PENDULUM IMPACT TESTING MACHINES: UDC 539.

411
CALIBRATION 53.089.6

Key words: Impact testing, pendulum impact,

testing machines, calibration

TABLE OF CONTENTS are verified statically covering either the whole range or
only a part.
1 SCOPE 1
The equipment applied in the direct method requires a
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 1
certified traceability relative to the SI System.
3 REFERENCES 1
- The indirect method to verify PITM’s where a global speci-
4 DEFINITIONS 1 fication method, using Charpy V reference test pieces as
5 GENERAL 2 specified in the European Standard, is applied.
6 PREPARATION 2
6.1 Selected standard 2
6.2 Selected method 3 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
6.3 Equipment 3
6.4 Selected equipment 3 The PITM’s to be calibrated according to European standard
6.5 Preparation of measuring instruments 3 and this method, are ordinary industrial machines of different
ranges of the Charpy impact test.
7 PERFORMANCE OF EXAMINATION 3
7.1 Safety requirements prior to testing 3
7.2 Set-up of the Pendulum Impact Testing Machine 4
7.3 Pendulum 4 3 REFERENCES
7.4 Anvils and supports 6 (1) OIML, International vocabulary of basic and general terms
7.5 Safety 6
in metrology.
8 EXAMINATION OF WORKING RANGE 6
7 (2) EN 10045-1 Metallic materials - charpy impact test - part
8.1 Determination of friction losses
1: Test method.
8.2 Friction losses in bearings and air resistance 7
8.3 Examination of indicated expended energy 7 (3) EN 10045-2 Metallic materials - charpy impact test - part
2: Verification of pendulum impact testing machines.
9 CONCLUDING EXAMINATION 7
10 INDIRECT METHOD OF VERIFICATION WITH (4) DIN 51306 - September 1983
CHARPY V REFERENCE TEST PIECES 7 Kerbslagbiegeversuch nach Charpy, Prüfung der Prüf-
10.1 General guidelines 7 maschinen (Pendelschlagwerk).
10.2 Charpy V reference test pieces 7
10.3 Preparation for examination 8
10.4 Impact testing procedure 8
4 DEFINITIONS
ANNEX A. STANDARD FORMS 9
The definitions listed and applied are taken from References
(1)-(4) in Section 3 of this method:

1 SCOPE
This Nordtest method deals with the calibration of Pendulum
Impact Testing Machines (PITM’s).
It describes the principles of:
- The direct method to verify PITM’s where the physical and
geometrical properties of the various parts of the PITM’s
Calibration:
The set of operations which establishes under specified
conditions, the relationship between values indicated by a
measuring instrument, measuring system, values represented
by a material measure, and the corresponding known values
of a measurand.

Published by NORDTEST Tekniikantie 12 FIN-02150 ESPOO, FINLAND Phone +358 9 455 4600 Fax +358 9 455 4272
ISSN 0283-7196 Proj. 989-91 www.nordtest.org
NORDTEST METHOD
Traceability:
The property of a measurement whereby it can be related to
appropriate standards, generally international or national
standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons.
Measurement standard:
A material measurer, measuring instrument or system in-
tended to define, realise, conserve or reproduce a unit or one
or more known values of a quantity, in order to transmit them
to other measuring instruments by comparison.
Note: In this method a measurement standard is the “unit under test”.
Reference standard:
A standard, generally of the highest metrological quality avail-
able at a given location, from which measurements made at
that location are derived.
Scale division:
The difference in units between two successive scale marks
on the measuring instrument.
Industrial pendulum impact machine:
Pendulum impact testing machine used for industrial or lab-
oratory test on metallic materials: these machines shall not be
used for determining reference value.
Anvils:
Part of the machine forming a vertical plane which holds the
test piece when it is broken. The plane of the anvils is perpen-
dicular to the plane of the supports.
Supports:
Part of the machine forming the horizontal plane on which rests
a test piece before it is broken by a hammer. The plane of the
supports is perpendicular to the plane of the anvils.
Striker:
Part of the hammer which comes into contact with the test
piece.
Centre of striker:
The point on the striking edge of the pendulum which, when
the pendulum is related, meets the horizontal plane over half
the test piece.
Centre of percussion:
The point on a body where, on impact, the percussion action
is the same as if the total mass of the body were concentrated
at this point. When a pendulum hammer strikes a blow in a
NT MECH 036 2
horizontal line passing through the centre of percussion, there
shall be no resultant action on the axis of rotation.
Rated initial potential energy (rated energy) AN:
Energy attributed by the designer of the hammer.
Effective initial potential energy (Potential energy) Ap:
The value determined by direct verification.
Indicated absorbed energy (Indicated energy) As:
The value of the energy indicated by the pointer or read from
the indicator.
Effective energy absorbed (Energy absorbed) Av:
The total energy required to break a test piece when it is tested
on a pendulum impact testing machine. It is equal to the
difference in potential energy between the initial position of the
pendulum and the end of the first half-swing during which the
test piece is broken.
Reference test piece:
Impact test piece used to verify the compliance of a pendulum
hammer by comparison of the energy absorbed by the ma-
chine with the reference value supplied with the test pieces.
Reference value:
Value of the energy absorbed, supplied with the reference test
pieces and determined by test on a reference pendulum
impact testing machine.
5 GENERAL
This Nordtest method for inspection and verification of PITM’s
based on international standards has been issued in such a
manner that it is possible, with “Standard forms”, Annex A, filled
in, to verify the PITM’s according to approved standards. The
forms are used as a basis for the final calibration certificate.
This Nordtest method gives guidelines and practical advice in
relation to calibration of PITM’s in accordance with the di-
rect/indirect method.
Directions are also given for a simplified inspection method in
relation to the direct method.
6 PREPARATION
6.1 Selected standard
Examine carefully the standard selected.
Fill in on Page 7 in Annex A, under the column “Marginal Values
Permissible”, the requirements specified by the standard for
the testing machine.
NORDTEST METHOD NT MECH 036 3

Examine whether the standard selected contains any special
requirements which have not been taken into account in the
“Standard forms”, Annex A, and fill in this information, if any.
6.3.2 Indirect method
k - Charpy V reference test pieces traceable to “Bureau
Communautaire de Reference - BCR” Belgium.

6.2 Selected method

6.2.1 Direct method for verifying geometrical
properties, A
This method is applied to PITM’s which have not been cali-
brated by an accredited laboratory, machines which have been
moved to a new site, overhauled or adjusted and where the
approved-year term has expired.
6.4 Selected equipment
For verification of PITM’s in compliance with method A, equip-
ment a-i, Section 6.3.1, is used.
For part verification in compliance with method B, equipment
a-h, Section 6.3.1, is used.
For indirect verification, equipment k, Section 6.3.2, is used.

The examination comprises all items in the “Standard forms”,

Annex A and the section in the standard which deals with direct
6.5 Preparation of measuring instruments
verification.
6.5.1 It should be observed that the measuring instruments
shall be acclimatised not less than three hours to the
6.2.2 Direct method for verifying geometrical temperature of the calibration site.
properties, B
The room temperature where the reference equipment is
This method is used for inspection and can be applied to PITM’s
placed shall be 20 °C ± 4 °C.
in a period of two years after the approval of this method in
accordance with Method A, provided that it can be certified that
the PITM is in good working condition, and that it has not been
6.5.2 Where electronic measuring instruments are applied,
subject to overload or wear and tear, etc. The inspection covers
they should be switched on not less than 30 minutes
the following items in the “Standard forms”; 1.1; 2.5-2.11;
prior to any operation.
3.1-3.14; 9.1-9.3 and “frictional losses at zero-stroke”.
Note: before calibration a stable zero must be achieved.
If the PITM’s do not satisfy the requirements in accordance
with method B, method A is to be applied.

6.5.3 Where force transducers are applied for the verification

6.2.3 Indirect method of verification using reference
test pieces
This method is applied for internal inspection between two
direct external accredited verifications in compliance with the
direct method.
of the mass of the pendulum, it is advisable for the
transducers to be preloaded three times prior to a
verification.
Preloading of the measuring instrument to maximum reading,
if possible.

Maximum loading should be maintained for 2 min. between

6.3 Equipment each preloading cycle.

The measuring equipment used when PITM’s are calibrated

shall be traceable to internationally approved standards, and
7 PERFORMANCE OF EXAMINATION
must have an accuracy three to four times better than the
equipment to be tested. Direct verification in compliance with method A or B.

The equipment essential for verification is listed below. This part gives guidance and instruction on how to examine
and verify the essential parts of the international standards for
calibrating PITM’s.
6.3.1 Direct method A and B
Instructions on how to carry out the individual procedures listed
a - Pin gauge with micrometer
in the “Standard forms”, (and the essential parts in the stand-
b - Slide Caliper
ard), are listed in Section 7.2 which refers to each part in the
c - Jig, see fig., A1 EN 10045-2
“Standard forms” in Annex A.
d - Angulometer, Static
e - Rounding gauges
f - Clinometer
g - Angulometer, adjustable
7.1 Safety requirements prior to testing
h - Impulse counter If it should prove necessary to remove some of the safety
i - Force transducer, for determination of the mass of the equipment etc. from the machine in order to carry out the
pendulum. examination, it must be ensured that this is possible without
NORDTEST METHOD NT MECH 036 4

damaging individuals and surroundings, and a large area
around the pendulum should be barred, if possible.
Fill in all answers in the “Standard forms” and the essential
items in the standard in order of appearance, see Annex A, and
make the necessary calculations.
7.3.2 Reduced length of pendulum
The reduced length of the pendulum is based on the time for
100 swings.
Reduced length of pendulum Lred is a determination of:
- the distance between the centre of gravity of the pendulum
and the centre of rotation

- the placing of the centre of gravity proportional to the length

7.2 Set-up of PITM
of the pendulum.
7.2.1
The following equation is to be used:
The PITM shall be securely bolted (an approximately 20 mm g x (t )2 (g = normal acceleration due to
Lred = 2 2n
J. bolt) to a concrete floor not less than 150 mm thick, or where 4π x n gravity = 9.80665 m/s2)
this is not available the PITM shall be bolted to a foundation
having a mass not less than 40 times that of the PITM.
100 swings Lred = 0.02484 (tn)2
Note: Produce a test piece with an energy content which is higher than 50 swings Lred = 0.09936 (tn)2
the maximum energy contents in the PITM. When this test is
carried out, a finger touch on the rail and the sound of the stroke An impulse counter with photo diode/light source can be used
will give an instructive idea of the stability of the apparatus. with advantage.

The photo diode/light source of the time measurer is placed on

the supports of the PITM in such a manner that the photo
7.2.2 diode/light source is placed to the right of the direction of the
Make sure that the PITM is not subject to any external vibration striker, and beside the centre of percussion of the pendulum.
transmitted by the foundation.
Note: This is ascertained by placing a container of water on the
framework of the machine. Ensure that the surface of the water
is at rest before and after the stroke. striker direction
light sensitive
cell

I
7.2.3 Levelling of machine
The supports of the machine and the axis of rotation of the
striker shall be used as reference, if the pendulum has not
been equiped with a reference surface.
Levelling figures:

1/1000 0.057° 0° - 3’ - 26”

3/1000 0.172° 0° - 10' - 18”

The swing of the pendulum from zero must not exceed 5°.

The photo diode/light source is placed in such a manner that

7.3 Pendulum the time measurer is activated within 0.5° from the zero point
of the pendulum.
7.3.1 Length of pendulum
The oscillating meter of the time measure is set to;
The length of the pen-
dulum is the distance - 101 at 100 swings
between the centre of - 51 at 50 swings
the axis of the pendu-
as the pendulum swings and gives an impulse when the
lum and the centre of
operation starts. A minimum of three measurements of time is
the test piece, which is
carried out. Each one of the measurements must not deviate
5.0 mm above the test
by more than 0.05 sec. from each other.
piece support, and is
measured by means of
a micrometer pin gauge
with the pendulum 7.3.3 Impact velocity of pendulum
removed from the The impact velocity, v, shall be determined from
machine.
v = √ 2g x L(1 - cos α) ; ((1 + cos α) if α > 90°)
NORDTEST METHOD
2 - the radius of curvature of the striking edge
g = standard acceleration due to gravity = 9.80665 m/s
L = length of pendulum in metres
α = angle of fall of pendulum
h standard 10045-2 Annex A1 should be used.
7.3.4 Mass of pendulum
The mass of the pendulum is determined by placing the
pendulum in a horisontal position within ±1'. The force of the
point of impact of the pendulum (see Fig.) is determined by
means of force transducers, registration equipment and sup-
porting rig.
strain indicator
supporting rig
The marking of the centre of impact of the pendulum is carried
out by placing a 5 mm high test piece in the anvils/supports
and marking the centre of impact on the striking edge of the
hammer with a scriber. It is important that the force transducer
is plumb and centered proportional to the centre of impact.
See Section 6.5.1-6.5.3.
NT MECH 036 5
7.3.5 Investigation of:
- the angle of the striking edge
- position of the striker in the plane of symmetry of the anvils
- the axis of rotation of the pendulum is horizontal
- the arm of the pendulum is perpendicular to the axis of
rotation
- alignment of the striker and the arm of the pendulum
- the plane of the striker is perpendicular to the test piece.
In order to carry out the above examination it is advised that a
measuring jig of the shape and dimensions stated in the EN
This method may be applied to all machines and in particular
to machines with no reference plane on the framework.
Before using the jig the following two properties shall be
verified using a clinometer:
- the horizontality of the plane of the supports
- the perpendicularity of the plane of the anvils to the plane
of the supports.
jig
!
!I
i
I
the shape and dimensions of the jig are specified
in standard EN 10045-2
7.3.6 Examination of degree of contact of the striking
edge on the test pieces
For the determination of the contact between the test pieces
and the striking edge of the hammer, a piece of carbon paper
0.03 mm is wrapped around the test piece in such a manner
that when the test piece is hit by a minor blow with the striking
edge of the hammer it will leave a mark on the test piece -
depending on the alignment of the striking edge.
NORDTEST METHOD NT MECH 036 6

7.4.2 Notch between anvils and supports

The notch shall be approximately 1 x 1 mm. It ensures that the

test pieces can be placed right up to the anvils and supports.
(See Section 7.4.1 Fig.)

wrong wrong right

7.5 Safety

The safety of the PITM must be inspected in each case.

If doubt arises regarding the safety in use of the machine i.e.

7.3.7 Side clearance in the bearings of the pendulum
For the determination of axial clearance, a feeler gauge or a
micrometer gauge can be used - depending on the construc-
tion of the machine.
1 ) push the axis of the pendulum to the right and measure the
clearance.
voltage drop, this should be notified in a letter appended to the
report. Furthermore, the following conditions should be exam-
ined.
Is the impact testing machine placed in such a manner that the
operator of the machine and others are reasonably protected
against injuries?

2) push the axis of the pendulum to the left and measure the Has a receptacle for residual test pieces been set up before
clearance. the test procedure is carried out?
The difference between the two measurements is equal to the Is the release mechanism of the pendulum functioning cor-
axial clearance. rectly, so that it cannot be released unintentionally?

Axial clearance

Bearing
8 EXAMINATION OF WORKING RANGE
Axle
.-.-
The examination shall determine whether the maximum read-
ing (Working range AN) of the impact testing machine is equal
/’
Dial
to the amount of energy in the starting position of the pendulum
micrometer (Potential energy Ap).
LJ L - J

Potential energy Ap = F x h = F x L (1 - cos α)

where F is the force in N and L is the length of the pendulum

in metres. The angle is measured by a clinometer.

7.4 Anvils and supports

7.4.1
The gap between the striking edge and the vertical support of
the freely suspended pendulum is measured.

The gap is measured by means of a spacer or a feeler gauge.

The gap, a, (ideal for Charpy = 10 mm) is the term for the h

levelling of the PITM and/or the placing of the centre of gravity

in the hammer.

a
i ;

Notch /
NORDTEST METHOD
8.1 Determination of friction losses
The losses by the slave pointer Rs are determined as follows:
- Set the slave pointer at its highest value with the hammer
in its initial position.
- Release the hammer and read the stated value A1.
- Move the slave pointer backwards to approximately 1-2
joule from A1.
- Set the hammer at its initial position.
Release the hammer and read the stated value A2.
The frictional losses of the slave pointer are determined as: Rs
= A2 - A1.
8.2 Friction losses in bearings and air resistance
Let the pendulum swing freely 10 times after reading A2, after
the 9th swing move the slave pointer backwards in such a
manner that the final position of its 10th swing is indicated and
the value A3 is read.
The frictional losses in bearings and air resistance are deter-
mined as:
A3 - A2
RL=
20
The total losses are determined as:
Rtot = Rs + RL
8.3 Examination of indicated expended energy
The examination shall compare the reading of the impact
machine As to that of the theoretically calculated value Av.
Lift the hammer with the slave pointer to the desired scale
value-maintain this position (use a special made support) see
the Fig.
.-*.
? ‘\
i.&
/’
,’ ‘\
/’ i recommended that indirect verification is carried out at inter-
NT MECH 036 7
The examination is carried out mainly at:
of maximum scale value
Determine the angle by means of the clinometer.
The surplus energy is determined as:
AU = F x h1 = F x L(1 - cos β); see Fig. in Section 8. The
theoretically calculated value Av is determined as:
Av = Ap - Au
The error is determined as As -Av.
9 CONCLUDING EXAMINATION
After completion, the sections are examined to ensure that all
columns in the “Standard forms” have been filled in and
calculated, if possible.
Mount the dismounted safety equipment and examine whether
this is operating properly.
Place a “test-label” in a visible point on the machine.
10 INDIRECT METHOD OF VERIFICATION WITH
CHARPY V REFERENCE TEST PIECES
The indirect verification method is performed by means of
Charpy V reference pieces.
10.1 General guidelines
10.1.1
The method is used for internal check between two verifi-
cations according to method A/B carried out by an accredited
calibration laboratory.
10.1.2
The period between two indirect verifications depends on the
maintenance condition of the machine and the number of the
times it has been used. In ordinary circumstances it is
vals not exceeding 12 months.
10.1.3
The PITM shall after installation, major dismantlings, adjust-
ments, overhauls, moving to another site be subject to verifi-
cation.
10.2 Charpy V reference test pieces
10.2.1
The Charpy V reference test pieces applied for indirect verifi-
cation of PITM’s are test pieces traceable to the BCR test
NORDTEST METHOD NT MECH 036 8

pieces. Nominal BCR levels: 30 joule - 60 joule - 80 joule - 5 Dry them with a clean piece of wood pulp paper (kitchen
120 joule. paper) and let them dry in open air.

The reference test pieces are packed in sets of 5 in 2 plastic
pockets. One of the pockets contains the reference test pieces
rubbed in oil for rust prevention.
The other pocket contains an identification label stating the
consignment of the reference test pieces.
The reference test pieces shall be kept in a dry place in their
original packing until they are used.
6 Before the reference test pieces are used they must be
acclimatized to the temperature of the laboratory for not
less than 24 hours.
7 While preparations are made for the test, it is advisable not
to touch the reference test pieces with bare hands (gloves
should be used).

10.4 Impact testing procedure

10.2.2
At each level, five test pieces are broken. The test should be
carried out at a temperature of 20 °C ± 2 °C.
Indirect verification shall be carried out at least at two energy
levels within the range of application of the machine and with
the appropriate test pieces. The two levels selected must be
as close as possible to the extremities of this range.
If more than 2 energy levels are verified additional levels shall
be evenly distributed in the working range and corresponding
to the available test pieces.
10.4.1 Method Charpy V
The reference test pieces should be tested in conformity with
an approved standard, for example ISO 148 “Charpy impact
test (V-notched)“, EN 10045/1 metallic materials charpy im-
pact test - part 1: Test method.
10.4.2
Testing temperature: room temperature 20 °C ± 2 °C.

10.3 Preparation for examination
10.3.1
A simplified direct verification of the geometric characteristics
of the PITM shall be carried out prior to every indirect
verification e.g.
Ensure that the machine is in working order in compliance with
the quality policy and procedures etc. of the firm.
Ensure that the machine is securely bolted to the foundation,
that it is level, that the zero stroke is in order and finally, that
the various radii of curvature are not damaged.
10.3.2 Preparation of reference test pieces
The test pieces shall not be degreased by powerful methods
of cleaning, for example brushing, ultra sound etc.
10.4.3
5 reference pieces shall be tested per stated energy level.
10.4.4
When placing the reference test pieces in the impact testing
machine a jig shall be used to secure uniform placing/center-
ing.
10.4.5
All original data from the test for example temperature, energy
figures etc. shall be listed in the respective forms.
Note: The broken test pieces are examined for the determination of
homogeneity. Much useful information of the working range of
the testing machine is obtained.

The following degreasing method shall be observed:

1 Open the plastic pocket and remove surplus oil from the
reference test pieces with wood pulp paper, for example
kitchen paper.
Wrong Wrong Wrong Wrong

2 Put the reference test pieces in a clean bath of degreaser

for about 5 min.

3 Dry them with a piece of paper. (Kitchen paper.)

4 Put the reference test pieces in a clean bath of pure

alcohol.
Wrong Right
NORDTEST METHOD NT MECH 036 9

ANNEX A. STANDARD FORMS

The direct method of verifying the geometric properties of the pendulum impact testing machine Re-
1 Mounting Yes No marks

il
1.1 The pendulum impact testing machine has been so securely bolted to its foundation that the
framework of the machine shows no visible movements when an impact energy exceeding the
maximum impact energy of the machine is applied to a test piece.

2 Pendulum

2.1 Length of pendulum.

2.2 Reduced length of pendulum, Lred

2.3 The impact velocity of the hammer against the test piece, v.

2.4 Supported force, F.

2.5 The thickness of the striker (<16 mm).

2.6 The radius of curvature of the striking edge, rs (2-2.5).

2.7 The angle of the striking edge αs (30 ± 1°).

2.8 The striking edge shall be safely secured to the striker.

2.9 The striking edge is rectilinear.

2.10 The striking edge is arranged in the symmetry plane of the striker.

2.11 The striking edge is made to contact a gauge, which is equal to the dimension of the test piece,
in such a manner that the total symmetry line of the striker edge is in contact with the total width
of the gauge when this is brought to make a slight contact.

2.12 The plane of swing of the pendulum is vertical to the longitudinal axis of the test piece.

2.13 The symmetry plane of the striking edge is arranged in the plane of swing of the pendulum.

2.14 The side clearance in the bearings of the pendulum is <1/4 mm.

3 Support

3.1 Internal distance between vertical supports, a.

3.2 The taper of vertical supports, αH (11 ± 1°).

3.3 Angle of clearance αF (0-1 °).

3.4 The radius of curvature of the vertical front edges, rw (1-1.5 mm).

3.5 The vertical and horizontal supports are right angles within 10’.

3.6 The gap between the striking edge and the vertical support of the freely suspended pendulum.

3.7 The striking edge swings within ±0.5 mm through the centre between the vertical supports.

3.8 The Pendulum Impact Testing Machine is horizontal within ±10' (measurement of horizontal
supports).

3.9 The horizontal supports do not exceed ±0.1 mm in one plane.

3.10 Is there a scale for the internal distance, a?

3.11 Can it be adjused?

3.12 Is it correct?

3.13 Is there a notch as required?

3.14 The vertical supports are parallel to the plane of swing of the pendulum within ±0,1 mm.
NORDTEST METHOD NT MECH 036 10

4 Energy

Impact energy Maximum Scale unit Estimated inaccuracy

impact of reading
Maximum Measured Calculated Error energy
impact angle of potential Measured Permissible Estimated Permissible
AN-Ap . AN
energy fall impact 100% J max. AN/100 max. AN/500
energy Ap
J J
AN α Measured Permissible
J degrees

Indicating equipment for absorbed impact energy

Scale: Yes No

4.1 Nominal value is marked

4.2 The indicating equipment shows this

mark by freely suspended pendulum

4.3 Thickness of line ≤ 1/5 of graduation

4.4 Indicator is knife-edged parallax-free

4.5 Thickness of indicator ≤ thickness of

line

4.6 Calibration of the indicated absorbed impact energy

Indication of indicating Measured Calculated Error of Relative error of indication Permissible relative error
equipment angle of rise absorbed indication AS-AV of indication
Absorbed impact energy impact
AS energy

Degrees J β Av = Ap - Au As - Av a) in % of b) in % of
degrees J J Av Ap
One of the following two
conditions must be fulfilled:

either a)
As - Av 100 ≤ ± 1.0 %
Av

or b)
As - Av 100 ≤ ± 0.5 %
Ap
 NORDTEST METHOD NT MECH 036 11

4.7 Friction losses for swinging pendulum Formula symbols, nominal values and permissible
deviation
Maximum Total friction Slave Bearing
impact Rges pointer and air L Length of pendulum
energy friction friction
RS RL F Supported force
AN
J Measured Permissible J J
I I I α Angle of fall
J %of AN % of AN
1 I I I
β Angle of rise
I I I I
v = √2 . g . L(1 - cos α) Impact velocity of hammer against
I I I test piece

tn Time for n swings

2
g . (tn) Reduced length of pendulum
Re- Lred =
5 Centering jig Yes No marks 4π2 n2 (distance between the centre of
percussion and axis of rotation)
5.1 There is a jig for placing
the samples in the center, AN Nominal value of impact energy
ensuring that the notch of
Ap = F . L.(1 - cos α) Potential impact energy
the samples has a permis-
sible deviation of max. Au = F . L . (1 - cos β) Remaining energy
± 0.5 mm in the center of
the vertical supports Av = Ap - Au Absorbed impact energy
~
6 Safety As Indicated, absorbed impact energy

Rs Energy loss of slave pointer

6.1 Test-piece guard
RL Energy loss due to air resistance
6.2 Guard for personnel and bearing friction
6.3 Two-hand trip Rges = Rs + RL Total friction

7 Permissible marginal value

Nominal value of the impact energy AN in J 0.5 1 2 4 7.5 15 25 50 50 150 300 450 >450

Pendulum Impact velocity V in m/s

Reduced length of pendulum (Lred)

Angle of the striking edge (αs)

The radius of the striking edge rs in mm

The thickness of the striker in the impact

area of the striking edge, in mm

Support The inside distance of the vertical

supports a, in mm

The taper of vertical supp. αH

Clearance angle αF

The radius of curvature of the vertical

front edge rw, in mm

Indicating Scale interval max.

equipment
Estimated inaccuracy of reading max.

Permissible divisions for the indicated

absorbed impact energy As

Permissible friction loss % of AN