
m& v K w (qv − qv ) p
2 1
C p K h p(T2 − T1 ) C p Kh p
β= γ=
0.622lv K w (e2 − e1 ) 0.622lv K w
(T2 − T1 ) Kh
β =γ ≈1
(e2 − e1 ) Kw
Recall Vapor Pressure
e
Rh =
es
e Vapor Pressure
Temperature