Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Example:
MEET ME AFTER THE TOGA PARTY
PHHW PH DIWHU WKH WRJD SDUWB
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25
Guess P and Z stand for E and T but the order is not clear because of small difference
in the frequency
The next set of letters {S,U, O, M, H} may stand for {A, H, I, N, O, R, S}but again it is
not completely clear which is which
One may try to guess and see how the text translates
Also, a good guess is that ZW, the most common digram in the ciphertext, is TH, the
most common digram in English: thus, ZWP is THE
Proceed with trial and error and finally get after inserting the proper blanks:
it was disclosed yesterday that several informal but direct contacts have been made with
political representatives of the vietcong in moscow
Shreenivas B, TE, BMSCE; Reference:
Cryptography and Network Security , 3rd
Edi, William Stallings
Monoalphabetic Ciphers
This algorithm is based on the use of a 5x5 matrix in which the letters
of the alphabet are written (I is considered the same as J)
Fill the rest of matrix with the other letters in alphabetic order
Shreenivas B, TE, BMSCE; Reference:
Cryptography and Network Security , 3rd
Edi, William Stallings
Playfair Ciphers
E.g. using the keyword MONARCHY, we obtain the following matrix
M O N A R
C H Y B D
E F G J K
L P Q S T
U V W X Z
Each of the 26 ciphers is laid out horizontally with the key letters for
each cipher to its self
Eg: autokey system: keyword is concatenated with the plain text itself to
provide running key
Message: wearediscoveredsaveyourself
keyword: deceptivewearediscoveredsav
Cipher: ZICVTWQNGKZEIIGASXSTSLVVWLA
m e m a t r h t g p r y
e t e f e t e o a a t
K16
Round 16 Permuted choice 2 Left circular shift
32 bit swap
General view of DES encryption Algorithm
Inverse IP
Li = Ri-1
Ri= Li-1 ⨁ F(Ri-1, Ki)
S- box function:
The substitution consists of a set of 8 boxes
Each of which accepts 6 bits as input and produces 4 bit as output
First and last bits – rows in the table Si
Middle four bits – one of the sixteen columns
The decimal value then converted to its 4 bit
Eg: 011001
Row: 01- row 1, 1100 – column 12