Polytechnic University of the Philippines

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND LETTERS

Department of Philosophy and Humanities
Sta. Mesa, Manila

COURSE OUTLINE
Second Semester, AY 2013-2014

I. Course Code: PHILO 1013

II. Course Title: LOGIC
III. Course Description: This is a three-hour per week course which studies the various forms of
reasoning—the deductive and the inductive. The subject also includes the study of knowledge,
argument, fallacies, the essentials of symbolic logic, as well as the cognitive-moral dilemma.

IV. Course Objectives:

A. Cognitive Aims

1. To understand the basic principles and rules governing inferential thinking.

2. To make logical divisions and precise definition of terms.
3. To construct and evaluate valid arguments and to accurately refute fallacies.

B. Value Aims
1. To instill upon the students the value of critical thinking in their formation of honest and
integral intellect, manifested in sound and rational judgment.
2. To enable the students to think critically, detect fallacies as well as recognize and construct
valid arguments.

V. Course Outline:

I. Understanding Logic and Language: Reasoning Weeks 1 to 2

A. Defining Logical Concepts
-Logic, Propositions, Arguments, , Deductive & Inductive Arguments,
Validity and Truth
B. Arguments: Analysis and Evaluation
- Paraphrasing and Diagramming Arguments
- Recognizing Arguments
- Complex Argumentative Passages
II. Informal Logic Weeks 3 to 5
A. Language and its Application
- Functions of Language, Forms, Emotive and Neutral Language,
Agreement in Attitude and Belief
B. Definition
- Disputes and Definition, Definitions and Their Uses, Extension, Intension,
Denotative Definitions, Rules for Definition
C. Notions and Beliefs: Fallacies
- Classification of Fallacies
- Fallacies of Relevance, of Defective Induction, of Presumption, of
Ambiguity
III. Deduction: Classical Logic Weeks 6 to 8
A. Categorical Propositions
- Theory of Deduction, Classes and Categorical Propositions
- Quantity, Quality, and Distribution
- Traditional Square o Opposition
- Further Immediate Inferences
- Existential Import and the interpretation of Categorical Propositions
- Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions
B. Syllogisms in Ordinary Language
- Syllogistic Arguments

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 - Reducing the Number of Terms to Three
- Translating Categorical Propositions
- Uniform Translations
- Enthymemes, Sorites, Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms, The
Dilemma
C. Categorical Syllogisms
- Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
- Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument
- Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogism
-Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies
- Exposition of the 15 Valid Forms of Categorical Syllogism
- Deduction of the 15 Valid Forms of Categorical Syllogism

MIDTERM EXAMINATIONS Week 9

IV. Modern Logic Weeks 10 to 13
A. Symbolic Logic
- Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction
- Conditional Statements and Material Implication
- Argument Forms and Refutation by Logical Analogy
- Precise Meaning of “ Valid” and “Invalid”
- Testing Argument Validity on Truth Tables
- Some Common Argument Forms
- Statement Forms and Material Equivalence
- Three Laws of Thought
B. Methods of Deduction
- Formal Proof of Validity
- Rule of Replacement
- Proof of Invalidity
- Inconsistency
- Indirect Proof of Validity
- Shorter Truth-Table Technique
C. Quantification Theory
- Need for Quantification
- Singular Propositions
- Universal and Existential Quantifiers
- Traditional subject-Predicate Propositions
- Proving Validity
- Proving Invalidity
-Assylogistic Inference
V. Induction: Analogy and Causation Weeks 14 to 16
A. Analogical Reasoning
- Induction and Deduction Revisited
- Argument and Analogy
- Appraising Analogical Arguments
- Refutation by Logical Analogy
B. Causal Reasoning
- Cause and Effect
- Causal Laws and the Uniformity of Nature
- Induction by Simple Enumeration
- Methods of Causal Analysis
- Limitations of Inductive Techniques
VI. Science and Probability Week 17
A. Science and Hypothesis
- Scientific and Unscientific Explanations
- Evaluating Scientific Explanations
- Seven Stages of Scientific Investigations
- Classification of Hypotheses
B. Probability
- Alternative Conceptions of Probability
- Probability of Calculus, Joint Occurrences, and Alternative Occurrences
- Expectation Value
FINAL EXAMINATIONS Week 18

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VI. Methodology: To achieve the objectives of this course, the following teaching-learning
methodologies shall be used:

1. Mediated Lecture-Discussions 4. Quizzes and Exercises

2. Individual and Team Research Presentations 5. Examinations
3. Free and Graded Recitations

VII. Grading System:

Midterm: Semi-Final:
Attendance: 20% Attendance: 20%
Recitation: 15% Recitation: 15%
Attitude: 10% Attitude: 10%
Quizzes: 15% Quizzes: 15%
Research Output: 15% Research Output: 15%
Midterm Exam: 25% Final Exam: 25%
Final Grade: Midterm Grade + Semi-Final Grade ÷ 2 = GPA

Cumulative absence of nine (9) hours on valid causes shall be allowed; however, each absence shall
incur a point-twenty-five (0.25) point for the first four (4), and a point-five (0.5) point deduction on the
succeeding two absences, from the attendance metric, to wit:
 1 absence = 1.25 (grade)
 2 absences = 1.5
 3 absences = 1.75
 4 absences = 2.0
 5 absences = 2.5
 6 absences = 3.0
 7 or more absences = 5.0
Cumulative tardiness of one ninety (90) minutes shall have the value of one (1) absence, unless prior
consent from the professor has been sought by the student.

VIII. References:

1. Moore and Parker, Critical Thinking (2006). Boston: McGraw Hill.

2. Whitcomb, Deductive and Inductive Logic (2010). Oakville: Apple Academics.
3. Nabor-Nery, Fundamentals of Logic (2010). National Book Store.
4. Bachhuber, Introduction to Logic (1966). New York: Appleton Century.
5. Corbi and Cohen, Logic: Language, Deduction and Induction (2005). Singapore: Pearson
Prentice Hall.
6. Jevons, Elementary Lessons in Logic Deductive & Inductive (2010). London and New York:
MacMillan and Co.
7. Copi, Irving. Introduction to Logic. New York: MacMillan Company, (latest copyright).

*Supplementary materials, assignments, students’ outputs and grades may be posted in the blog,
http://epbrabante.wordpress.com
**Timetable may be adjusted as the circumstances require it.

Prepared by:
ELMER P. BRABANTE, LLB
November 2013