BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

NAME = ANUJ
CLASS = 11TH
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not
have been possible without the support and help of many
individuals.

I would like to thank my school for providing me with the

facilities required to do my project.

I am highly indebted to my Biology teacher, for her inval-

uable guidance which has sustained my efforts in all the
stages of this project work.

I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous

support and encouragement.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow class-

mates and the laboratory assistant in developing the project
and to the people who have willingly helped me out with
their abilities.
 Index
1. Classification history
2. Five kingdom classification
3. Kingdom Monera
4. Kingdom Protista
5. Kingdom fungi
6. lichens
7. Kingdom Plantae
8. Kingdom Animalia
9. Viruses and viroids
10. sources
 Classification history
The earlier classification was done by Aristotle. He
used simple morphological characters to classify
plant into trees, shrubs and herbs. He also divided an-
imals into two groups, those who pose red blood and
those who did not.

Carolus Linnaeus classified living world into two

kingdoms. Plantae and Animalia. This system was
used till very recently. This system does not distin-
guish between Eukaryotic and prokaryotic, unicellu-
lar and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic
(green algae) and non- photosynthetic (fungi) organ-
isms.
 Five kingdom classification

R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a five kingdom classifica-

tion. The kingdoms defined by him were named Monera,
Protista, Fungai, Plantae and Animalia. The main criteria
for classification used by him include cell structure thallus
organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phyloge-
netic relationships.
 Kingdom Monera
(Bacteria)
Four categories based on shape:
 Spherical coccus
 Rod shaped bacillus
 Comma shaped (vibrium)
 Spiral spirillum

Vast majority of bacteria are heterotrophs.

1. Archaebacteria :
 Live in the most harsh habitats and marshy areas
(methagons)
 They have different cell wall structure.
 Methanogens (gut of animals like cows) and re-
sponsible for production of methane.
2. Eubacteria : (true bacteria)
 Rigid cell wall
 If Motile have flagellum
 Fix nitrogen called heterocysts.
 Important decomposers
  Contains chlorophyll: Cynobacteria.
3. Chemosynthetic:
 Oxidizes inorganic substances
 Recycle nutrients like N, P, and Fe etc.
4. Heterotrophic bacteria:
 Most abundant in nature.
 Important decomposers.
 Helpful in making curd.
 Production of antibiotics.
 Fixing nitrogen in legume roots.
5. Mycoplasma:
 Completely lack of cell wall.
 Smallest living cell.
 Can survive without oxygen.
 Kingdom Protista
All single celled eukaryotic are placed under Pro-
tista.
Primarily aquatic.
Some have flagella or cilia.
Reproduce by both asexual and sexual by process
involving cell fusion and zygote formation.
Types:
Protozoans
All Protozoans are heterotrophs and live as
parasites. They are believed to be primitive relatives
of animals. There are four major groups of Protozo-
ans.
 Kingdom Fungi
The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic or-
ganisms. They show a great diversity in morphology and
habitat. Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble
organic material from dead substance hence called sapro-
phytes. The cal also lives in symbionts – in association
with algae as lichens and with roots of higher plants as
mycorrhiza. Reproduction in fungi can take place by bud-
ding, fragmentation, and fission. Asexual reproduction is
by spore formation called zoospores or conidia or sporan-
giosperms, and sexual reproduction is by oospores, asco-
spores and basidiospores.
 Deuromycetes
Commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the asexual
or vegetative phases of these fungi are known. When the sexual
forms of these fungi were discovered they were moved into clas-
ses they rightly belong to. Some members are saprophytes or
parasites while a large number of them are decomposers of litter
and help in mineral cycling. Some examples are Alternaria, Colle-
torichum and Trichoderma.
 Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll
containing organisms commonly called plants. A few
members are partially heterotrophic such as the Insec-
tivorous plants or parasites. The plants cells have a
eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and
cell wall mainly made of cellulose. Plantae includes
algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and
angiosperms.
 Kingdom Animalia
This kingdom is characterized by heterotrophic eu-
karyotic organisms that are multicellular and their
cells lack cell wall. They directly or indirectly depend
on plants for food. They digest their food in an inter-
nal cavity and store food reserves as glycogen or fat.
Most of them are capable of locomotion.
Sources:
 Google
 Wikipedia
 N.C.E.R.T Biology
 Encyclopedia Britannica
 Yahoo, etc.