20.1: a) 20.2: a) 20.3: a) °) 4) 20.4: a) b) 20.5: a) 20.6: Solving Ifthe first equa that the symbol “e’ is used (for instance, using a calculator without the function), note s the ideal efficiency , not the base of natural logarithms, 20.7: a) b) 20.8: a) From ’) an increase of 2%. If more figures are kept for the efficiencies, the difference is 1.4%. 20.9: a) b)20.10: 20.11: a) or 20.12: a) 20.13: a) b) °) 20,14: a) From Eq. (20.13), the rejected heat is b) c) From either Eq. (20.4) or Eq. (20.14), e=0.423=42.3%, 20.15: a) or20.16: a) From Eq, (20.13), ) The work per eyele is and keeping an extra figure. °) 20.17: For all cases, a) The heat is discarded at a higher temperature, and a refrigerator is required; ) Again, the device is a refrigerator, and ©) The device is an engine; the heat is taken form the hot reservoir, and the work done by the engine is 20.18: For the smallest amount of electrical energy, use a Carnot cycle. Carnot cycle: 20.19: The total work that must be donk Find so can caleulate work done each cycle: ‘The number of cycles required is