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Manuela Escarameia
HR Wallingford
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Manuela Escarameia
Published by Thomas Telford Publications, Thomas Telford Ltd.
1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD
URL: http://www.t-telford.co.uk
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
All rights, including translation, reserved. Except for fair copying, no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Books
Publisher, Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD.
This book is published on the understanding that the author is solely responsible for the statements
made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such
statements and or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. This book was funded
by the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR), HR Wallingford and by
the Environment Agency but any opinions expressed in this book are not necessarily those of the
funding organisations. Their officers, servants or agents accept no liability whatsoever for any loss or
damage arising from the interpretation or use of the information, or reliance upon views contained
herein.
This book corresponds to Environment Agency R&D Publication 16. The work was funded as part of
the Environment Agency's National R&D Programme under Project W5-029.
The compilation of information on river bed and bank revetment systems, as well
as the updating of the existing knowledge with recently developed formulae, was
seen by the UK Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions
(DETR) as filling a gap in the current technical literature. This book is the result
of the research project that was sponsored by the DETR with additional funding
from HR Wallingford and the UK Environment Agency. The main objective is
to make the available information easily accessible to design engineers. To
achieve this, a large number of photographs, diagrams and worked examples are
included; also, simple procedures for each stage of the design process are
proposed and data on revetment systems are compiled in the form of Data
Sheets. Although efforts were made to produce a comprehensive list of the
revetment systems available to UK engineers, the list produced may not be
exhaustive and for any omissions I apologise.
By choosing the title `River and channel revetments' for a book on engineered
systems, I hope I will not be disappointing those who advocate the sole use of
natural materials. Recently a trend has been observed in the UK that
recommends the use of vegetation and fibre mats as the sole means of bank
protection even in situations where the severity of the current and/or wave attack
demands the use of stronger materials such as riprap or concrete. Cases of
inadequate design result in expensive repair works and do nothing to enhance the
reputation of vegetation as the reliable bank protection material that it can be.
Among other aims, this book is intended to give substantiated guidance on the
limits of application of revetments, which I hope will contribute to more accurate
and economical design.
Frequent reference is made in the text to two other publications: the earlier
book by Hemphill and Bramley (1989) from which much information was
retrieved, and a publication by Morgan et al. (1998), which was produced
concurrently with this book. These publications do not give specific guidance on
bed protection or cover situations of high turbulence in the flow, but both
provide very valuable complementary information on the adoption of manage-
ment strategies to reduce the risk of bank instability and the use of vegetation for
protection of banks against erosion.
This book was conceived as a design manual to provide river engineers with a
user-friendly publication that comprises much of the information they require for
design. It is appreciated that readers will have varying backgrounds, and while
some may benefit from the basic hydraulics and geotechnical information
presented here, others will, I trust, find this book a useful aid to design and a
concise source of data on river revetment types.
M. Escarameia
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RIVER AND CHANNEL REVE TMENTS
iv
Acknowledgements
The project from which this book derives was funded by the Construction
Directorate of the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions
(DETR) with contributions from HR Wallingford and the Environment Agency
(EA).
A number of individuals, organisations and companies contributed to this
book. The helpful guidance of the steering group that was formed for this project
is particularly acknowledged. The steering group was formed by:
Acknowledgement is also due for the technical advice, assistance and data
kindly provided by:
Maccaferri Ltd
MMG Civil Engineering Systems Ltd
ABG Limited
Comtec (UK) Ltd
Cooper Clarke Group PLC
Grass Concrete Ltd
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RIVER AND CHANNEL REVE TMENTS
vi
Notation
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RIVER AND CHANNEL REVE TMENTS
Tz wave period
t thickness of Open Stone Asphalt (OSA)
S energy slope
s relative density of stone, defined as s = s/
U mean cross-sectional velocity
Ub bed (or bottom) velocity
Ud depth-averaged velocity
U10 wind speed at a height of 10 m above mean water level
u porewater pressure
y water depth
W width of water surface, weight of particle
Wn component of particle weight normal to the slope
Ws component of particle weight in the direction of the slope
Wx weight of particle for which x% of the total sample is lighter
Zb vertical height from the boundary to the propeller axis of a ship
angle of bank slope to the horizontal
angle of interference peaks of secondary boat waves
water density
s density of stone
0n effective normal stress
effective shear strength
0 shear stress
angle of repose of the soil, stability correction factor in Equation (19)
stability factor
coefficient for reduced stability of revetments on banks
viii
GLOSSARY
Glossary
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x
GLOSSARY
xi
CONTENTS
Contents
Illustrations xvii
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Background, 3
1.2. Scope, 4
1.3. Use of this book, 5
3. Design procedure 49
3.1. Design parameters, 52
3.2. Range of applicability of revetments, 53
3.3. Design stages, 56
3.3.1. Conceptual design, 56
3.3.2. Outline design, 58
3.3.3. Detailed engineering, 59
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RIVER AND CHANNEL REVE TMENTS
4.2. Gabions, 77
4.2.1. Box gabions, 79
4.2.2. Gabion mattresses, 82
4.2.3. Sack gabions/rock rolls, 84
4.2.4. Composite types, 85
4.3. Block revetments, 86
4.3.1. Loose and/or interlocking blocks, 87
4.3.2. Linked blocks, 90
4.3.3. Composite types, 93
4.4. Other revetment types, 95
4.4.1. Bitumen-bound materials, 95
4.4.2. Flexible forms, 101
4.4.3. Soil reinforcement systems/geomats, 104
4.4.4. Concrete, 109
4.4.5. Piling, 112
4.5. Summary, 114
xiv
CONTENTS
xv
ILLUSTR ATIONS
Illustrations
Tables
Table 1.1 Summary of design procedure 6
Table 2.1 Soil classification according to size 10
Table 2.2 Values of cohesion and angle of internal friction 12
Table 2.3 Return currents due to ship motion 23
Table 2.4 Flow patterns due to boat movement 30
Table 2.5 Typical values of wave height for UK waterways 31
Table 2.6 Turbulence levels 37
Table 2.7 Values of C for use in Escarameia and May's equation 39
Table 2.8 Values of coefficients in Pilarczyk's equation 40
Table 3.1 Classification of hydraulic loading 54
Table 3.2 Range of applicability of revetments 55
Table 4.1 Grading classes for rock 65
Table 4.2 Grading definition 65
Table 4.3 Riprap characteristics 68
Table 4.4 Bitumen-bound materials Ð typical properties 96
Table 4.5 Typical thicknesses of open stone asphalt layers in
mm (from PIANC, 1987) 98
Table 4.6 Hydraulic resistance of geomats 109
Table 4.7 Properties of common types of revetment 116
Table 4.8 Indicative guide to suitability of revetments in normal
to medium turbulence conditions 119
Table 5.1. General characteristics of geotextiles used in river
engineering 127
Table A1.1 Non-proprietary revetments 159
Table A1.2 Proprietary revetment systems 160
Table A1.3 Addresses of manufacturers/suppliers of proprietary
revetment systems 163
Table A2.1 Light grading class requirements (adapted from
CIRIA/CUR, 1991) 228
Figures
Figure 2.1. Examples of grading curves: A Ð well-graded soil;
B Ð uniformly graded soil 10
Figure 2.2. Typical Mohr±Coulomb graph (effective shear
strength against effective normal stress) 12
Figure 2.3. Forces acting on a particle placed on a slope 13
Figure 2.4. Typical types of river bank failure (from Hemphill
and Bramley, 1989) 14
xvii
RIVER AND CHANNEL REVE TMENTS
xviii
ILLUSTR ATIONS
xix
RIVER AND CHANNEL REVE TMENTS
xx