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Physics Project Investigatory Project 9 PDF
Physics Project Investigatory Project 9 PDF
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APPARATUS:-
A coil of large turns, a.c. source of adjustable frequency, an electrical bulb,
(6V) a.c. ammeter of suitable range rheostat, a soft iron rod, one way key,
connecting wires etc.
THEORY:-
Self inductance is the property of a coil which opposes the change in current
through it. The self inductance of a coil (long solenoid) is
μ 0 μr N 2 A
L= l
μ
where µr = Relative magnetic permeability of magnetic material, µr = μ 0
l = Length of solenoid
E rms
Irms = Z
where Z = √ R 2+ ω2 L2 = Impedance of the a.c. circuit
H= I 2rme Zt
H
P= = I 2rms Z
t
P= I 2rms √ R2 + ω2 L2
OBSERSATION:-
1.
Least count of ammeter = A
2.
Zero error of ammeter= A
3.
Range of ammeter= A
RESULT:-
1. The current in the circuit decrease on inserting the iron rod in the core
of coil at constant frequent of applied voltage and brightness of bulb
decrease and vice-versa.
2. The current in the circuit increase on decreasing the frequency of
applied voltage and vice-versa. Therefore, the brightness of bulb
increase.
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The coil should have number of turn.
2. Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the heating
effect.
3. There should not be parallax in taking the reading of ammeter.
SOURCE OF ERROR:-
1. The resistance of circuit mat increase slightly due to heating effect
of current.
2. There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.
Lenz's law named after the physicist Heinrich Lenz who formulated it in 1834,
says:
which indicates that the induced voltage and the change in magnetic flux
have opposite signs. It is a qualitative law that specifies the direction of
induced current but says nothing about its magnitude. Lenz's Law explains
the direction of many effects in electromagnetism, such as the direction of
voltage induced in an inductor or wire loop by a changing current, or why
eddy currents exert a drag force on moving objects in a magnetic field.
When the emf is induced into an adjacent component situated within the
same magnetic field, the emf is said to be induced by -induction, (M) and
mutual induction is the basic operating principal of transformers, motors,
relays etc. Self inductance is a special case of mutual inductance, and
because it is produced within a single isolated circuit we generally call self-
inductance simply, Inductance.
The basic unit of measurement for inductance is called the Henry, (H) after
Joseph Henry, but it also has the units of Webers per Ampere ( 1 H = 1
Wb/A ).
Where: di is the change in the current in Amperes and dt is the time taken for
this current change in seconds. Then the voltage induced in a coil, ( VL ) with
an inductance of L Henries as a result of this change in current is expressed
as:
di
VL = -L dt (V)
Note that the negative sign indicates that voltage induced opposes the
change in current through the coil per unit time (di/dt).
From the above equation, the inductance of a coil can therefore be presented
as:
Inductance of a Coil
VL 1 volt
L= di/dt = 1 A/ s = 1Henry
We know from the previous tutorial about the inductor, that inductors are
devices that can store their energy in the form of a magnetic field. Inductors
are made from individual loops of wire combined to produce a coil and if the
number of loops within the coil are increased, then for the same amount of
current flowing through the coil, the magnetic flux will also increase.
φ
L=N I
Where:
L is in Henries
N is the Number of Turns
Φ is the Magnetic Flux Linkage
Ι is in Amperes
This expression can also be defined as the flux linkage divided by the current
flowing through each turn. This equation only applies to linear magnetic
materials.
Image of a solenoid:-