CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the conceptual literature, research studies,

synthesis and the conceptual framework of the study which served as the

review when conceptualizing the pipe bender.

Conceptual Literature

The different techniques in bending are Rotary Draw Bending, Mandrel

Bending, Press Bending and Roll Bending.

Rotary Draw Bending (RDB) is the most commonly used in terms of

bending pipe or tube where it can maintain the constant diameter and good

finish on the said material. RDB are accurate in bending using tooling or die

sets, which have a constant Center Line Radius (CLR). Die sets have two

parts which are the bend dies and pressure dies. Bend dies produce a shape

wherein the material will be bent while pressure dies drives the straight

material into the bend die as it travels the length of the bend. RDB create

aesthetically satisfying bends when the right tooling is matched to the

application. It is the most popular in terms of bending pipes.

Mandrel Bending is parallel to a compression bending or rotary draw

bending but mandrel uses an additional wiper die on the outside of the tube. t

also fits into the tube which stays inside the pipe throughout the bending

process. Generally, a mandrel bender is essentially needed when

bending thin wall tubing to a radius much compact than the material can bend

without distorting. Its support the inside of the material as bending process

operates.
 Press Bending or Ram Style Bending is the most affordable and

modest technique of bending cold pipe or tube. The pipe or tube is restrained

at two eternal points and a ram in the shape and angle of the bend advances

on the central axis and distorts the pipe. Both inside and outside angle of the

pipe or tube are inclined to the distortion of bent material. The shape of the

pipe or tube often forms into an oval style depends upon the wall thickness.

When the consistent cross section of the pipe is not required this procedure is

used.

Roll Bending is used in the production of work pieces with large

bending radii also it is usually used for rolling large center line radii. They are

commonly set up like press benders except that they will roll the material

between 3 rolls oriented to create a bend. This way of bending causes very

slight deformation in the cross section of the pipe and it is fitted to produce

coils of pipes as well as long sweeping bends such those used in powder

assign system where large radii bends are in demand.

Pipe Bending Machine consists of a bed plate which is build up in a

bending head, a mechanism for feeding pipes to be treated into the bending

head, and a drive. The feeding mechanism has two parallel rows of rollers set

symmetrically in relation to the pipe axis and fitted into cages used frequently

by several row. Hauling chain are schemed for coupling the drive which are

embraced the associated cage and which moves the chain toward the

bending head. The pipe bending machine allows the pipes to bend on its any

shape in space.

Hydraulic Pipe Bender is a machine engineered in conjunction with

tooling to fabricate 1” Schedule 40 black steel pipe to 6” inside bend radius.

This report immediately present the technical plan used for designing,

fabricating, testing and costing required for this machine. It is engineered to

catalyze a capacity of 15.45 tons, while operating at 1575 maximum psi of a

hydraulic pressure. All parts of this system were design to suit these

requirements. This type of machine bends 1” Schedule 40 black’s steel pipe

6” radius successful in first testing application.

Tube Bending Machine begins with loading a tube into a pipe bender

and clamping it into place between two dies, the clamping block and the

forming die. The tube is also loosely held by two other dies, the wiper die and

the pressure die. After it has been completed the fitter will begin the bending

process, while the tube is pulled around the forming die creates an elbow, U-

bend, 2-Dor 3-D bent tubes. A three dimensional tube is a tube with each

opening on distinctive planes. A two dimensional tube is a tube with each

opening on the identical plane.

A bending clamp is uncovered for the usage of a pipe bending

apparatus having a typically precise shaped bending shoe about which a

tubular pipe may be bent. The bending clamp is cooper able with the bending

shoe to preserve the pipe against the bending surface of the bending shoe so

as to prevent wrinkling, flattening or collapse of the pipe throughout the

bending of the pipe.

Arduino assembles and designs single-board microcontrollers and

microcontroller tools for creating digital devices and interactive objects that

can sense and control things in the technology process. It is an open source

platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino can collaborate with

push buttons, motors, speakers, LED’s, GPS units, cameras, internet, and
even in your electronic gadgets. Arduino software is free and adaptable for all

devices and the hardware boards are pretty cheap, and both the software and

hardware are easy to learn and it can be bought pre-assembled because the

hardware design is open source and built by hand.

There are different types of Arduino and this are: the Arduino Uno (R3),

Lily Pad Arduino, Arduino Leonard, Arduino Mega (R3) and Red Board.

The Arduino Uno (R3) has 14-digital inputs and 14 digital outputs (I/O)

pins, where 6-pins can be used as PWM (pulse width modulation outputs), 6-

analog inputs, a reset button, a power jack, a USB connection and more.

Using Ac to Dc adapter or battery it will start by the support of USB cable to

give it supply and it easy to attach to a PC. It has an extensive support

community, which makes it a very easy way to get started working with

embedded electronics. The R3 is the third, and latest, revision of the Arduino

Uno.

The Lily Pad Arduino consists huge connecting pads & a smooth back

to let them to be stitched into clothing using conductive thread. This type of

Arduino is water resistant and also contains input/output (I/O), power, and

sensor boards which are built specially for e-textiles. It can be sewn to fabric

and similarly mounted power supplies, sensors and actuator. Leah Buechley

and SparkFun Electronics designed and developed the Lily Pad Arduino.

The Arduino Leonard board uses one microcontroller along with the

USB. It is simple and inexpensive because this board can handle the USB

directly, program collections are accessible which let the Arduino board to

follow the keyboard of the computer and mouse. It differs from all preceding
boards in that the ATmega32u4 has built-in USB communication, eliminating

the need for a secondary processor

The Arduino Mega (R3) is similar to Arduino Uno in terms of program but

more ports than the Arduino Uno (R3) because it includes lots of digital

input/output (I/O) pins (from that, 14-pins can be used as PWM o/ps), 6-

analog inputs, a reset button, a power jack, a USB connection and a reset

button. It has a 16MHz ATmega2560 processor with the memory of 8kb

SRAM and 256KB Flash.

The Red Board Arduino board it is very easy to apply in the Project

Development Study (PDS). Plug the board first, select the menu option to

choose an Arduino UNO and you are ready to upload the program. You can

control the Red Board through USB cable using the barrel jack. It can be

encoded using a Mini-B USB cable using the Arduino IDE. It will works on

Windows 8 due to the USB or FTDI chip and it is more persistent. It also

serves as an excellent physical computing learning platform. It can be used

to help teach both programming and electronics concurrently, two skills that

are becoming significantly important in today’s high-tech world.

Research Literature

Acuzar, B., Agtay, D., & Mendoza C. (2012), designed and developed

a Round Bar and Pipe Bender. The objective of the study is to bend and

develop a less costly bender that will serve a special design to help small

entrepreneurs especially in mechanical business. The performance in terms

of efficiency, safety and time consumption was develop in this study.

Meanwhile, the study of Andal C., Flores, J., & Marasigan, E. (2013), is
a “Multi-Purpose Bending Device.” A simple application and specifically, that

applies basic principle, knowledge and skills. It is also determined the

materials, technical specification and process needed in the construction and

fabrication of Multi-Purpose Bending Device. This device is found useful in

different industrial establishments.

Similarly, Atienza, W., Morta, W., & Taylan, A. (2016) focused in design

and development in their conducted study entitled “Improvised Multi-Purpose

Bending Device.” It can bend 3/16 diameter of stainless round bar. It can also

bend shafting which has the same measurement and can do the operation in

the stainless. This can’t bend higher than 3/16 diameter of round bar. On the

other hand, the bending device for the body and top cover of the toolbox can

bend gauge 20 of Galvanized Iron (G.I.) sheet. But, it can’t bend stainless

sheet gauge 18. It is proven under the final testing of the prototype is faster

than the usual making of the side cover manually. This study required the

logical availability of materials to accomplish the project in terms of its

efficiency, usefulness, durability and safety.

Meanwhile, the study of Asi, E., De Castro L., & Catoy, L. (2013),

entitled “Corrugated Pipe Bender.” is made of steel metal to make it more

durable. This bender is a mechanically device that will bend perfectly and

equal shape for flat bar, square bar and round bar. It can bend square bar

ranging from 1/8 inch to 3/8 inch, 2 inches width ¼ inch thickness maximum

for flat bar and for round bar. It can bend a maximum of four pieces of round

bar and square bar at a time.

Furthermore, Yudo and Yoshikawa (2015) entitled “Buckling

phenomenon for straight and curved pipe under pure bending” stated that not
only straight pipes, but also the curve once are used in actual pipe line. It is

important to know that the buckling strength of the pipe under various kinds of

load. In this research, the previous research for the buckling strength of pipe

under bending moments was reviewed. The buckling phenomenon for the

straight pipe under a pure bending moment was investigated. For the curved

pipes, it was explained that the buckling moment will be reduced by lowering

the value of R/D.

According to Huang (2016), a “Pipe Bender” includes a body, a

movable member, a return member, a stationary member, two adjustment

members, two transverse positioning assemblies, two longitudinal positioning

assemblies and a bending member. The movable member is dispose in the

body and an elastic member is disposed between the movable member and

the body. A drive member and the return member are pivoted to the body, and

the return member and the drive member are engaged with the rack of the

body. The stationary member is fixed to the support portion of the body and

arranged in a T-shaped manner with respect to the movable member. The two

adjustment members are movably mounted at two ends of the stationary

member to adjust a distance there between. A rotary block is fixed at the top

of each of the adjustment members, and then the pipe bending member is

mounted on the movable member.

Synthesis

The literature and studies were recognized in order to provide the

readers a better understanding of the study. The mentioned statements gave

enough background on the project, the portable type bender. The literature

gave a review of the perception on bending of pipes.

 The present study is in line with the study of Andal et.al (2013) entitled

Multi-Purpose Bending Machine, Atienza et.al (2016) entitled Improvised

Multi-Purpose Bending Device, Asi et.al (2016) entitled Corrugated Type

Bender and Acuzar et.al (2012) entitled Round Bar and Pipe Bender. Like the

researchers’ present study, the published study has the same principles,

concepts, ideas, theories and function in bending.

Through analyzing, the researchers found out that it differs from the

process, materials being used, type of design and the product to be produced.

It is also operated by the use of a motor. It helps to reduce the human effort in

bending. The present study developed a portable and automated bender

unlike the published study that is manually operated and it applies more

human effort. Otherwise, the researchers focuses only on bending instrument

pipes or tube while others focused on bending re-bars, metal, stainless round

bars etc.

The study of Huang (2016) entitled Pipe Bender is similar to the

present study because he cited that a pipe bender must have a body, a return

member, a stationary member and a bending member that the present study

also have. The difference is that Huang’s study has two adjustment members,

two transverse positioning assemblies and two longitudinal positional

assemblies that the present study does not have.

The study of Jiang et.al, Chatti et.al and Hagane et.al focused in

bending process that is similar to the present study. Chatti stated that new

roll-based process and machine for three dimensional bending has been

developed. Jiang et.al used Numerically Controlled (NC) to bend 3

Dimensional while Hagane et.al used 3 Roll Push bending that the
researchers do not have.

Conceptual Framework

Bending is a molding of a metal into a various angle or shape in which

force is adapted to a piece of metal, producing it to bend at any angle form

and desired shape. Bending manipulation causes deformation along one axis

but a progression of several operations can be performed engage to create a

complex part. Bending will produce necessarily no change in the layer of the

metal. Bend parts can be really a small or even large enclosure, which is

characterized by different parameters.

Bending has given the industries different sorts of necessities which are part

of day to day life. It has given likewise the capacity of changing metal into

variant shapes and angle so that it can use them into appropriate proposal.

Through bending, it will be easier to bend particular angles and shapes of

one’s tube or pipe. This type of bender is powerful enough to bend pipes that

are often used in distinctive fabrications.

This segment focuses on how to construct and develop a pipe bender

from the review of related readings where a conceptual scheme is

systematized for this study. The researchers have been undergone through

process, studies, supplies, materials, tools, equipment and labor will be the

input of the study. The input refers to the perception to construct the

prototype. The tools, equipment, supplies and materials are needed in this

study to construct the design. This covers the background information that

stands for the punctual and circumstantial information for the full

understanding of design, construction and evaluation of the project.

 The process and the input contain the following: project, planning,

designing, constructing, testing and revising.

Planning and designing are the first step to conduct the project. It

includes the preparation of the materials that are needed in the fabrication

and estimation of amount to be applied in the project.

Acquiring or purchasing is a method of gathering the materials that are

essential in able to fabricate the project.

Constructing is a process in assembling the project. This involves

cutting, welding, bench work and other related process.

Testing is the process where the finished project examined or verified

whether it is functional or not. If there is a trouble, the revision process will

undergo wherein the improvement will be done. After revising, testing process

is tackled again to secure the functional and the effectives of a project.

Figure 1 located in the next page illustrates the conceptual framework

of the study.
 Input Process Output

Knowledge and
Skills
Information Planning

Theories Designing
Auto–Tube
Concept Bender
Purchasing
Arduino
Fabricating and
Linear Actuator Operational
Assembling
Keypad Manual
Testing
Bending Roller
LCD Modifying

Relay Module Final Testing

E-Stop Button

Power Supply

Figure 1- Conceptual framework of the Study

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the researchers defined the

following terms conceptually and operationally based on its function.

Arduino. Arduino is a board development platform with which it can be

develop an embedded application with several sensor and actuator kits

devices (Kurniawan, 2010). In the study, it is a microcontroller supports that

linear actuator.

Automated. This refers to something that controlled by a machine

rather than a person. In this study, the prototype to be constructed must be

automated.

Bend. This refers to constrain or strain to tension by curving, to turn

force from straight or even to curve an angular. The act of process of bending:

the state of being bend. (Encyclopedia) In this study, it is the act of curving

metal from its straight line or position into corrugated shape.

Bender. This refers to a tool used for bending purposes (The New

American Machinist Handbook). In this study, it is a device that is used to

bend or curves pipe.

Durability. This refers to the quality of equipment, structures, or goods

of continuing to be useful after an extended period of time and usage.

(Britannica) In this study, the tool is durable if it is made up of metal and

painted metallic to avoid rust.

Fabrication. This refers to the fabricating, something fabricate, as a

structure or contrivance. (The New American Machinist Handbook). In this

study, the prototype must undergo this process to build and make it.

Portable. It easy to carry or moved in one place to another. A smaller

version of the previous model. In this study, the prototype can be carried by

two or more persons.

Pipe/Tube. This refers to any of various usually cylindrical structures or

devices as: hollow elongated cylinder (Britannica) it refers to the pipe that is
used as the shoe of the bender cut into half. In this study, the researchers

used it as their product to be bent.

Safety. This refers protection of people from physical injury. (Hughes

and Ferret, 2015). In the study, it is required to be safe from danger because

it has the small capacity of electricity.