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Worked Out Problems PDF
Worked Out Problems PDF
PART 2
PARTICLE MECHANICS II
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1
Chapter - 1
Sedimentation and Thickening
1.* A single batch-settling test was made on a limestone slurry. The interface
between clear liquid and suspended solids was observed as a function of time, and the
results are tabulated below. The test was made using 236 gm of limestone per liter of
slurry. Prepare a curve showing the relation ship between settling rate and solids
concentration.
Test Data
Time, hr Height of Interface ,cm
0 36.0
0.25 32.4
0.50 28.6
1.00 21.0
1.75 14.7
3.0 12.3
4.75 11.55
12.0 9.8
20.0 8.8
4.* A batch sedimentation test was made with 5 micron silica particles in water at
86º F. A 4.5 cm I.D cylinder was used, and the initial slurry concentration was 0.125 g
of silica per cu cm of slurry. The data are given below. Prepare the corresponding
settling rate vs concentration curve.
Final height = 5.53 cm
Time, min Height, cm
0 34
10.8 25
16.8 20
26.4 15
43.1 10
65.8 7.5
89.5 6.4
100 6.1
5.* The data given below were obtained from a single batch sedimentation test on
an ore slurry. The true density of the solids in the slurry was 2.5 g/cu-cm, and the
density of the liquid was 1 g/cu-cm. Determine the diameter required for a thickener
to handle 100 tons of solids per day from a feed concentration of 64.5 g/liter to an
underflow concentration of 485 g/liter.
6.** Estimate the depth of the thickener required to perform the operation of
Example 1.2. The batch-settling test indicated a value of z ∞ = 7.7 cm. The specific
gravity of the limestone is 2.09.
Chapter 2
Classification
8.* Calculate the terminal velocity for sphericity droplets of coffee extract, 400
microns in diameter, falling through air. The specific gravity of the coffee
extract is 1.03, and the air is at a temperature of 300F.
10.* Drops of oil 15 microns in diameter are to be settle from their mixture with air.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.9, and the air is at 21˚C and 1 atm. A
settling time of 1 min is available. How high should the chamber be to allow
settling of these particles? Assume that the motion of the particle lies in the
Stokes’-Law range.
11.* Air is being dried by being bubbled (in very small bubbles) through
concentrated sulfuric acid (specific gravity, 1.84, viscosity, 15 cp, temperature
100˚F). The sulfuric acid fills a 24 in tall, 2 in ID glass tube to a depth of 6 in.
The dry air above the acid is at a pressure of 0.8 atm and at 100˚F. If the dry
air rate is 3.5 cfm, what is the maximum diameter of a sulfuric acid spray
droplet which might be carried out of the apparatus by entrainment in the air
stream.
13.** Particles of sphalerite (specific gravity = 4.0) are settling under the force of
gravity through a slurry consisting of 25% by volume of quartz particles
(specific gravity = 2.65) and water. The diameter of the sphalerite particles is
0.006 in. The volumetric ratio of sphalerite to slurry is 0.25. The temperature
is 50˚F. What is the terminal velocity of the sphalerite? What is the density of
slurry?
5
14.** Calculate the settling velocity for the hindered settling of glass sphere in water
at 68˚F when the suspension contains 1206 g of glass spheres in 1140 cm3 of
total volume. The average diameter of the spheres, as determined from
photomicrographs, was 0.0061 in and the true density of the spheres was 154
lb/ft3.
15.*** Urea pellets are made by spraying drops of molten urea into cold gas at the top
of a tall tower and allowing the material to solidify as it falls. Pellets 1/4 in. in
diameter are to be made in a tower 80 ft high containing air at 70˚F. The
density of urea is 83 lb/cu-ft.
(a) What would be the terminal velocity of the pellets, assuming free-settling
conditions?
(b) Would the pellets attain 99 % of this velocity before they reached the
bottom of the tower?
16.*** Quartz and pyrites are separated by continuous hydraulic classifications. The
feed to the classifier ranges in size between 10 microns and 300 microns.
Three fractions are obtained: a pure-quartz product, a pure-pyrites product, and
a mixture of quartz and pyrites. The specific gravity of quartz is 2.65 and that
of pyrites is 5.1. What is the size range of the two materials in the mixed
fraction for each of the following cases.
(a) The bottoms product to contain the maximum amount of pure pyrites.
(b) The overhead product to contain the maximum amount of pure quartz.
17.*** A mixture of coal and sand in particle size smaller than 20 mesh is to be
completely separated by screening and then elutriating each of the cuts from
the screening operation with water as the elutriating fluid. Recommend a
screen size such that the oversize cut can be completely separated into coal and
sand fractions by water elutriation. What water velocity will be required? The
specific gravity for sand and coal is 2.65 and 1.35 respectively.
18.*** A mixture of spherical particles of silica contains particles ranging in size from
14 mesh to 200 mesh. This mixture is to be divided into two fractions by
elutriation, utilizing the upward velocity of a stream of water at 55˚F rising
through a tube 4 in in diameter.
(a) What quantity of water, in gpm, will probably be needed to divide the
mixture at a size equal to the aperture of a 48-mesh screen?
(b) When the water flow through the tube is 1.5 gpm, what is the smallest size
of silica particle which will probably settle through the stream? The specific
gravity for silica is 2.65.
6
Chapter 3
Centrifugation
2.* What is the capacity in m3 / hr of the centrifuge operation under the following
conditions?
Dia of bowl 600 mm
Thickness of liquid layer 75 mm
Speed 1000 rpm
Depth of bowl 400 mm
Sp-gr of liquid 1.3
Sp-gr of soild 1.6
Viscosity of liquid 3 cp
Critical particle dia 30 µ m
4.** In the primary refining of vegetable oils, the crude oil is partially saporified
with caustic and the refined oil separated immediately from the resulting soap stock in
a centrifuge. In such a process, the oil has a density of 0.92 gm/cu cm and a viscosity
of 20 centipoises, and the soap phase has a density of 0.98 gm/cu cm and a viscosity
of 300 centipoises. It is proposes to separate these phases in a tubular-bow1 centrifuge
with a bow1 30 in long and 2 in. I.D. rotating at 18.000 rpm. The radius of the dam
over which the light phase flows is 0.500 in, whereas that over which the heavy phase
flows is 0.510 in.
(a) Determine the location of the liquid-liquid interface within the centrifuge.
7
Chapter 4
Filteration
1.* Ruth and Kempe report the results of laboratory filtration tests on a precipitate
of CaCO3 suspended in water A specially designed plate-frame with a single frame
was used. The frame had a filtening area of 0.283 sq ft and a thickenss of 1.18 in. All
tests were conducted at 66˚F and with a slurry containing 0.0723 weight fraction
CaCO3. The density of the dried cake was 100 lb/cu ft. Test results for one run are
given below:
P = 40 psi = constant
Determine the filtrate volume equivalent in resistance to the filter medium and piping
(Ve), the specific cake resistance (α), the cake porsity (ε),and the cake specific
surface(So).
2.* The results of laboratory tests on 6 in plate and frame filter press using two
frames, each 2 in thick and having a total active filter area of 1 sq-ft are given below.
A slurry of calcium carbonate in water was used.
4.** An open sand filter uses a 3-ft-deep bed of -20 +28 mesh sand as primary filter
bed. The sand particles used have an estimated spheroid of 0.9 . If the slurry being
filtered is essentially water and stands 2 ft deep over the top of the sand, determine the
maximum flow rate through the bed which occurs immediately after backwashing.
10
6.** A certain filter press when tested on a homogeneous slurry at constant rate
yielded the following data.
Time, min P1-P2, psi Filtrate, lb
0 - 0
1 6 10
3 8 30
5 10 50
6 11 60
10 15 100
20 25 200
30 35 300
If this press is to be operated at a constant pressure drop of 10 psi and the time
for cleaning and washing between cycles is 20 min, compute the optimum cycle time
(time for filtration, cleaning and washing) for 400 lb of filtrate.
7.*** A 30 by 30 in plate-and frame filter press with twenty frames 2.50 in, thick is
to be used to filter the CaCO3 slurry which was used in the test of problem 1. The
effective filtering area per frame is 9.4 sq ft, and Ve may be assumed to be the same as
that found in the test run. If filtration is carried out at constant pressure with (-∆P)=40
psi, determine the volume of slurry that will be handled until the frames are full, and
the time required for this filtration.
8.*** The following table shows data obtained in a constant rate filtraion of a sludge
consisting of magnesium carbonate and water. The rate was 0.1 ft/sec, the viscosity of
the filtrate was 0.92 cp, and the concentration of solids in the slurry was 1.08 lb/ft3 of
filtrate. Evalurate , in foot , lbf , second units, the constants Rm, S , K1 and αo for this
sludge.
11
-∆ P, psi 1, sec
4.4 10
5.0 20
6.4 30
7.5 40
8.7 50
10.2 60
11.8 70
13.5 80
15.2 90
17.6 100
20.0 110
Chapter - 5
Handling of Solids
1.* A belt conveyor is required to deliver crushed limestone having a bulk density
of 75 lb/cu ft at the rate of 200 tons/hr. The conveyor is to be 200 ft between
centers of pulleys with a rise of 25ft. The largest lumps are 4 in an and
constitute 15% of the total. The conveyor will discharge over the end. For a
belt speed of 200 fpm, what is the minimum width of belt that can be used?
Calculate the horsepower for the drive motor.
Chapter - 6
Agitation and Mixing
1.* A flat-blade turbine with six blades is installed centrally in a vertical tank. The
tank is 6 ft (1.83 m ) in diameter: the turbine is 2 ft (0.61 m ) in diameter and is
positioned 2 ft (0.61 m ) from the bottom of the tank. The turbine blades are 5
in (127 mm) wide. The tank is filled to a depth of 6 ft (1.83m) with a solution
of 50 percent caustic soda. at 150 F (65.6 °C) which has a viscosity of 12 cP
and a density of 93.5 lb/ft3 (1498 kg/m3). The turbine is operated at 90r/min.
The tank is baffled. What power will be required to operate the mixer?
1.* A single batch-settling test was made on a limestone slurry. The interface
between clear liquid and suspended solids was observed as a function of time, and the
results are tabulated below. The test was made using 236 gm of limestone per liter of
slurry. Prepare a curve showing the relation ship between settling rate and solids
concentration.
Test Data
Time, hr Height of Interface ,cm
0 36.0
0.25 32.4
0.50 28.6
1.00 21.0
1.75 14.7
3.0 12.3
4.75 11.55
12.0 9.8
20.0 8.8
Using the test data. The height of the interface (z) is plotted as a function of
time (θ) (Figure)
40-
Height of interface, cm
30-
20-
10-
0-
Figure: Height of Interface as a Function of Time
V, settling velocity y ,
cm/hr
0
800
Solid conc, g/lit
To determine the minimum value of LL cL / S, the data of Table 1.2 are plotted
in Figure 1.9 This plot yields a minimum value of
LL c L
= 4730 cm / hr
S 1 / gm
Mm
corresponding to υ = 6.9 cm/hr, and, from Figure 1.7, cL = 310 gm /l. Since
no solids leave in the overflow, a solids material balance (Equation 1.14) gives
LLcL= 50 tons/hr = 100,000 lb solids /hr
cm / hr ft / hr
Now, 4730 = 9.68 and
1 / gm cu ft / lb
100,00
S= = 10,32.sq ft
9.68
6200
LLCL/S
4600
V, settling velocity 10
3.* A slurry of calcium carbonate in water, containing 45 g of calcium carbonate
per liter, was allowed to settle in a 6.0 cm I.D glass cylinder. The height of the line
between clear liquid and zone B-the zone of relative constant solid concentration, was
measured as a function of time. The results are given below. Prepare a curve of
settling rate Vs concentration.
ZO
Co = 45 g/lit Zi
Z, in
ZL
Zo = 44 in
0 θL
θ, min
zi − z L co zo
θL, min ZL , in Zi, in VL = , in/min cL= , g / lit
θL zi
100 34 43.5 0.095 45.517
200 25 43 0.09 46.046
300 17 38
400 10 27.8
450 20.5
VL, jn / min
CL , g/Lit
4.* A batch sedimentation test was made with 5 micron silica particles in water at
86º F. A 4.5 cm I.D cylinder was used, and the initial slurry concentration was 0.125 g
of silica per cu cm of slurry. The data are given below. Prepare the corresponding
settling rate vs concentration curve.
Final height = 5.53 cm
Time, min Height, cm
0 34
10.8 25
16.8 20
26.4 15
43.1 10
65.8 7.5
89.5 6.4
100 6.1
co = 0.125 g / cm3
zo = 34 cm
ZO
Zi
Z , cm ZL
0
θL
θ , min zi − z L co z o
θL , min zL, cm zi , zna vL = , cm/min cL = , g/lit
θL zL
    Â
    Â
    Â
    Â
    Â
vL , cm/min
cL , g/lit
5.* The data given below were obtained from a single batch sedimentation test on
an ore slurry. The true density of the solids in the slurry was 2.5 g/cu-cm, and the
density of the liquid was 1 g/cu-cm. Determine the diameter required for a thickener
to handle 100 tons of solids per day from a feed concentration of 64.5 g/liter to an
underflow concentration of 485 g/liter.
ρs = 2.5 g / cm3
ρL = 1 g / cm3
Lo co = 100 tons / day
co = 64.5 g / lit
cu = 485 g / lit
D =?
1 1 vL
cL , g / lit vL (cm/hr) −
c L cu 1 1
−
c L cu
64.5 139.9 Â Â
70.9 103.6 Â Â
94.3 71.9 Â Â
111.7 49.4 Â Â
139.9 27.1 Â Â
173.9 16.8 Â Â
222.0 10.0 Â Â
331.0 6.4 Â Â
VL / ( 1/ CL – 1 / CU )
cm/hr / lit/g
VL / ( 1/ CL – 1 / CU )
min
VL, cm/hr
vL = Lo co = Â cm / hr
1 1 A min lit / q
c −c
L u min
ton lit / g
A = 100 ×
day cm / hr
π
D2 = Â
4
D = Â ft
6.** Estimate the depth of the thickener required to perform the operation of
Example 1.2. The batch-settling test indicated a value of z ∞ = 7.7 cm. The specific
gravity of the limestone is 2.09.
From the information of Problem 1 (must know), the following Table may be
prepared.
z − z∞
Time hr (z-z ∞ ) Wg/WL Wl /Wg
zo − z∞
gm solid / 1, water 1/gm solid
The critical time is evaluated from Figure by determining determining the time
at a value of (zo + zo' ) /2. This time is found to be 0.80 hr. The final concentration is
specified by Problem 2 (must know) as 550 gm/l. From Table, a time of about 3.4 hr
is required to produce a concentration of solids equal to 550 gm/l. Thus the retention
time in the compression zone is (3.4-0.8)or 2.6 hr.
ZO
0.6
Z-Z∞ / ZO - Z∞
0.2
ZO’
0 θC 14
Time , hr
Depth of thickener.
Compression zone 13,000/10,320 ≅ 1.3 ft
Bottom pitch 2.0 ft
Storage capacity 2.0 ft
Submergence of feed 2.0 ft
Lu
Cu
0 θ, min
vL
3
θL, min zL, cm zi, cm vL , cm/min cL, g/cm 1/cL 1 1
−
c L cu
VL / ( 1/ CL – 1 / CU )
VL / ( 1/ CL – 1 / CU )
min
l o co cm / min
= Â
A cm 3 / g
105 × 0.012 gal g min 1day 1 ft 3
A= × 3× × ×
day cm cm 24 × 60 min 7.48 gal
= ft2
π
A= D2
4
D = Â ft
z − zα
θ, min z, cm z- z∞ , cm
zo − zα
0 31
5 21
10 10
20 3.2
40 2.2
60 2.1
180 2.0
240 1.96
3
ln (Z-Z∞)/ (Z0- Z∞) 1/CL , cm /gal
0 θC θC θu
θ, min θ, min
θc = Â min
θu = Â
loco
volume of compression zone = (θ u − θ c ) + l o c o ∫ θθcu 1 dθ
ys cL
gal g
= 105 × 0.012 3 (− )
day cm
cm 3 1 day 1 ft 3
min × × ×
2 g 24 × 60 min 7.48 gal
gal g cm 3
+ 105 × 0.012 3 × − − − − × min×
day cm g
1 day 1ft 3
× gal = ft 3
24 × 60 min 7.48
Chapter 2
Classification
8.* Calculate the terminal velocity for sphericity droplets of coffee extract, 400
microns in diameter, falling through air. The specific gravity of the coffee
extract is 1.03, and the air is at a temperature of 300F.
In this problem, the terminal velocity can be calculated using Equation 2.12;
but since the velocity is unknown, CD cannot be directly evaluated. This
method would require a trial-and-error solution, but the problem is easily
solved using Equation 2.21. This equation will be plotted on Figure 2.1 using
the specified data. It will pass through the point NRc = 1.0 and
CD =[4gD3 p(ps-p )/ 3µ2] with slop of -2.
400 × 10 −4
Dp = = 1.31 x 10-3 ft
30.48
µair = 0.026 x 6.72 x 10-4 = 1.747 x 10-5 lb/ft sec
ps = 1.03 x 62.3 = 64.1 lb/cu ft
29 492
pair = × = 0.0524 lb/cu ft
359 760
4 gDp 3 p ( ps − p )
CD =
3µ 2
CD =
(4)(32.2)(0.00131)3(0.0524)(64.1)(0.0524)
(3)(1.747 × 10 −5 )2
CD = 611
On Figure 2.1a at (CD =611, NRe = 1.0), draw a line of slope of -2 At its intersection
with.ψ = 1.0, NRe =14.
Therefore, Dp υ tp / µ = 14,
and
14 µ 14(1.747 × 105 )
υt = = = 3.57 ft / sec
D p P (1.31 × 10 −3 )(5.24 × 10 −2 )
4 gD p 3 ( p sil − p )
log CD = -2 log NRe + log
3 µ 2
This is a straight line on Figure 2.1 passing through (NRe = 1, CD = 7400) with a slope
of -2.
This line intersects the ψ = 0.806 curve at NRe = 28.
A Reynolds number of 28 corresponds to a settling velocity of
N µ (28)(0.01)
υ t = Re = = 4.0 cm /sec
D p p (0.07 )(1.0 )
This velocity must also be the water velocity to a ensure a clean galena product, since
it will carry all silica overhead.
(b) calculation of the size of a galena particle that settles at a velocity of 4.0 cm/sec
fixes the smallest galena particle in the galena product. By Equation 2.22.
4 g ( p gat − p )µ
log CD = log NRe + log
3 p 2υ 3
(4)(981)(7.5 − 1.0)0.01
log CD = log NRe + log
(3)(1)2 (4.0)3
Dp =
N Re µ
=
(9(0.01)) = 0.0225cm
υp (4.0)(1.0)
Thus, The galena product size ranges between 0.0225 cm and 0.07 cm. Galena
particles smaller than 0.0225 cm are carried overhead along with all silica.
10.* Drops of oil 15 microns in diameter are to be settle from their mixture with air.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.9, and the air is at 21˚C and 1 atm. A
settling time of 1 min is available. How high should the chamber be to allow
settling of these particles? Assume that the motion of the particle lies in the
Stokes’-Law range.
oil
Dp = 15 µ
sp.gr of oil = 0.9
time = 1 min
Stoke’s-law , range
D p2 g (ρ s − ρ )
vt =
18µ
Dp = 15 x 10-4 cm
ρs = 0.9 g/cm3
µ = 0.018 x 10-2 g/cm-5
pv = nRT
pv 1atm × 22.4 × 10 3 cm 3
R= =
nt 1 g.mol × 273K
pM
ρair =
RT
1atm × 29 g / g − mol
= = 0.0012 g/ cm3
1 × 22.4 × 10 3
× 294K
273
vt =
(15 × 10 )−4 2
× 980 × (0.9 − 0.0012 )
= 0.611 cm/s
18 × 0.018 × 10 −.2
11.* Air is being dried by being bubbled (in very small bubbles) through
concentrated sulfuric acid (specific gravity, 1.84, viscosity, 15 cp, temperature
100˚F). The sulfuric acid fills a 24 in tall, 2 in ID glass tube to a depth of 6 in.
The dry air above the acid is at a pressure of 0.8 atm and at 100˚F. If the dry
air rate is 3.5 cfm, what is the maximum diameter of a sulfuric acid spray
droplet which might be carried out of the apparatus by entrainment in the air
stream.
air
dry air 0.8 atm, 100˚F
6 in S/A conc
sp.gr = 1.84
µ = 15 cp, 100˚F Dp s/^ =?
at NRe = 1
DD =
(
4g ρ p − ρ f µ f ) = Â
3v ρ3
t
2
f
fig 2.1
NRe = Â
D p vρ
= Â
µ
Dp = Â
water
vt = 5 cm /2 hr
ρp = 2.5 g/ cm3
ρf = 62.4 lb/ft3
µf = 1 cp
Dp can be calculated same as problem 4.
13.** Particles of sphalerite (specific gravity = 4.0) are settling under the force of
gravity through a slurry consisting of 25% by volume of quartz particles
(specific gravity = 2.65) and water. The diameter of the sphalerite particles is
0.006 in. The volumetric ratio of sphalerite to slurry is 0.25. The temperature
is 50˚F. What is the terminal velocity of the sphalerite? What is the density of
slurry?
sphalerite
sp gr = 4
Dp = 0.006 in
slurry
50°F
quarty+ water
25% vol
sp gr=2.65
vol of sphalerite
= 0.25
vol of slurry
vt = ? ρslurry = ?
vH =
(
D 2p g ρ p − ρ f )=F
s
18µ f
X2
Fs =
101−82 (1− X )
x = 0.75
2.54cm
Dp = 0.006 in x = 0.006 x 2.54cm
1in
ρp = 4 g/cm3
µf = 1.31 cp = 1.31 x 10 -2 g/cm.s
1g / cm 3
ρf = 62.42 lb/ft3 x = 1 g/cm3
62.37lb / ft 3
0.752
Fs = = 0.197
101.82 (1−0.75)
(0.006 × 2.54) 2 × 980( 4 − 1)
vH = × 0.197
18 × 1.31 × 10 −2
= 0.57 cm/s
14.** Calculate the settling velocity for the hindered settling of glass sphere in water
at 68˚F when the suspension contains 1206 g of glass spheres in 1140 cm3 of
total volume. The average diameter of the spheres, as determined from
photomicrographs, was 0.0061 in and the true density of the spheres was 154
lb/ft3.
gass sphere vH = ? water
Dp =0.0061 in 68˚F ρt = 62.31 lb/ft3
ρp = 154 lb /ft3 µt = 0.982 cp
1206
1140 −
x= 154 / 62.4 = 0.571
1140
x2 0.5712
Fs = == = Â
101−82 (1− x ) 101.82 (1−0571)
vH =
(
D 2p g ρ p − ρ f ) .F
s
18µ f
(0.0061 / 12) 2 × 32.2(154 − 62.32)
= x Â
18 × 0.982 × 6.72 × 10 − 4
= 0.0034 ft /s
15.*** Urea pellets are made by spraying drops of molten urea into cold gas at the top
of a tall tower and allowing the material to solidify as it falls. Pellets 1/4 in. in
diameter are to be made in a tower 80 ft high containing air at 70˚F. The
density of urea is 83 lb/cu-ft.
(a) What would be the terminal velocity of the pellets, assuming free-settling
conditions?
(b) Would the pellets attain 99 % of this velocity before they reached the
bottom of the tower?
molten urea
80 ft
(a) vt = ?
Dp = 1/48 ft µf = Â
PM
ρp = 83 lb/ft3 ρf =
RT
4D 3p g (ρ p − ρ f )ρ f
log cD = -2 log NRe + log
3µ f2
at NRe = 1
4D 3p g (ρ p − ρ f )ρ f
cD =
3µ f2
cD slope = -2
cD ψ =1
1 NRe = Â
NRe
Fig 2.1
D p vt ρ
NRe = = Â
µ
vt = Â
(b) 80 ft -
vp
> 0.99 would attain,
vt
not attain
v = 0.99 vt
0 ft vb
dv
a=
dt
dv
dρ . a = dz
dt
dρ . a = v dv
Vb v
∫ dρ = ∫
0
80 dv = -80
0 a
∑F = mpa = FE - FB - FR
C D A pρf v 2
= mp g - mf g -
2
mp c D π / 4 D 2p ρ f v 2
mpa = mpg - ρt g −
ρp 2
π
mp = D p3 ρ p
6
ρp − ρf 3c D ρ f v 2
a = .g −
ρp 4D p ρ p
83 − 0.075 3 × 0.075c D v 2
a= × 62.4 −
83 1
4 × × 83
48
Dpvρ f − − − × v
NRe , p = =
µf −−−
v
Assume v c ft/s NRe cD a
a
0 0 0 Â 0
vt
v
a
∴ vb = Â
- 80
vb
0 v vb vt = Â
vt
16.*** Quartz and pyrites are separated by continuous hydraulic classifications. The
feed to the classifier ranges in size between 10 microns and 300 microns.
Three fractions are obtained: a pure-quartz product, a pure-pyrites product, and
a mixture of quartz and pyrites. The specific gravity of quartz is 2.65 and that
of pyrites is 5.1. What is the size range of the two materials in the mixed
fraction for each of the following cases.
(a) The bottoms product to contain the maximum amount of pure pyrites.
(b) The overhead product to contain the maximum amount of pure quartz.
Q& p Q+P
10 to 300µ - pure Q
- pure P
- Q& p
H2 O P (pure)
sp.gr of Q = 2 .65
p = 5.1
ρp = 2.56 g/cm3
ρf = 1 g/cm3
µf = 1 x 10-2 gl cm.s
vt = ?
4 D 3p g (ρ p − ρ )ρ
log cD = - 2 log NRe + log
3µ 2
at NRe = 1
4 D p3 g (ρ p − ρ )ρ
cD = = Â
3µ 2
slope = -2
cD
cD
ρ=1
1 NRe = Â
NRe
ρp vt ρ
NRe = = Â
µ
vt = Â
For pyrite Dp = ?
vt = Â cm/s
ρp = 5.1 g/cm3
4 g ( ρ p − ρ )µ
log cD = log NRe + log
3vt3 ρ 2
at NRe = 1
4 g ( ρ p − ρ )µ
cD =
3vt3 ρ 2
slope = 1
cD cD
ρ = 1
NRe = 1
Dp vt ρ
NRe = = Â
µ
Dp = Â
10 to 300 µ for quart 2
10 to _ Â _ _ µ for pyrite
(b) Q& p Q (pure) 10 to Dp
10 to 300µ
H2 O P + Q Dp to 300 µ
For pyrite
DP = 10 µ = 10-3 cm
ρP = 5. 1 g/cm3
vt = ?
4 D p3 g (ρ p − ρ )ρ
log cD = - 2 log NRe + log
3µ 2
at NRe = 1 = >
4 D p3 g (ρ p − ρ )ρ
cD = = Â
3µ 2
slope = -2
cD
cD
ψ =1
1 NRe = Â
NRe
ρp vt ρ
NRe = = Â
µ
vt = Â
For quartz
vt = Â
ρp = 2.65
Dp = Â ?
at NRe = 1
cD =
(
4g ρ p − ρ µ )
3v 3t ρ f2
slope = 1
cD cD
ρ = 1
NRe = 1
NRe = Â
Dp vt ρ
= Â
µ
Dp = Â
10 to 300 µ for pyrite
 to 300 µ for quartz
17.*** A mixture of coal and sand in particle size smaller than 20 mesh is to be
completely separated by screening and then elutriating each of the cuts from
the screening operation with water as the elutriating fluid. Recommend a
screen size such that the oversize cut can be completely separated into coal and
sand fractions by water elutriation. What water velocity will be required? The
specific gravity for sand and coal is 2.65 and 1.35 respectively.
cD =
(
4D P g ρ p − ρ ρ ) ×
2
D p ρ2
3ρ N 2Re × µ 2
4 D p3 g (ρ p − ρ )ρ 1
cD = .
3µ 2 2
N Re
4 D p3 g (ρ p − ρ )ρ
log cD = -2 log NRe + log
3µ 2
at NRe =1
4 D p3 g (ρ p − ρ )ρ
cD =
3µ 2
4 × 0.08333 × 980(1.35 − 1)1
= = 0.26 × 10 4
3 × (10 )
−2 2
Dp vt ρ
= Â
µ
vt = Â
For sand
Dp = ?
vt = Â
4 g (ρ p − ρ )µ
log cD = log NRe + log
3vt3 ρ
at NRe = 1
4 g ( ρ p − ρ )µ
cD = = Â
3vt3 ρ
slope = 1
cD cD
ψ= 1
NRe = Â 1
NRe
Dp vt ρ
NRe = = Â
µ
Dp = Â
18.*** A mixture of spherical particles of silica contains particles ranging in size from
14 mesh to 200 mesh. This mixture is to be divided into two fractions by
elutriation, utilizing the upward velocity of a stream of water at 55˚F rising
through a tube 4 in in diameter.
(a) What quantity of water, in gpm, will probably be needed to divide the
mixture at a size equal to the aperture of a 48-mesh screen?
(b) When the water flow through the tube is 1.5 gpm, what is the smallest size
of silica particle which will probably settle through the stream? The specific
gravity for silica is 2.65.
silica 200-48
200-14
4 in dia sp - gr = 2.65
H2 O 48-14
55˚F
(a) Q = ? g pm
Dp = 48 mesh
ρp = 2.65 x 62.4 lb /ft3
ρf = Â
µf = Â
vt = ?
π
Q = vt . A = vt x D2 =
4
4 D p3 g (ρ p − ρ )ρ
log cD = -2 log NRe + log
3µ 2
at NRe = 1
4 D p3 g ( ρ p − ρ ) ρ
cD = = Â
3µ 2
cD slope = -2
cD
ψ =1
1 NRe = 1
NRe
NRe = Â
Dp vt ρ
= Â
µ
vt = Â
π
Q= vt x D2 = Â
4
(l)
200-14 200-Dp
H 2O Dp-14
Q∆ = 1.5 gpm
vt . A = 1.5 gal/min
1.5 1 ft 144 1
vt = × × ×
π 7.48 1 cos
×4 2
4
= 0.0383 ft/s
Dp = ? φ=1
ρp = 2.65 x 62 .4 lb/ft3
4 g (ρ p − ρ )µ
log cD = log NRe + log
3vt3 ρ 2
4 g (ρ p − ρ )µ
at NRe = 1 cD = = Â
3 vt3
slope = 1
cD
1
NRe = Â
NRe
Fig = 2.1
Dp vt ρ
= Â
µ
Dp = Â
Chapter 4
Filteration
19.* Ruth and Kempe report the results of laboratory filtration tests on a precipitate
of CaCO3 suspended in water A specially designed plate-frame with a single frame
was used. The frame had a filtening area of 0.283 sq ft and a thickenss of 1.18 in. All
tests were conducted at 66˚F and with a slurry containing 0.0723 weight fraction
CaCO3. The density of the dried cake was 100 lb/cu ft. Test results for one run are
given below:
P = 40 psi = constant
Determine the filtrate volume equivalent in resistance to the filter medium and piping
(Ve), the specific cake resistance (α), the cake porsity (ε),and the cake specific
surface(So).
20.* The results of laboratory tests on 6 in plate and frame filter press using two
frames, each 2 in thick and having a total active filter area of 1 sq-ft are given below.
A slurry of calcium carbonate in water was used.
Expermental data for constant pressure filtration
Chapter - 5
Handling of Solids
1.* A belt conveyor is required to deliver crushed limestone having a bulk density
of 75 lb/cu ft at the rate of 200 tons/hr. The conveyor is to be 200 ft between
centers of pulleys with a rise of 25ft. The largest lumps are 4 in an and
constitute 15% of the total. The conveyor will discharge over the end. For a
belt speed of 200 fpm, what is the minimum width of belt that can be used?
Calculate the horsepower for the drive motor.
Solution
minimum width of belt = 14 in
Data
friction factor = 0.03
Lo = 150
wt of conveyor = 30 lb/ft
h.p =
(coefficient )(capacity, lb / min )(length, ft )
3300
Chapter - 6
Agitation and Mixing
tajccHar;cGef;rsm;(must know)
Problems
1.* A flat-blade turbine with six blades is installed centrally in a vertical tank. The
tank is 6 ft (1.83 m ) in diameter: the turbine is 2 ft (0.61 m ) in diameter and is
positioned 2 ft (0.61 m ) from the bottom of the tank. The turbine blades are 5
in (127 mm) wide. The tank is filled to a depth of 6 ft (1.83m) with a solution
of 50 percent caustic soda. at 150 F (65.6 °C) which has a viscosity of 12 cP
and a density of 93.5 lb/ft3 (1498 kg/m3). The turbine is operated at 90r/min.
The tank is baffled. What power will be required to operate the mixer?
Solution
1. Curve A in Fig. 6.5 applies under the conditions of this problem. The
Reynolds number is calculated. The quantities for substitution are. in
consistent unit.
90
Da = 2 ft n = = 1.5 r/s
60
µ = 12 x 6.72 x 10-1 = 8.06 x 10-3 lb/ft-s
ρ = 93.5 lb /ft3 , g = 32.17 ft/s2
Then
D a2 nρ 2 2 x1.5 × 93.5
NRe = = = 69.600
µ 8.06 × 10 −3
From curve A (Fig 6.5). for NRe = 69.600. NRe = 5.8 and from Eq. (6.11)
5.8 × 93.5x1.53 × 2 3
ρ= = 1821ft − lb.s
32.17
The power requirement is 1821/550 = 3.31 hp (2.47 kw).