Adders

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EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Full-Adder
A B

Cin Full Cout

adder

Sum

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 The Binary Adder
A B

Cin Full Cout

adder

Sum

S = A B Ci

= ABC i + ABC i + ABCi + ABCi

C o = AB + BCi + AC i

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Express Sum and Carry as a function of P, G, D

Define 3 new variable which ONLY depend on A, B

Generate (G) = AB
Propagate (P) = A B
Delete = A B

Can also derive expressions for S and Co based on D and P

Note that we will be sometimes using an alternate definition for
Propagate (P) = A B
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Complimentary Static CMOS Full Adder
VDD

VDD
Ci A B

A B
A

B
Ci B
VDD
A
X
Ci

Ci A S
Ci

A B B VDD
A B Ci A

Co B

28 Transistors
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
A Better Structure: The Mirror Adder
VDD

VDD VDD A

A B B A B Ci B
Kill
"0"-Propagate A Ci
Co
Ci S
A Ci
"1"-Propagate Generate
A B B A B Ci A

24 transistors

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Mirror Adder
Stick Diagram
VDD

A B Ci B A Ci Co Ci A B

Co

GND
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 The Mirror Adder
• The NMOS and PMOS chains are completely symmetrical.
A maximum of two series transistors can be observed in the carry-
generation circuitry.
• When laying out the cell, the most critical issue is the minimization
of the capacitance at node Co. The reduction of the diffusion
capacitances is particularly important.
• The capacitance at node Co is composed of four diffusion
capacitances, two internal gate capacitances, and six gate
capacitances in the connecting adder cell .
• The transistors connected to Ci are placed closest to the output.
• Only the transistors in the carry stage have to be optimized for
optimal speed. All transistors in the sum stage can be minimal
size.

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Transmission Gate Full Adder

P
VDD
VDD Ci
A
P S Sum Generation
A A P Ci

A P VDD
B B
VDD A
P
P Co Carry Generation
Ci Ci Ci
A
Setup P

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 One-phase dynamic CMOS adder

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 One-phase dynamic CMOS adder

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 One-phase dynamic CMOS adder

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 The Ripple-Carry Adder
A0 B0 A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3

Ci,0 Co,0 Co,1 Co,2 Co,3

FA FA FA FA
( Ci,1)

S0 S1 S2 S3

Worst case delay linear with the number of bits

td = O(N)

tadder = (N-1)tcarry + tsum

Goal: Make the fastest possible carry path circuit

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Inversion Property

A B A B

Ci FA Co Ci FA Co

S S

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Minimize Critical Path by Reducing Inverting Stages

Even cell Odd cell

A0 B0 A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3

Ci,0 Co,0 Co,1 Co,2 Co,3

FA FA FA FA

S0 S1 S2 S3

Exploit Inversion Property

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Carry Look-Ahead Adders

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Carry-Lookahead Adders

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Carry-Lookahead Adders

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Look-Ahead: Topology
Expanding Lookahead equations: VDD

Co k = G k + P k G k – 1 + P k – 1 Co k–2 G3

G2

G1
All the way:
G0
Co k = Gk + P k G k – 1 + P k – 1 + P 1 G 0 + P 0 Ci 0
Ci,0
Co,3

P0

P1

P2

P3

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Manchester Carry Chain
VDD
Pi
VDD
Pi
Ci Co
Gi
Co Gi
Ci

Di
Pi

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Manchester Carry Chain
VDD

P0 P1 P2 P3
C3

Ci,0
G0 G1 G2 G3

C0 C1 C2 C3

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Manchester Carry Chain
Stick Diagram

Propagate/Generate Row

VDD
Pi Gi Pi + 1 Gi + 1

Ci - 1 Ci Ci + 1

GND

Inverter/Sum Row

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Carry-Bypass Adder
P0 G1 P0 G1 P2 G2 P3 G3 Also called
Carry-Skip
Ci,0 C o,0 C o,1 Co,2 Co,3
FA FA FA FA

P0 G1 P0 G1 P2 G2 P3 G3
BP=P oP1 P2 P3
Ci,0 C o,0 Co,1 C o,2
FA FA FA FA

Multiplexer
Co,3

Idea: If (P0 and P1 and P2 and P3 = 1)

then C o3 = C0, else “kill” or “generate”.

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Carry-Bypass Adder (cont.)
Bit 0–3 Bit 4–7 Bit 8–11 Bit 12–15
Setup tsetup Setup Setup Setup
tbypass

Carry Carry Carry Carry

propagation propagation propagation propagation

Sum Sum Sum tsum Sum

M bits

tadder = tsetup + Mtcarry + (N/M –1)tbypass + (M – 1)tcarry + tsum

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Carry Ripple versus Carry Bypass

tp
ripple adder

bypass adder

4..8 N

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Carry-Select Adder
Setup

P,G

"0" "0" Carry Propagation

"1" "1" Carry Propagation

Co,k-1 Multiplexer Co,k+ 3

Carry Vector

Sum Generation

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Carry Select Adder: Critical Path
Bit 0–3 Bit 4–7 Bit 8–11 Bit 12–15
Setup Setup Setup Setup

0 0-Carry 0 0-Carry 0 0-Carry 0 0-Carry

1 1-Carry 1 1-Carry 1 1-Carry 1 1-Carry

Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer

Ci,0 Co,3 Co,7 Co,11 Co,15

Sum Generation Sum Generation Sum Generation Sum Generation

S0–3 S4–7 S8–11 S12–15

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Linear Carry Select
Bit 0-3 Bit 4-7 Bit 8-11 Bit 12-15

Setup Setup Setup Setup

(1)

"0" Carry "0" Carry "0" Carry "0" Carry

"0" "0" "0" "0"
(1)

"1" Carry "1" Carry "1" Carry "1" Carry

"1" "1" "1" "1"
(5) (5) (5) (5) (5)
(6) (7) (8)
Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer
Ci,0
(9)

Sum Generation Sum Generation Sum Generation Sum Generation

S0-3 S 4-7 S8-11 S 12-15 (10)

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Square Root Carry Select
Bit 0-1 Bit 2-4 Bit 5-8 Bit 9-13 Bit 14-19

Setup Setup Setup Setup

(1)

"0" Carry "0" Carry "0" Carry "0" Carry

"0" "0" "0" "0"
(1)

"1" Carry "1" Carry "1" Carry "1" Carry

"1" "1" "1" "1"
(3) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
(4) (5) (6) (7)
Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer Mux
Ci,0
(8)
Sum Generation Sum Generation Sum Generation Sum Generation Sum

S 0-1 S2-4 S5-8 S 9-13 S 14-19 (9)

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
Adder Delays - Comparison
50

40 Ripple adder

30

Linear select
20

10
Square root select

0
0 20 40 60
N

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 “O” Operator

Definizione

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Properties of the “O” operator

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Properties of the “O” operator

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Group Generate and Propagate

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Group Generate and Propagate

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Group Generate and Propagate

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Look-Ahead - Basic Idea
A0 , B 0 A1, B1 ••• AN-1, BN-1

Ci,0 P0 Ci,1 P1
Ci, N-1 PN-1

S0 S1 ••• SN-1

Co k = f A k B k Co k–1 = G k + P k Co k –1

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Logarithmic Look-Ahead Adder
A0 F

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7

A0
tp N
A1

A2
A3
F
A4
A5
A6 tp log2(N)
A7

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Brent-Kung BLC adder

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Folding of the inverse tree

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Folding the inverse tree

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Dense tree with minimum fan-out

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Dense tree with simple connections

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Carry Lookahead Trees

Co 0 = G 0 + P 0 Ci 0

Co 1 = G 1 + P 1 G 0 + P 1 P 0 Ci 0
Co 2 = G2 + P2 G1 + P2 P1 G0 + P2 P1 P0 C i 0

= G 2 + P 2 G 1 + P 2 P 1 G 0 + P 0 Ci 0 = G 2:1 + P2:1 C o 0

Can continue building the tree hierarchically.

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 © Digital
(A0, B0) S0

(A1, B1) S1

(A2, B2) S2

(A3, B3) S3

EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd

(A4, B4) S4
Tree Adders

(A5, B5) S5

(A6, B6) S6

(A7, B7) S7

(A8, B8) S8

16-bit radix-2 Kogge-Stone tree

(A9, B9) S9

(A10, B10) S10

(A11, B11) S11

(A12, B12) S12

(A13, B13) S13

(A14, B14) S14

(A15, B15) S15

Arithmetic Circuits
 © Digital
(a 0, b 0) S0

(a 1, b 1) S1

(a 2, b 2) S2

(a 3, b 3) S3

EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd

(a 4, b 4) S4
Tree Adders

(a 5, b 5) S5

(a 6, b 6) S6

(a 7, b 7) S7

(a 8, b 8) S8

16-bit radix-4 Kogge-Stone Tree (a 9, b 9) S9

(a 10, b 10 ) S 10

(a 11, b 11 ) S 11

(a 12, b 12 ) S 12

(a 13, b 13 ) S 13

(a 14, b 14 ) S 14

(a 15, b 15 ) S 15
Arithmetic Circuits
 © Digital
(a 0, b 0) S0

(a 1, b 1) S1

(a 2, b 2) S2

(a 3, b 3) S3

EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd

(a 4, b 4) S4

(a 5, b 5) S5
Sparse Trees

(a 6, b 6) S6

(a 7, b 7) S7

(a 8, b 8) S8

(a 9, b 9) S9

(a 10 , b 10 ) S 10

(a 11 , b 11 ) S 11

(a 12 , b 12 ) S 12
16-bit radix-2 sparse tree with sparseness of 2

(a 13 , b 13 ) S 13

(a 14 , b 14 ) S 14

(a 15 , b 15 ) S 15
Arithmetic Circuits
 © Digital
(A0, B0) S0

(A1, B1) S1

(A2, B2) S2

EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd

(A3, B3) S3

Brent-Kung Tree
(A4, B4) S4
Tree Adders

(A5, B5) S5

(A6, B6) S6

(A7, B7) S7

(A8, B8) S8

(A9, B9) S9

(A10, B10) S10

(A11, B11) S11

(A12, B12) S12

(A13, B13) S13

(A14, B14) S14

(A15, B15) S15

Arithmetic Circuits
 Example: Domino Adder
VDD

VDD
Clk
G i = a i bi

Clk
P i = a i + bi ai

ai bi
bi

Clk
Clk

Propagate Generate

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Example: Domino Adder
VDD
VDD

Clkk Clkk
Pi:i-2k+1 Gi:i-2k+1

Pi:i-k+1 Pi:i-k+1
Gi:i-k+1

Pi-k:i-2k+1 Gi-k:i-2k+1

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Example: Domino Sum
VDD VDD Keeper

Clk Clkd

Sum

Gi:0

Clk Si0

Clkd

Clk

Gi:0

Si1

Clk

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits
 Adders – Summary

© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits2nd
Arithmetic Circuits