BS EN ISO 14918:2018

BSI Standards Publication

Thermal spraying - Qualification

testing o f thermal sprayers
BS EN ISO 14918:2018 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 14918:2018.
It is identical to ISO 14918:2018. It supersedes BS EN ISO 14918:1998,
which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee STI/40, Thermal spraying and thermally sprayed coatings.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2018
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2018
ISBN 978 0 580 96730 6
ICS 25.220.20
Compliance with a British Standard cannot con fer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2018.

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 14918
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM June 2018

ICS 2 5 .2 2 0.2 0 Supersedes EN ISO 14918: 1998

English Version

Thermal spraying - Qualification testing of thermal

sprayers (ISO 14918:2018)
Projection thermique - Qualification des agents Thermisches Spritzen - Prüfung von
en projection thermique (ISO 14918:2018) thermischen Spritzern (ISO 14918:2018)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 April 2018.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving
this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre
or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three o fficial versions (English, French, German) . A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility o f a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the o fficial versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN- CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2 018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 14918: 2 018: E
worldwide for CEN national Members
BS EN ISO 14918:2018
EN ISO 14918:2018 (E)

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 14918:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107 “Metallic
and other inorganic coatings” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 240 “Thermal
spraying and thermally sprayed coatings” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2018, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 14918:1998.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
the United Kingdom.

Endorsement notice
The text o f ISO 14918:2018 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14918:2018 without any modification.

ii
 BS EN ISO 14918:2018
ISO 14918:2018

Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Essential requirements for qualification testing ................................................................................................................ 2
4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.2 Equipment operation ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2
4.3 Masking procedure .............................................................................................................................................................................. 2
4.4 Surface preparation ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3
4.5 Environmental conditions ............................................................................................................................................................. 3
4.6 Application equipment .................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5 Range o f qualification ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.2 Thermal spraying processes ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.2.1 Grouping of thermal spraying processes .................................................................................................... 3
5.2.2 Application methods .................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.2.3 Spray materials .................................................................................................................................................................. 3
5.3 Qualification scope .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
5.4 Supervision ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
5.5 Shapes and dimensions of test pieces ................................................................................................................................. 4
5.6 Test methods ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
5.7 Acceptance requirements for test pieces ......................................................................................................................... 4
5.8 Spray consumables for the test ................................................................................................................................................. 5
6 Examination and testing............................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2 Job knowledge test............................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.3 Practical test .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
7 Re-tests ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
7.2 Additional tests ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
8 Period o f validity .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
8.1 Initial qualification .............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
8.2 Prolongation .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
8.2.1 Period ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
8.2.2 Thermal sprayer and production spraying ............................................................................................... 6
8.2.3 Interruption periods in thermal spray works ........................................................................................ 6
8.3 Requirements ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
8.4 Scheduling ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
8.5 Expired or cancelled qualification status ......................................................................................................................... 6

9 Records ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
10 Designation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Annex A (normative) Job knowledge.................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Annex B (normative) Specific acceptance criteria .............................................................................................................................. 10
Annex C (normative) Minimum tensile adhesive strength and shear load resistance values ............... 15
Annex D (informative) Example o f qualification test certificate for thermal sprayer ................................... 18

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BS EN ISO 14918:2018
ISO 14918:2018

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature o f standards, the meaning o f ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition ( ISO 14918:1998), which has been
technically revised.

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Introduction

This document examines the principles o f qualification testing o f sprayer per formance for
thermal spraying.
The quality of work involved in thermal spraying depends on the skill, operation of the spray equipment
and job knowledge of the thermal sprayer.
The ability of the thermal sprayer to follow verbal and written instructions and the testing of his/her
skill and operation of the spray equipment are therefore important factors in ensuring the quality of
the thermally sprayed product.
This document is intended to provide the basis for mutual recognition by examining bodies for
qualification relating to thermal sprayer’s competence in the various fields o f application. Tests can be
carried out in accordance with this document, unless more severe tests are specified by the relevant
application standards in which case these can be applied.
The thermal sprayer’s skill and j ob knowledge continues to be classified as qualified as long as the
thermal sprayer works with reasonable continuity on thermal spraying work within the extent of
qualification.

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 BS EN ISO 14918:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14918:2018

Thermal spraying - Qualification testing o f

thermal sprayers
1 Scope
This document specifies procedural instructions for qualification testing o f thermal sprayers. It defines
requirements, ranges o f qualification, test conditions, acceptance requirements and certification for
qualification testing o f thermal spray per formance.

This document is applicable when the thermal sprayer’s qualification is required by this document, the
purchaser, by inspection authorities or by other organizations.
The thermal spraying processes referred to in this document include those spraying processes which
are designated as manual or mechanized.
The test for mechanised application includes the use of automatically controlled thermal spraying, e.g.
robotics, scan units.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14916, Thermal spraying — Determination of tensile adhesive strength
ISO 14917, Thermal spraying — Terminology, classification
ISO 2063-2, Thermal spraying —Zinc, aluminium and their alloys — Part 2: Execution of corrosion
protection systems

EN 15340, Thermal spraying — Determination of shear load resistance of thermally sprayed coatings

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes o f this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14917 and the following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
thermal sprayer
person who performs thermal spraying with a manual or mechanized system
3.2
manual thermal spraying
process in which the spraying gun or torch is manipulated by hand
3.3
mechanized thermal spraying
process in which some aspects are mechanized, i.e. with the gun/torch not manipulated by hand

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3.4
automatic thermal spraying
process in which all operations typical of the spraying process are fully mechanized including all
handling, e.g. workpiece loading and unloading, and which are integrated in a programmed system
Note 1 to entry: For examination, it is equal to mechanized thermal spraying (3.3).
3.5
examiner
person who verifies compliance with the application standard

3.6
examining body
organization who verifies compliance with the application standard

3.7
specific acceptance criteria
document providing in detail the criteria by which a thermal sprayer (3.1) can be tested to be qualified
for a particular spraying technique or application area
3.8
test piece
thermal spray workpiece used for the qualification test (3.10)

3.9
test specimen
portion cut from the test piece (3.8 ) in order to per form a specified analytical test (3.10)
3.10
test
series of operations which include the making of a thermally sprayed test piece (3.8), subsequent non-
destructive and/or destructive testing and reporting of results

4 Essential requirements for qualification testing

4.1 General
The criteria specified in this clause shall be examined in order to identi fy the ability o f the thermal
sprayer in these areas.
The thermal sprayer’s qualification test shall be carried out on test pieces o f comparable geometry.

The thermal sprayer shall be tested on both basic job knowledge and specific knowledge related to the
process for all thermal spraying processes and operations, see Annex A.

4.2 Equipment operation

The thermal sprayer shall be tested to determine his/her knowledge of the equipment, as
described in A.4.3.

4.3 Masking procedure

The thermal sprayer shall be tested to determine his/her knowledge of proper masking procedures for
both surface preparation and spraying.

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4.4 Surface preparation

The thermal sprayer shall verify that the surface of the thermal spray test piece which is used
forqualification is acceptable. S/he should also maintain a properly prepared sur face during the
qualification testing.

4.5 Environmental conditions

The thermal sprayer shall verify the acceptability of environmental conditions, such as temperature,
humidity and dew point, as being suitable for spraying the test pieces i f called up by the specific coating
process and method of application being evaluated.

4.6 Application equipment

The test results used for the qualification testing shall come from work or test pieces sprayed with
production equipment or equipment similar to it. The certifying examining body shall agree that equal
equipment used to per form the testing is representative o f the said equipment’s quality.

5 Range o f qualification
5.1 General
Thermal sprayers shall be qualified for thermal spraying to a specific coating process and method
o f application. The qualification shall only be valid for that specific coating process and method o f
application. The thermal spraying processes and methods of application covered by this document are
identified in 5.2.

5.2 Thermal spraying processes

5.2.1 Grouping o f thermal spraying processes
This document covers the following thermal spraying processes according to ISO 14917:
— arc spraying;
— plasma spraying;
— high velocity oxy fuel flame spraying, cold spraying, detonation spraying;
— powder flame spraying, plastic flame spraying;
— wire/rods/cords flame spraying;
— powder flame spraying with fusing, laser spraying, plasma trans ferred arc spraying (PTA).

5.2.2 Application methods

This document covers the following application methods:
— manual;
— mechanized.

5.2.3 Spray materials

5.2.3.1 General
The spray materials that shall be used in the qualification test are split into material groups.

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The materials listed in 5.2.3.2 to 5.2.3.5 are given for information only to show which material is
generally appropriate for each process.

5.2.3.2 Flame spraying (powder, wire, cords or rods)/arc spraying

— Metals and alloys (for engineering purposes).
— Zinc, aluminium and their alloys and plastic (for corrosion protection).

5.2.3.3 Flame spraying (powder, wire, cords or rods, PTA, laser spraying and flame
sprayed and fused)
— Sel f-fluxing alloys, cobalt based alloys, hard- facing.

5.2.3.4 Plasma spraying, plasma spraying in a chamber under vacuum

— Metals and alloys.
— Metal based hard material.
— Ceramics, hydroxyl-apatite.

5.2.3.5 High velocity flame spraying

— Metals and alloys.
— Metal based hard material.

5.3 Qualification scope

The requirements for initial thermal sprayer qualification are di fferent for each o f the classifications
in 5.2 .
Qualification in one category (process and application method) does not imply any ability or
experience in practising the specific thermal spraying technique in any other category.

The thermal sprayer qualification level shall be indicated by the thermal spray process, followed by
the application method. For example, manual operation of arc spraying equipment can be written as
“Arc spraying – Manual”. In addition, information on the spray material (material group) sprayed for
qualification shall be available upon request to the certi fying examining body.

5.4 Supervision
The thermal spraying and testing of the test pieces shall be witnessed by the licensed examiner, or by
the responsible thermal spraying coordinator.

5.5 Shapes and dimensions o f test pieces

Shapes and dimensions o f test pieces and test specimens are defined in Annex B.

5.6 Test methods

The test methods are specified in Annex B.

5.7 Acceptance requirements for test pieces

The acceptance requirements for test pieces are specified in Annex B.

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5.8 Spray consumables for the test

For any process group mentioned in 5.2.1 there are various material groups possible, see 5.2.3. The
sprayer can choose the material according to the group to use for the test. The coating properties of the
materials used should be in accordance with Annex C. Tables C.1 and C.2 include basic points for the
testing of materials (e.g. tensile bond test values).
A plasma sprayer can choose a ceramic material for the test, e.g. Al 2 O 3/TiO 2 , Cr2 O 3 , ZrO 2 or an
equivalent metallic material, e.g. WCCo.

6 Examination and testing

6.1 General
The thermal sprayer shall be tested in two ways:
— s/he shall complete a job knowledge test to determine his/her knowledge of the process;
— s/he shall undergo a practical test to demonstrate his/her skill and ability to operate the equipment
in the appropriate area.

6.2 Job knowledge test

The thermal sprayer shall satisfactorily complete a test covering the appropriate coating process,
application method and material. The test shall be prepared by the certification body. For the particular
aspects to be tested see Annex A.

6.3 Practical test

The practical test serves the purpose of determining if the thermal sprayer has the necessary practical
Annex A and Annex B).
skills, as detailed in the specific acceptance criteria (according to

When practically testing more than one sprayer (mechanized) using the same equipment, the same
spray material and the same parameter, the assessment of the material in question can be reduced to a
20 % sample random test provided no unacceptable coatings are produced. In the case of imperfection
all specimens shall be tested.

7 Re-tests
7.1 General
In the event o f the thermal sprayer’s failure to meet the requirements o f this document, a re-test may be
scheduled at the discretion of the examiner, but not without additional training and not usually within
three months of the initial test.

7.2 Additional tests

If during spraying the thermal sprayer can show that there is some extraneous fault preventing spraying
a good test piece, a new attempt may be made when the fault has been corrected.

8 Period o f validity
8.1 Initial qualification
The validity o f the thermal sprayer’s qualification begins from the date when all the required tests are
satis factorily completed. This date may be di fferent to the date o f issue marked on the certificate.

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A thermal sprayer’s qualification shall remain valid for a period o f three years providing that the sprayer
has provably sprayed in his/her relevant production field and this activity had not been interrupted for
more than six months or a re-qualification has been carried out showing a satis factory test piece. The
relevant certificate shall be signed at six months intervals by the employer/coordinator and shall show
that the following conditions are fulfilled.

8.2 Prolongation
8.2.1 Period
A re-qualification is required for the thermal sprayer every three years.

8.2.2 Thermal sprayer and production spraying

The thermal sprayer shall carry out production spraying without lapses of six months or more.

8.2.3 Interruption periods in thermal spray works

A thermal sprayer who has not carried out production spraying for a period of six months shall follow
the procedure for a repetition or re-qualification to regain a qualified status.

8.3 Requirements
The qualified status shall be deemed to be fulfilled by acceptable thermal spraying o f test specimens.
No job knowledge test should be required, providing said results have been obtained within a six
month-period o f the requested re-qualification.

8.4 Scheduling
The scheduling for re-qualification shall be agreed between the thermal sprayer and his/her employer.

8.5 Expired or cancelled qualification status

Thermal sprayers with an expired or cancelled qualification shall not be permitted to per form thermal
spray operations on parts covered by this document.

9 Records
Copies o f qualification records and test results should be maintained for a period o f three years.

10 Designation
The thermal sprayer’s qualification test shall be designated by the following in formation:
— number of this document, i.e. ISO 14918;
— thermal spray process;
— application method;
— spray material.
EXAMPLE Thermal sprayer qualification test ISO 14918 Wire flame spraying – manual.

An example o f a qualification test certificate for a thermal sprayer is provided in Annex D.

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Annex A
(normative)
Job knowledge

A.1 General
A test o f job knowledge is required for the initial qualification o f thermal sprayers.

This annex outlines the job knowledge that a thermal sprayer shall have to ensure compliance with
procedures and common practices.
The tests o f a thermal sprayer’s job knowledge can be given by any o f the following methods or
combinations of these methods:
— written tests;
— oral examination, following a series of written questions;
— computer testing;
— demonstration/observation testing, following a series of written criteria.
The test o f job knowledge shall be specific to the relevant thermal spraying process.

A.2 Requirements
A.2.1 General
The job knowledge o f the thermal sprayer shall be specifically tested for the relevant process in the
areas described in A.2.2 to A.2.6.

A.2.2 Thermal spraying equipment

Basic knowledge should include gas/electrical energy supply devices, essential components and
cooling systems.

A.2.3 Thermal spraying process

Basic knowledge should include preparation of the work piece, geometrical aspects, masking, measuring
methods during spraying, control of parameters, work piece storage and post treatments.

A.2.4 Substrate materials and consumables

Basic knowledge should include identification, storage and handling.

A.2.5 Safety and accident prevention

Basic knowledge should include safe assembly, setting up and closing down procedures,
personal protection, fire hazards, dust explosions, electrical hazard, flash backs, leak detection,
radiation and noise.

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A.2.6 Methods o f testing thermal sprayed coatings

Basic knowledge should include visual inspection, metallographic investigations, adhesion testing,
coating structure and imperfections of the coating.

A.3 Surface preparation during the qualification test

The thermal sprayer shall demonstrate an understanding of the interactions of cleaning, degreasing,
different mechanical surface roughening methods, preheating and storage so that s/he is able to assess
the quality of prepared substrate surfaces.
The thermal sprayer shall be able to recognize the suitability, or otherwise, of a surface to accept the
proposed coating system.
The thermal sprayer shall demonstrate an awareness o f the e ffects o f blast cleanliness and profile, and
also what level of preparation is required for different types of coating.
For examination purposes, inadequate, adequate and good test piece surfaces shall be presented to the
thermal sprayer as follows:
a) sur face blasted with ball shot to provide clean sur face but without a sharp profile;

b) surface blasted for too short a time, leaving excessive contamination;

c) sur face blasted too much, leading to polishing as the profile is reduced;

d) surface contaminated with oil or dust;

e) sur face blasted correctly, giving a clean metal sur face with a good sharp profile appropriate to the
coating type. The surface as prepared shall be free of dust arising from other spraying operations,
broken down blast media, etc.
The thermal sprayer shall be questioned on which of the test pieces is acceptable and why. S/he
should also be questioned on the reasons behind the acceptability, e.g. effect of contamination etc. The
thermal sprayer shall also be aware of other factors which may reduce the receptiveness of the surface
for spraying.

A.4 Other factors to be tested during the qualification test

A.4.1 Material storage
The thermal sprayer shall to demonstrate his/her knowledge concerning conditions of storage and
handling o f spray materials (consumables) and their influence on coating quality.

A.4.2 Masking procedure

The thermal sprayer shall be tested to determine his/her knowledge of proper masking procedures for
both surface preparation and spray process. Where certain areas of a workpiece are not to be sprayed,
these shall be masked off. This can be done using a variety of techniques; whichever is appropriate
depending upon the geometry of the piece and the type of coating being applied may be used. For
example, paper tape can be used to mask off zinc spray only but cannot be used for high melting point
materials or as protection against blasting material.
The thermal sprayer shall show an awareness of the correct method for the work in hand.

A.4.3 Equipment operation

The thermal sprayer shall be tested to determine his/her knowledge of operating the equipment. S/he
shall put into operation thermal spray equipment according to the procedure and operating manual

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provided by the equipment manu facturer. The thermal sprayer’s knowledge should not be limited to
normal operation; rather, s/he should be su fficiently skilled to recognize when the equipment is not
functioning normally.

A.4.4 Application o f the coating

The thermal sprayer shall show that s/he is capable of assessing the preparation of the part to be
sprayed. Consideration should be given to geometrical factors such as holes and fasteners as well as
the operation of the equipment, i.e. by setting it up, spraying the coating, monitoring the process (e.g.
temperature control, parameter control) and assessing the result.

A.4.5 Safety aspects concerning personal health, safe handling o f the entire equipment
and environmental safety requirements
The thermal sprayer shall show his/her knowledge about safety aspects during the practical testing.
Particular attention should be paid to the proper handling of all connections whether electrical, gas or
air, as historically most accidents involving metal spraying equipment derive from these connections.

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Annex B
(normative)
Specific acceptance criteria

B.1 Zinc, aluminium and their alloys for corrosion protection/plastics

B.1.1 Instructions
The equipment, of whatever type, shall always be set up by the thermal sprayer and used in accordance
with the manu facturer’s instructions.

B.1.2 Practical test

B.1.2.1 General
Particular points to note are that the spray gun is used at a range according to manu facturer’s
recommendations and that the coating produced is free from lumps, dust inclusions and coarse textured
areas and is of a uniform thickness.

B.1.2.2 Test piece production

The test piece to be sprayed shall be a plate of, for example, alloyed steel or carbon steel according to
Figure B.1 or a work piece (e.g. a production part) which is comparable in degree o f di fficulty. Be fore the
spraying begins, the thermal sprayer shall accept the quality of the prepared surface and the suitability
of the environment. The coating shall be sprayed evenly onto the plate.

B.1.3 Testing o f the sprayed coating

B.1.3.1 Thickness test
The thermal sprayer shall be provided with a thickness gauge by which s/he may assess the thickness
of the coating on no more than three occasions during the test. Using the same gauge the assessor shall
then test the plate as described in ISO 2063-2 for general thickness and uniformity of thickness. If the
coating thickness lies between 0,15 mm and 0,25 mm at all tested points the thermal sprayer shall be
deemed to have passed this test.

B.1.3.2 Coating quality

Using the same sprayed plate the examiner shall visually inspect the coating for texture and freedom
from lumps, dust inclusions and blisters. If no such imperfections are present the thermal sprayer shall
be deemed to have passed this test.

B.1.3.3 Adhesion test

An adhesion test shall be performed in accordance with ISO 2063-2.

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B.2 Metal and alloys, metal based hard material (e.g. carbides), ceramics
B.2.1 Instructions
The equipment, of whatever type, shall always be set up by the thermal sprayer and used in accordance
with the manu facturer’s instructions.

B.2.2 Test piece production

The test piece to be sprayed shall be a tube of, for example, alloyed steel or carbon steel according to
Figure B.2 or a work piece (e.g. a production part) which is comparable in degree o f di fficulty. The area
of the test piece to be coated (about 150 mm) shall be undercut to a depth of 0,2 to 0,5 mm. The thermal
sprayer shall spray an adequate quantity of spray material (typical coating thickness of the material
used shall be sprayed) so that the original diameter can be reached again after a subsequent machining.
The torch shall be maintained at a distance and relative speed to the work piece according to the
supplier’s instructions (respective to internal parameter guidelines).

B.2.3 Testing o f the sprayed coating

B.2.3.1 Thickness test
It shall be the thermal sprayer’s responsibility to determine what this thickness should be, but it should
not exceed 1,0 mm in any case and 0,80 mm if a mechanical traverse is used. The coating thickness shall
be tested in at least four places along the bar or tube.

B.2.3.2 Coating quality

Using the same test piece the examiner shall visually inspect the coating for texture and freedom from
lumps, dust inclusions, cracks and blisters. Delamination and spalling-off are not accepted. If no such
imperfections are present the thermal sprayer shall be deemed to have passed this test.

B.2.3.3 Machining test

After visual inspection the test specimen shall be machined to diameter 75 mm or the diameter agreed
to confirm an adequate coating thickness. Provided that the original thickness was not excessive,
and that the coating cleans up over the entire surface upon machining, the thermal sprayer shall be
deemed to have passed the thickness test. The machined surface shall be inspected for over-heating,
excessive porosity, cracks and detachment, bearing in mind the difference between spraying and
machining effects.

B.2.3.4 Adhesion/shear load resistance test

An adhesion test in accordance with ISO 14916 or a shear load resistance test according to EN 15340
shall be performed. The mean value in both tests shall reach the agreed rated value at least.
The rated value shall represent a value usually used for manufacturing. Internal guidelines, requirements
of the client, guidelines by other standards or regulations shall be considered. Determining the rating
value also depends upon the required coating thickness, porosity, etc.
Alternative to the tensile adhesive test the shear load resistance according to EN 15340 can be
determined. Tables C.1 and C.2 show technological properties as reference values.

B.2.3.5 Metallographic examination

A test piece or a work piece specimen, an additional tensile adhesive test piece or a coated cross-
section specimen can be used for the metallographic investigation. The metallographic investigation

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 11

BS EN ISO 14918:2018
ISO 14918:2018

shall not show any transverse cracks, delamination or substrate to coating interface voids, porosity or
unacceptable blasting material residues.

B.3 Self fluxing alloys, cobalt based alloys, hard facings

B.3.1 Instructions
The equipment, of whatever type, shall always be set up by the thermal sprayer and used in accordance
with the manu facturer’s instructions.

B.3.2 Test piece production

The test piece to be sprayed shall be a tube of, for example, alloyed steel according to Figure B.2 or a
work piece (e.g. a production part) which is comparable in degree o f di fficulty. The area o f the test piece
to be coated (about 100 mm to 200 mm) shall be undercut to a depth of 0,5 mm. The thermal sprayer
shall spray an adequate quantity of spray material so that the original diameter can be reached again
after fusing and a subsequent machining.
The torch shall be maintained at a distance and relative speed to the work piece according to the
supplier’s instruction (respective to internal parameter guidelines) .

B.3.3 Testing o f the sprayed and fused coating

B.3.3.1 Coating quality
Using the same sprayed and fused test piece the examiner shall visually inspect the coating for texture
and freedom from lumps, cracks and blisters. Delamination and spalling-off are not accepted. If no such
imperfections are present the thermal sprayer shall be deemed to have passed this test.
The metallographic investigation shall not show any transverse cracks, delamination or substrate
to coating interface voids, porosity or unacceptable blasting material residues. Overheating is
not acceptable.

B.3.3.2 Machining test

A fter visual inspection the bar or tube shall be machined to 75 mm diameter to confirm an adequate
coating thickness. Provided that the original thickness was not excessive, and that the coating cleans
up over the entire surface upon machining, the thermal sprayer shall be deemed to have passed the
thickness test. The machined surface shall be inspected for over-heating, excessive porosity, cracks and
detachment, bearing in mind the difference between spraying and machining effects.

B.3.3.3 Metallographic examination

A test piece or a work piece specimen, an additional tensile adhesive test piece or a coated cross-
section specimen can be used for the metallographic investigation. The metallographic examination
shall not show any transverse cracks, delamination or substrate to coating interface voids, porosity or
unacceptable blasting material residues.

B.4 Summary o f specific acceptance criteria

Specific acceptance criteria is give in Table B.1.

12 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 14918:2018
ISO 14918:2018

Table B.1 — Specific acceptance criteria

Cold HVOF, PFS, WFS, PFS (SF),
Testing spray D-gun APS, VPS RFS (rod), PTA, LS
CFS (cord), AS
ISO 14916 X X X X
EN 15340 X X X X
ISO 2063-2 (corrosion protection) X
Micro cross-section X X X X X

B.5 Test pieces

Measures in millimetres

a Masked.

Figure B.1 — Example test piece for manual coating

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 13

BS EN ISO 14918:2018
ISO 14918:2018

Measures in millimetres

a Spray over this area.

Figure B.2 — Example test piece for mechanized coating (bar or tube)

14 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 14918:2018
ISO 14918:2018

Annex C
(normative)
Minimum tensile adhesive strength and shear load
resistance values

C.1 General information

The tests are usually carried out on carbon steel samples. If the base material is different the values for
tensile adhesive strength and/or shear load resistance may vary from those in the Tables C.1 and C.2.
The values for tensile adhesive strength and shear load resistance that are determined from the samples,
according to ISO 14916 and EN 15340, respectively, can be used for assessing the reproducibility and
stability of the spraying process.
According to whether the fracture occurs within the coating (cohesive) or on the interface between
coating and substrate (adhesive), either the coating material properties or the coating system properties
are tested, respectively. For the latter, the interrelationships between the substrate material, the
adhesive and the bonding process shall be considered.

C.2 Tensile adhesive strength according to ISO 14916

For tensile adhesive strength according to ISO 14916, minimum values are specified in Table C.1. In
certain cases the actual values may lie above the adhesive strength.

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 15

BS EN ISO 14918:2018
ISO 14918:2018

Table C.1 — Minimum tensile adhesive strength values in MPa

Coating material WFS PFS HVOF CGS AS APS VPS
Pure metals
Mo 30 20 50 — 30 30 35
Ni 30 20 60 30 30 30 60
Al99,5 4,5 a 4,5 a 30 25 4, 5 a 30 15
Cu 20 20 45 15 25 25 40
Zn99,99 4a 4a — 15 4a — —
ZnAl15 4a — — — 4a — —
AlMg5 4,5 a — — — 4,5 a — —
Ti — — — 30 — — 60
Metal alloys
Al-based — 25 50 — 15 25 —
AlZn 10 — — — 15 — —
AlSi12 — — — — 15 — —
Co-based — — 60 — — 40 —
Cu-based (Al-bronze) 15 20 60 — 35 35 —
Fe-based — 30 60 — 35 40 —
13 % Cr 25 — — 25 35 — 50
316L 25 — — 25 35 40 50
Ni-based (Inconel, Hastelloy) — — 60 — — 40 50
NiAl 30 30 60 — 40 40 —
NiCr8020 30 — 60 — 40 40 —
NiCrAlY — — 60 b — — 40 70
Ni-based SF/Co-based SF — — — — — — —
(melted down) c
Sn-based 5 — — — 5 — —
Ti alloys — — — — — — 70
Carbide alloys
WC/Co — 20 60 — — 40 —
WC/Co-Ni-based — — 60 — — 40 —
WC/Co/Cr — — 60 — — 40 —
Cr3 C 2 /NiCr (80/20; 75/25) — — 60 — — 35 —
Oxide ceramics
Al 2 O 3 — 15 25 — — 30 —
Al 2 O 3/TiO 2 — 15 30 — — 30 —
ZrO 2 -based — 10 — — — 15
Cr2 O 3 -based — 15 — — — 35 —
TiO 2 — — 45 — — 30 —
a Test is carried out in accordance with ISO 2063-2.
b After heat treatment for bonding.
c It is pointless to measure tensile adhesive strength for fused coatings because the melting process produces a
metallurgical bond between the coating and the substrate, and the bond strength of the coating far exceeds the strength of
any adhesive.

16 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 14918:2018
ISO 14918:2018

Table C.2 — Minimum shear resistance values in N

Coating material WFS PFS HVOF CGS AS APS VPS
Pure metals
Mo 1 700/II-I — — — — 850/II —
Ni — — — 970/I — — —
Ti — — — — — — 1 440/I
Metal alloys
Al-based — — — — 630/II — —
Fe-based — — — — — — —
13 % Cr 1 580/I — — — 1 500/I — —
316L — — 2 400/I — — 1 500/I —
Ni-based (Inconel 625, — — 1 480/I — — — —
Hastelloy C)
NiCr8020 — 920/I — — 2 280/II — —
NiTi95/5 — — — — 1 260/I — —
NiCrBSi (fused) — 4 220/II — — — — —
Carbide alloys
WC/Co 88/12 — – 2 500/II — — — —
WC/Co-Ni-based — — 1 660/II — — — —
(20Cr3 C 2 +6Ni)
WC/Co/Cr — — — — — 40 —
75Cr3 C 2 +25NiCr75/25 — — 1 800/IIIa — — — —
Oxide ceramics
Al 2 O 3 — — — — — 500/I —
Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 (87/13) — 440/I — — — 670/I —
ZrO 2 -based — — — — — 475/I
Cr2 O 3 -based — — — — — 1 000/I —
TiO 2 — — 1 020/II-I — — 30 —

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BS EN ISO 14918:2018
ISO 14918:2018

Annex D
(informative)
Example o f qualification test certificate for thermal sprayer

Certificate number:

Name:
Identification-No.:

Date and place of birth:

Employed with:
Examining body:
Spray procedure
Thermal spray process
Spraying method:
Spray material:
Supplementing, remarks:
Job knowledge testing
Job knowledge know how:
Job practical testing:

Kind o f test Carried out, conditions Not required

fulfilled
Surface assessment X
Coating thickness reached X
Visual examination X
Testing according to ISO 2063-2 X
Testing according to ISO 14916 or EN 15340 X
Metallographic investigation X

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 BS EN ISO 14918:2018
ISO 14918:2018

Prolongation o f qualification by confirmed by company or supervisor for further six months (no
interruption of thermal spray works for more than six months).

Date Signature Rank o f employment or title

Location Date o f issue Validity o f testing up to Examining body/signature/stamp

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 19

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