【Plane Geometry 平面幾何】Revision Notes 溫習筆記

Angles and Parallel Lines 角與平行線

The sum of all the
adjacent angles on a
straight line is 180°.
a b
The sum of all the angles If two straight lines
at a point is 360°. intersect, the vertically
opposite angles are
equal.
b
a
c a
b

a + b = 180o a + b + c = 360o a=b

[adj. Ðs on st. line] [Ðs at a pt.] [vert. opp. Ðs]
[直線上的鄰角] [同頂角] [對頂角]

If AB//CD, then a = b . If AB//CD, then a = b . If AB//CD, then

a + b = 180°.
A B A B
a a A B
b a
C D C D b
b C D

[corr. Ðs, AB//CD] [alt. Ðs, AB//CD] [int. Ðs, AB//CD]

[同位角， AB//CD] [錯角， AB//CD] [同旁內角， AB//CD]
The converse of the above 3 theorems can be used as a test for parallel lines.
[corr. Ðs equal; alt. Ðs equal; int. Ðs, supp.][同位角相等、錯角相等、同旁內角互補]

Angles of a Triangle and Convex Polygon 三角形的角及凸多邊形的角

The sum of interior angles of a triangle The exterior angle of a triangle is
is 180°. equal to the sum of interior opposite
angles.
a a
b c c1
b

a + b + c = 180o a + b = c1
[Ð sum of D] [D內角和] [ext. Ð of D] [D外角]

The sum of the interior angles of a The sum of exterior angles of a convex
convex polygon with n sides is polygon with n sides is 360°.
(n - 2) ´ 180°.

[Ð sum of polygon] [多邊形內角和] [ext. Ð of polygon] [多邊形外角和]

[r-note-1.doc] p.1
 Conditions for Congruent Triangles 證明全等三角形的條件

[S.S.S.] [S.A.S] [A.S.A] [R.H.S]

If two Ds are congruent, their corresponding angles and sides are equal.
若兩三角形全等，則所對應的角及邊相等。

Conditions for Similar Triangles 證明相似三角形的條件

a 7 5
5
b c
a 6
6 14 10
10
b c
12 12
[equiangular] [3 sides proportional]
[ratio of 2 sides, inc. Ð]
[等角] [二邊成比例且夾角相等][三邊成比例]
If two Ds are similar, their corresponding angles are equal, and their
corresponding sides are proportional.
若兩三角形相似，則所對應的角相等及對應邊成比例。

Isosceles Triangle 等腰三角形

If AB = AC , then b = c . If b = c , then AB = AC . If AB = AC, and BM =
A A MC
then AM ^ BC and d = e .
A

B c b c b d e
C B C
M
B[properties
[base Ðs, isos. D] [sides. opp. equal Ðs] of isos. D]C
[等腰D底角] [等角對邊相等] [等腰D性質]

Equilateral Triangle 等邊三角形

If AB = BC = CA, then a = b = c If a = b = c = 60 o , then AB = BC =
= 60 o . A CA . A

B C B C

[properties of equil. D] [等邊D性質]

[r-note-1.doc] p.2
 Parallelograms 平行四邊形
If ABCD is a parallelogram , then
AB = DC , AD = BC . ÐA = ÐC , ÐB = ÐD . AO = OC , BO = OD .
A D A D A D

B C B C B C

[opp. sides of // gram] [opp. Ðs of // gram] [diagonals of // gram]

[//四邊形對邊] [//四邊形對角] [//四邊形對角線]
The converse of each of the 3 theorems can be used as a test for parallelogram.
J a parallelogram is a quadrilateral with parallel opposite sides.
J a rectangle is a parallelogram with right interior angles.
J a rhombus(菱形) is a parallelogram with equal adjacent sides.
J a square is a rectangle with equal adjacent sides.

Mid-Point and Intercept Theorems 中點及截線定理

If AE = EB, AF = FC , If AE = EB and EF // BC , If AB // CD // EF and
then EF // BC and then AF = FC . AC = CE , then BD = DF .
1 A
EF = BC
2
A A B
E F
C D
E F
B C F
E
B C
[mid-point theorem] [intercept theorem] [intercept theorem]
[中點定理] [截線定理] [截線定理]

Equal Ratio Theorem & Its Converse 等比定理及逆定理

A E AF If EF divides AB and AC such that
In DABC, if EF // BC then = .
E B FC A E AF
= then EF // BC .
A E B FC
A
E F 3 4
E F

6 8
B C
B C
[equal ratio theorem] [converse of equal ratio theorem]
[等比定理] [等比逆定理]

[r-note-1.doc] p.3
 Pythagoras’ Theorem & Its Converse 畢氏定理及逆定理
If ÐC = 90°, then c 2 = a 2 + b 2 . If c 2 = a 2 + b 2 , then ÐC = 90°.

c c
a a
b b
[Pythagoras’ theorem] [converse of Pythagoras’ theorem]
[畢氏定理] [畢氏定理的逆定理]

Perpendicular Bisector 垂直平分線

If EF is the perpendicular bisector of If P is equidistant from two given
AB and P is any point on EF, then P is points A and B, then P lies on the
equidistant from A and B. perpendicular bisector of AB .
E E
P P

A B A B
F F
[^ bisector theorem] [converse of ^ bisector theorem]
[垂直平分線定理] [垂直平分線定理的逆定理]

Angle Bisector 角平分線

If ON is the bisector of ÐAOB and if P If P is equidistant from OA and OB,
is any point on ON, then P is then P is a point on the angle bisector
equidistant from OA and OB . of ÐAOB .
A A

N N
P P
B O B
O
[Ð bisector theorem] [converse of Ð bisector theorem]
[角平分線定理] [角平分線定理的逆定理]

Chords of a Circle 圓的弦

If ON ^ AB , then AN = If AN = NB , then ON ^ If AN = NB and PN ^AB，
NB . AB . then O is on PN .
P
O O

A B A N B B
N A N
[^ from centre bisects [line joining centre to [^ bisector of chord passes
chord] mid-pt. of chord] through centre]
[圓心至弦的垂線平分弦] [圓心至弦中點的連線^弦] [弦的^平分線通過圓心]

[r-note-1.doc] p.4
If AB = CD , then OM = ON . If OM = ON , then AB = CD .

C C
M M
O O
D D
A B A B
N N

[equal chords, equidistant from centre] [chords equidistant from centre are equal]
[等弦與圓心等距] [與圓心等距的弦等長]

Angles in a Circle 圓上的角

If P lies on the circumference of a circle, then If AOB is a diameter,
x = 2y . x=y. then x = 90°.

P P Q P
y y x
x
O
A B
x O
A B A B

[Ð at centre twice Ð at [Ðs in the same segment] [Ð in semi-circle]

circumference] [同弓形內的圓周角] [半圓上的圓周角]
[圓心角兩倍於圓周角]

Angles, Arcs and Chords 角、弧、弦

)
In the same circle (or equal circles), In the same circle (or equal circles),
equal angles Û equal chords Û equal
)
AB
CD
=
x
y
. arcs
A
C

C O
A C
y
D C
x O
A x D D
B
D A
B y
B

B
[Ðs at centre are proportional to arcs] [equal angles , equal chords]
etc [equal angles , equal arcs] , etc
[圓心角和圓周角與所對的弧成比例]
Note : Ðs at centre / circumference are NOT proportional to chords

[r-note-1.doc] p.5
 Cyclic Quadrilateral 圓內接四邊形
If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then
x + y = 180°. x=y.
D D
A y y
A
C C

x x
B B
[opp. Ðs, cyclic quad.] [ext. Ðs, cyclic quad.]
[圓內接四邊形對角] [圓內接四邊形外角]

Tests for Cyclic Quadrilateral 四點共圓的驗證

If x = y then A,B,C, If x + y = 180° then If x = y the A,B,C, D
D are concyclic . A,B,C, D are concyclic . are concyclic .
D D
D C y
A y A
y
x
C C

A B x x
B B
[equal Ðs in the same [opp. Ðs supp.] [ext. Ð = int. opp. Ð]
segment] [對角互補] [外角等於內對角]
[同弓形內的圓周角的逆定
理]

Tangent Properties 切線的性質

If AB is a tangent to the If AB and AC are If AB is tangent to the
circles with centre at O, tangents to the circle at circle at A and AB is a
at T, then AB^OT B and C respectively, chord, then x = y .
then
AB = AC ; a = b and
x=y. Q
O C y
O y
x x
A B b A B
P a A P
B
[tangent perp. to radius] [tangent properties] [Ð in alt. segment]
[切線垂直半徑] [切線性質] [交錯弓形的圓周角]
The converse of each of the 3 theorems can be used as a test for a tangent.

[r-note-1.doc] p.6
 incertre , circumcentre , orthocentre and centroid in a triangle
Incertre 內心 Circumcentre 外心
intersection of the angle bisector, and the intersection of the perpendicular bisector,
centre of the inscribed circle. and the centre of the circumscribed circle.

c c
a c

a c
a b
a b b b

Orthocentre 垂心 Centroid 形心
intersection of the altitude intersection of the median

a c

a c

b b

[r-note-1.doc] p.7