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Tax Remedies: I. Remedies in General
Tax Remedies: I. Remedies in General
1. Remedies in General
2. Remedies of the government; and
3. Remedies of the Taxpayer.
I. REMEDIES IN GENERAL
(30 days)
PROTEST
(30 days)
(15 days)
MR to CTA Division
(15 days)
(15 days)
The taxpayer shall submit all relevant supporting The Court of Tax Appeals was created under RA If the CTA En Banc renders unfavorable decision
documents in support of his protest within sixty 1125. It is a special court of limited jurisdiction or denied the appeal to en banc, the taxpayer
(60) days from date of filing of his letter of particularly in the field of tax collection cases. adversely affected by the decision may file with
protest, otherwise, the assessment shall become RA 9282 expanded the jurisdiction of the CTA, the Supreme Court a petition for certiorari under
final. elevating it rank to the level of a collegiate court Rule 45.
(CA) with special jurisdiction and likewise
If the protest or administrative appeal, as the expanding its membership. The Court recognizes that the CTA, which by its
case may be, is denied, in whole or in part, by very nature of its function is dedicated
the Commissioner, the taxpayer may appeal to Failure of a taxpayer to appeal from an exclusively to the consideration of tax problems,
the CTA within thirty (30) days from date of assessment on time rendered the assessment has necessarily developed an expertise on the
receipt of the said decision. Otherwise, the final, executory and demandable. Consequently, subject, and its conclusion will not be overturned
assessment shall become final, executory and petitioner is precluded from disputing the unless there has been an abuse or improvident
demandable. A motion for reconsideration of correctness of the assessment. exercise of authority. Such findings can only be
the Commissioner’s denial of the protest or disturbed on appeal if they are not supported by
administrative appeal, as the case may be, In Ker and Company, ltd. V. Court of Tax substantial evidence or there is a showing of
shall not toll the thirty (30)-day period to Appeals, the Court held that while the right to gross error or abuse on the part of the tax court.
appeal to the CTA. appeal a decision of the Commissioner to the In the absence of any clear and convincing proof
CTA is merely a statutory remedy, nevertheless to the contrary, the Court must presume that the
If the protest or administrative appeal is not the requirements that it must be brought within CTA rendered a decision which is valid in every
acted upon by the Commissioner within one 30 days is jurisdictional. If a statutory remedy respect. (Barcelon Roxas Sec. v. CIR)
hundred eighty (180) days counted from the date provides a condition precedent that the action to
of filing of the protest, the taxpayer may either: enforce it must be commenced within a
(i) appeal to the CTA within thirty (30) days from prescribed time, such a requirement is
after the expiration of the one hundred eighty jurisdictional and failure to comply therewith
(180)-day period; or (ii) await the final decision of may be raised in a motion to dismiss.
the Commissioner on the disputed assessment
and appeal such final decision to the CTA within The failure to comply with the 30-day statutory
thirty (30) days after the receipt of a copy of period would bar the appeal and deprive the
such decision. Court of Tax Appeals its jurisdiction to entertain
and determine the correctness of the
It must be emphasized, however, that in case of assessment.
inaction on protested assessment within the
180-day period, the option of the taxpayer to A party adversely affected by a resolution of a
either: (1) file a petition for review with the CTA Division of the CTA on a motion for
within 30 days after the expiration of the 180-day reconsideration or new trial, may file a petition
period; or (2) await the final decision of the for review with the CTA En Banc.
Commissioner or his duly
INCOME TAX REFUND (Sec 229 NIRC) REFUND ON INPUT TAX CREDIT (Sec 219 NIRC)
ILLUSTRATION:
ABC Corporation files Income ILLUSTRATION: ABC Corp. VAT-Registered is into export trading, it
tax Return on 4/15/2015, the purchased goods amounting to 1M plus 12% equivalent to 120,000 on
last day to file Tax Refund 01/05/2014. It sold the goods on export basis on 5/5/2014.
shall be 4/15/2017. The sale was made on 5/5/2014 (Second qtr) and the close of 2 nd Qtr
is 06/30/2014, therefore Refund may be filed up to 06/30/2016.
1. If ABC Corp. files a tax refund on 4/10/2016 and an adverse
decision was received on 3/1/2017, he may appeal within 30 1. If ABC Corp. filed a written claim for refund on 06/30/2015. He may
days. file an appeal upon receipt of adverse decision, or if NO ACTION was
2. If ABC Corp. files a tax refund on 4/10/2016 and received an made after 120 days, he may file an appeal within 30 days upon the
adverse decision only on 4/10/2017, he has only 5 days to file lapse of 120-day period.
appeal with the CTA division as the action will prescribe on 2. If ABC Corp. filed a written claim for refund on 06/01/2016 or a month
4/15/2017. The filing of refund does not toll the 2-year before the action prescribes, he still has to wait for 120 days to lapse
prescriptive period for filing tax refund. before an appeal may be made with 30 days upon the lapse of 120-
3. If ABC Corp. filed a tax refund on 4/10/2016 and the decision day period.
has not been rendered a day or days before 4/15/2017. It may The taxpayer shall give the government 120 days to resolve the claim
be considered as implied denial and Appeal may be made on or for refund.
before 4/15/2017. The “120+30-day rule” is mandatory and jurisdictional.
INCOME TAX REFUND (Sec. 229 NIRC)
SECTION 229. Recovery of Tax Erroneously or Illegally Collected. - No suit or proceeding shall be maintained in
any court for the recovery of any national internal revenue tax hereafter alleged to have been erroneously or
illegally assessed or collected, or of any penalty claimed to have been collected without authority, or of any sum
alleged to have been excessively or in any manner wrongfully collected, until a claim for refund or credit has been
duly filed with the Commissioner; but such suit or proceeding may be maintained, whether or not such tax,
penalty, or sum has been paid under protest or duress.
"In any case, no such suit or proceeding shall be filed after the expiration of two (2) years from the date of
payment of the tax or penalty regardless of any supervening cause that may arise after payment: Provided,
however, That the Commissioner may, even without a written claim therefor, refund or credit any tax, where on
the face of the return upon which payment was made, such payment appears clearly to have been erroneously
paid.
National Internal Revenue Code; income tax; creditable withholding tax; refund; requisites. There are three
essential conditions for the grant of a claim for refund of creditable withholding income tax, to wit: (1) the claim is
filed with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue within the two-year period from the date of payment of the tax;
(2) it is shown on the return of the recipient that the income payment received was declared as part of the gross
income; and (3) the fact of withholding is established by a copy of a statement duly issued by the payor to the
payee showing the amount paid and the amount of the tax withheld therefrom. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
v. Team (Philippines) Operations Corporation (formerly Mirant Phils., Operation Corporation), G.R. No. 179260,
April 2, 2014.
National Internal Revenue Code; income tax; tax credit or refund; corporations; irrevocability rule. In case
the corporation is entitled to a tax credit or refund of the excess estimated quarterly income taxes paid, the excess
amount shown on its final adjustment return may be carried over and credited against the estimated quarterly
income tax liabilities for the taxable quarters of the succeeding taxable years. Once the option to carry-over and
apply the excess quarterly income tax against income tax due for the taxable quarters of the succeeding taxable
years has been made, such option shall be considered irrevocable for that taxable period and no application for
cash refund or issuance of a tax credit certificate shall be allowed therefor. Commissioner of Internal Revenue v.
Team (Philippines) Operations Corporation (formerly Mirant Phils., Operation Corporation), G.R. No. 179260,
April 2, 2014.
Court of Tax Appeals; findings and conclusions of the CTA are accorded highest respect. The findings and
conclusions of the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) are accorded the highest respect and will not be lightly set aside.
The CTA, by the very nature of its functions, is dedicated exclusively to the resolution of tax problems and has
accordingly developed an expertise on the subject unless there has been an abusive or improvident exercise of
authority. Consequently, its conclusions will not be overturned unless there has been an abuse or improvident
exercise of authority. Its findings can only be disturbed on appeal if they are not supported by substantial
evidence or there is a showing of gross error or abuse on the part of the Tax Court. In the absence of any clear
and convincing proof to the contrary, the Court must presume that the CTA rendered a decision which is valid in
every respect. Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Team (Philippines) Operations Corporation (formerly Mirant
Phils., Operation Corporation), G.R. No. 179260, April 2, 2014.
INPUT TAX REFUND FOR UNUTILIZED INPUT TAX CREDIT ON ZERO-RATED
TRANSACTIONS (Sec 112 of NIRC)
"(A) Zero-rated or Effectively Zero-rated Sales. - Any VAT-registered person, whose sales are zero-rated or
effectively zero-rated may, within two (2) years after the close of the taxable quarter when the sales were made,
apply for the issuance of a tax credit certificate or refund of creditable input tax due or paid attributable to such
sales.
National Internal Revenue Code; value-added tax; zero-rated or effectively zero-rated sales; unutilized
input value-added tax; claims for tax credit or refund; period to file appeal with the Court of Tax Appeals.
Section 112 (D) of the National Internal Revenue Code provides the Commissioner of Internal Revenue a 120-day
period from submission of complete documents in support of the administrative claim within which to act on claims
for refund/applications for issuance of the tax credit certificate. Upon denial of the claim or application, or upon
expiration of the 120-day period, the taxpayer only has 30 days within which to appeal said adverse decision or
unacted claim before the CTA, otherwise, said judicial claim shall be considered as filed out of
time. Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Silicon Philippines, Inc. (formerly Intel Philippines Manufacturing,
Inc.), G.R. No. 169778, March 12, 2014.
National Internal Revenue Code; value-added tax; unutilized input VAT; claims for tax credit or refund;
prescriptive periods. (1) An administrative claim must be filed with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR)
within two years after the close of the taxable quarter when the zero-rated or effectively zero-rated sales were
made. (2) The CIR has 120 days from the date of submission of complete documents in support of the
administrative claim within which to decide whether to grant a refund or issue a tax credit certificate. The 120-day
period may extend beyond the two-year period from the filing of the administrative claim if the claim is filed in the
later part of the two-year period. If the 120-day period expires without any decision from the CIR, then the
administrative claim may be considered to be denied by inaction. (3) A judicial claim must be filed with the Court
of Tax Appeals (CTA) within 30 days from the receipt of the CIR’s decision denying the administrative claim or
from the expiration of the 120-day period without any action from the CIR. (4) All taxpayers can rely on Bureau of
Internal Revenue Ruling No. DA-489-03 from the time of its issuance on December 10, 2003 up to its reversal by
the Court in the Aichi case on October 6, 2010, as an exception to the mandatory and jurisdictional 120+30 day
periods. Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Silicon Philippines, Inc. (formerly Intel Philippines Manufacturing,
Inc.), G.R. No. 169778, March 12, 2014.
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