Points to Remember

Systems of Classification :
 Earliest classification was given by Aristotle. Divided plants into herbs,
shrubs and trees.
Animals into those with red blood and those who do not have it.
 Two kingdom classification : Given by Carolus Linneaeus–Kingdom–
plantae and kingdom–Animalia.
 Five kingdom classification : By R.H. Whittaker, Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia are the five kingdoms.
 The main criteria for classification of organisms into five kingdoms include
cell structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and
phylogenetic relationships.

Kingdom Monera :
 Has bacteria as sole members.
 Cell wall made up of peptidoglycan.
 Bacteria can have shapes like : Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod-shaped),
Vibrium (comma shaped) and spirillum (spiral shaped).
 Bacteria found almost everywhere and can be Photosynthetic autotrophs,
Chemosynthetic autotrophs or Heterotrophs.
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Eubacteria

Biological Classification 7
  Archaebacteria
 Halophiles (salt-loving)
 Thermoacidophiles (in hot springs)
 Methanogens (in marsh and in gut of ruminant animals. Produce methane gas.)
 Eubacteria
 Photosynthetic autotrophs like Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae BGA).
Some like Anabaena and Nostoc have specialized cells called heterocysts
for nitrogen fixation.
 Algae bloom is rich growth of blue green algae over the surface of polluted
water bodies.
 Algae bloom releases neurotoxins, deplete oxygen and makes water unfit
for use.
 Chemosynthetic autotrophs : Oxidise various inorganic substances like
nitrates/nitrites, ammonia and use released energy for their ATP production.
They helps in nutrients recycling of N, P, Fe and S.
 Heterotrophic bacteria : Decomposers help in making curd, production of
antibiotic, N2 fixation, casuse diseases like cholera, typhoid, tetanus and
citrus canker.
Mycoplasmas : Completely lack cell wall. Smallest living cells. Can survive
without oxygen. Pathogenic in animals and plants.
1. Artificial System of Classification
1. It utilise one or two morphological trail.
2. Homology is never standard.
3. The system does not employ characters from anatomy cytology,
biochemistry, genetics etc. for grouping of organisms.
2. Natural System of Classification
1. The system employs several morphological character for grouping of
orgaism.
2. It studies homology in all characters including morphology, anatomy
etc.
3. This system gives information about both Natural relationship and
phylogeny.

8 Biology Class - 11
3. Phylogenetic System of Classification
It was proposed by Engler and Prantl. They arranged flowering plants
according to increasing complexity of their floral morphology.
It was based on possible evolution of different traits.
4. Objections to two kingdom system
1. Lichen with dual mode.
2. Fungi remain fixed but nutrition saprophytic.
3. No distribution of unicellular and multicellular organism.
4. No distribution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisation.
5. Euglena can move as well as can do photosynthesis.

Kingdom PROTISTA

(Comprises of all single celled eukaryotes)
 Forms a link between plants, animals and fungi.
(i) Chrysophytes (Has diatoms and golden algae/desmids)
Fresh water/marine, photosynthetic, microscopic plankton.
 Chief producers in Ocean.
 Cell walls have silica which makes it indestructible and cell walls
overlap to fit together like a soap box.
 Their accumulation forms ‘Diatomaceous Earth” (gritty soil)
 Used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups.
(ii) Dinoflagellates :
 Marine, photosynthetic, cell wall has stiff cellulose plates.
 Two flagella–one longitudinal and other transverse in a furrow
between wall plates.
 Example : Gonyaulax multiples rapidly, make sea appear red
(red tides) and produce toxins to kill marine animals.
(iii) Euglenoids :
 Found in stagnant fresh water.

Biological Classification 9
 Have protein rich layer ‘pellicle’ which makes body flexible.
 Photosynthetic in presence of sunlight but become heterotrophs if
they do not get sunlight. (Mixotrophic nutrition)
 Example : Euglena
(iv) Slime Moulds :

 Saprophytic protists
 Under suitable conditions form an aggregates called plasmodium,
grows on decaying twigs and leaves.
 During unfavourable conditions, plasmodium differentiates and
forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.
 Spores have true walls which are extremely resistant and survive for
many years and dispersed by air currents.
(v) Protozoans : Are heterotrops and live as parasites. Have four major
groups.
Amoeboid : Catch prey using pseudopodia, e.g., Amoeba. Entamoeba
are parasite.
Flagellated : Have one or more flagella. Cause disease like Sleeping
Sickness e.g., trypanosoma.
Ciliated : Have clilia to move food into gullet and help in locomotion.
e.g., Paramoecium.
Sporozoans : Have infective spore like stage in life cycle, e.g.,
Plasmodium which causes malaria.

Kingdom Fungi
1. Heterotrophic organisms
2. Non chlorpohyllous hyphae
3. Network of hyphae called mycelium
4. Hyphae which have multinucleated cytoplasm are called coenocytic hyphae
5. Cell wall of chitin and polysaccharides
6. Cosmopolitan. Grow in warm and humid places.

10 Biology Class - 11
 7. Saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic (Lichen and Mycorrhiza) e.g., Puccinia,
(wheat rust disease), Penicillium, Yeast (unicellular fungus).
8. Reproduction can take place by vegetative means fragmentation, fission
and budding. Asexual reproduction by spores–conidia, sporangiospores or
zoospores. Sexual reproduction by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores–
produced in fruiting bodies.
Sexual cycle involves 3 steps :
9.

(i) Plasmogamy (fusion of Protoplasms.)
(ii) Karyogamy (fusion of two nuclei.)
(iii) Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores.
10. Dikaryophase is a condition of having dikaryon in an intervening dikaryotic
stage (n + n i.e., two nuclei per cell) between plasmogamy and karyogamy
in fungi like ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.

Classes of Fungi
(i) Phycomycetes :

 grow on decaying wood or as obligate parasites on plants

 Mycelium aseptate and coenocytic

 Spores produced endogenously in sporangium.

 Asexual reproduction by Zoospores or Aplanospores

 Zygospores are formed by the fusion of gametes.

e.g., Rhizopus, Albugo, Mucor
(ii) Ascomycetes :

 also known as ‘sac fungi’

 Are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on

dung).

 Mycelium branched and septate

 Asexual spores are called conidia produced exogenously on the

conidiophores.

Biological Classification 11
 Sexual spores are called ascospores produced endogenously in ascus, produced
inside fruiting body called Ascocarp.
e.g., Aspergillus, Neurospora, Saccharomyces (Unicellular fungi),
Claviceps, morels, truffles
(iii) Basidiomycetes :

 Mycelium septate and branched.

 Generally asexual spores are not found.

 Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation.

 Sexual reproduction by fusion of vegetative or somatic cells to form basidium

produced in basidiocarp.
 Basidium produces four basidiospores exogenously after meiosis.

e.g., Agaricus, Ustilago, Puccinia
(iv) Deuteromycetes :

 Called as ‘Fungi Imperfecti’ as sexual form (perfect stage) is not known for

them.
 Once sexual form is discovered the member is moved to Ascomycetes or

Basidiomycetes.
 Mycelium is septate and branched.

 Are saprophytic parasitic or decomposers.

e.g., Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma.

Taxnomic of Hypha Type of Re- Characteristic Origin of Examples of

Fungi production spore Spore Fungi

Phycomycetes Asptate Asexually Sporangio- Sporangio- Nuisance

spore phore fungi includ-
Zygospore ing genera
Aplanospore Albugo,
Mucor, and
Sexually Zygospore Fussion of Rhizopus
or nuclei
oospore

12 Biology Class - 11
 Ascomycetes Septate Asexually Blastospore Budding Penicillium
Aspergillus
Conidium Conidio- Clavicep
phore Neurospora
Sexually Ascospore
Ascus Sacchaaro-
myces
(perfect
yeast)

Basidiomy- Septate Sexually Basidiospore Basidium Mushrooms,

cetes smuts and
rusts

Deuteromy- Septate Asexually Thallospore Thallus Most sapro-

cetes (fungi (hypha) phytes and
imperfecti) pathogens
Conidium Conidio- encountered
phore in medical
mycology
(Imperfect
mould and
yeast

Viruses :
 They did not find a place in biological classification.
 Not truly living.
 Non-cellular organisms which take over the machinery of host cell on entering
it and become living but as such they have inert crystalline structure appear
non-living. So, difficult to call them living or non-living.
 Virus means venom or poisonous fluid. Pasteur gave the term ‘virus’.
 D.J. Ivanowsky found out that certain microbes caused Tobacco Mosaic
Disease in tobacco plant.
 M.W. Beijerinek called fluid as ‘Contagium vivum fluidum’ as extracts of
infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants.

Biological Classification 13
  W.M. Stanely showed viruses could be crystallized to form crystals of protein
which are inert outside their specific host.
 Viruses are obligate parasites.

Structure of Virus :
 It is a nucleoprotein made up of protein coat called Capsid. Capsid is made
up of capsomeres arranged in helical or polyhedral-geometric forms. Have
either DNA or RNA as genetic material which may be single or double
stranded.
 Usually plant viruses have single stranded RNA; bacteriophages have double
stranded DNA and animal viruses have single or double stranded RNA or
double stranded DNA.

Diseases caused in humans :

Mumps, Small pox, herpes, influenza and AIDS etc. In plants, symptoms can
be mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing,
dwarfing and stunted growth.

Viroids :
 Infectious agent, free RNA (lack protein coat)
 RNA has low molecular weight.
 Causes potato spindle tuber disease.
 Discovered by T.O. Diener.

Prions
 They are highly resistant glycoproteins molecule which function as infectious
agent.

Lichens :
 Symbiotic association between algal component (Phycobiont) and fungal
component (mycobiont). Algae provides food. Fungi provides shelter and
absorb nutrients and water for alga.
 Good pollution indicators as they do not grow in polluted areas.

14 Biology Class - 11
 Questions

Very Short Answer Question (1 mark each)

1. Nostoc and Anabaena have specialized cells called heterocysts. What is the
function of these cells ?

2. Which group comprises of single celled eukaryotes only ?

3. Which organisms are the chief producers in oceans ?

4. Name the fungus which causes disease in wheat (i) rust (ii) smut.

5. Which Ascomycetes has been used extensively in biochemical and genetic

work ?

6. What is the principle underlying the use of cyanobacteria in agriculture ?

7. Define dikaryon stage. Where do you observe this stage?

8. Differentiate between zoospore and zygospore?

Short Answer Question-I (2 marks each)

9. How are bacteria classified on the basis of their shapes ?

10. What is the mode of reproduction in bacteria ?

11. Why are red tides caused and why are they harmful ?

12. Viruses and viroids differ in structure and the diseases they cause. How ?

13. Which class of kingdom fungi has both unicellular as well as multicellular
member ? When is a fungus called coprophilous ?

14. Why two kingdom classification was not sufficient? Explain with the help
of two examples.

15. What is the difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?

16. How flexibility is maintained in the body of Euglena?

Biological Classification 15
Short Answer Question-II (3 marks each)
17. Who gave five kingdom classification ? What was the criteria used for such
classification ?
18. What are the modes of nutrition in fungi ?
19. Some symbiotic organisms are very good pollution indicators and composed
of a chlorophyllous and a non-chlorophyllous member. Describe them.
20. Who gave two kingdom classification? Write its draw backs?
21. Explain how reproduction takes place in phycomycetes?
22. Differentiate between mode of sexual reproduction in ascomycete and
Basidiomycetes.

Long Answer Questions (5 mark each)

23. Some primitive relatives of animals live as predators or parasites and are
divided into four major groups. Elaborate.

24. Differentiate between various classes of kingdom Fungi on the basis of their
(i) Mycelium, (ii) Types of spores and (iii) Types of fruiting body. Also give
two examples for each class.

25. Describe sexual reproduction in fungi.

26. Draw a labelled diagram of bacteriophage. Write its characters also.

27. Discuss how the system of biological classification has been evolved in past?

Answers
Very Short Answers (1 mark each)
1. Help in nitrogen fixation.
2. Kingdom Protista.
3. Diatoms
4. (i) Puccinia, (ii) Ustilago

16 Biology Class - 11
 5. Neurospora
6. Capability of nitrogen fixation
7. Refer to point to remember on page 10.
8. Motile asexual spores of class phycomycetes are known as zoospores whereas
zygospores are formed by fusion of two gametes.

Short Answers-I (2 marks each)

9. Bacillus (rod-shaped), Coccus (spherical), Vibrio (comma shaped) and
Spirillum (spiral shaped).
10. Mainly by fission; Production of spores in unfavourable conditions. Sexual
reproduction by DNA transfer.
11. Rapid multiplication of dinoflagellates like Gonyaulax. Harmful as they
release toxins which kill marine animals.
12. Refer ‘Points to Remember’.
13. Ascomycetes : Yeast (Unicellular), Penicillum (Multicellular), Coprophilous,
means fungi which grow on dung.

14. Refer page no. 17 and 18, NCERT, Text book of Biology class XI.

15. Refer page no. 19, NCERT, Text book of Biology class XI.

16. Instead of cell wall, they have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes
their body flexible.

Short Answers-II (3 marks each)

17. R.H. Whittaker, Criteria for classification : Cell structure, thallus organisation,
mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.
18. Saprophytes, Parasites, Symbionts-Lichens and Mycorrhiza.
19. Lichens, Refer ‘Points to Remember’.
20. Carolous Linnaeus. Refer to points.

21. Refer page no. 23, NCERT, Text Book Biology class XI.

22. Refer page no. 23 and 24, NCERT, Text Book Biology class XI.

Biological Classification 17
Long Answers (5 marks each)
23. Protozoans. Refer page no 21-22, NCERT Text Book of Biology for Class
XI.

24. Refer NCERT Text Book of Biology for Class XI, Page no. 23-24.

25. Refer NCERT text book of Biology for Class XI Page 23. (Plasmogamy,
Karyogamy, Meiosis in zygote, Dikaryophase)

The steps are :

(i) Plasmogamy : fusion of protoplasm of two motile or non-motile gametes.

(ii) Karyogamy : fusion of two nuclei.

(iii) Zygotic Meiosis to form haploid spores.

(iv) Dikaryophase in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes where before

karyogamy two nuclei per cell (dikaryon) are found.

26. NCERT page no. 26 Fig 2.6(mb)

27. Refer to point to remember on page 6, 7 and 8.

Long Answers Question

28. Case study

Corona viruses are a large family of viruses that illness ranging from cold to
more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-
CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A Novel Corona
Viruses (nCoV), 19 is a new strain that has not been previously identified in
humans. Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between
animals are people. Common signs of infection include fever, cough, shortness
of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause
pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death.
Standard recommendations to prevent infection spread include regular hand

18 Biology Class - 11
 washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, thoroughly
cooking meat and eggs. Avoid close contact with anyone showing symptoms
of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing.

1. Novel corona virus belongs to the category of viruses having :

(a) DNA as genetic material

(b) Double stranded RNA as genetic material

(c) Single stranded DNA as genetic material

(d) Single stand RNA as genetic material

Ans.: (d)

2. Assertion: An effective antibiotic should be used to prevent the disease

caused by Novel corona virus.

Reason : Effective antibiotic will reduce the chance of getting infection

from viruses including Novel corona virus.

(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion.

(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

Ans.: (d)

3. Read the following statements :

Statement I : The new coronavirus can be transmitted through mosquito bites

Statement II : The COVID-19 virus does not transmit through water while
swimming.

Biological Classification 19
 Choose from below the correct alternative.

(a) Only I is true.

(b) I and II true.

(c) I is true but II is false.

(d) I is false but II is true.

Ans.: (d)

4. Which of the following methods should not be used to prevent infection

from Novel corona virus?

(a) Regular hand washing.

(b) Covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing.

(c) Thorough cooking of meat and eggs.

(d) Use of Hand dryers

Ans.: (d)



20 Biology Class - 11
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