Student name: Tran Le Hanh Nguyen

ID: BTBCIU20005

PRE-LAB 2
1. What are autotrophs and heterotrophs? Give each one example.
- Autotrophs are the producers in the food chain, they create their own nutrients and
energy.
Ex. Plant, algae and some kinds of fungi, bacteria.
- Heterotrophs are known as consumers because they cannot make their own energy and
consume producers or other consumers.
Ex. Humans, animals…

2. What is “photosynthesis”? How many stages are there in the photosynthesis? Describe.
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other photoautotrophs generate
carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts.
6CO2 + 12 H2O ⇨ C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

- There are 2 sequential stages:

 The light-dependent reactions:
o Occur in the thylakoids
o Capture light energy
o Produce oxygen
o Energy is placed in ATP and NADPH in the stroma
 The light-independent reactions:
o Occur in the stroma
o Consume CO2 and energy (proved by ATP and NADPH)
o Produce carbohydrates

3. Where is chlorophyll distributed in plants and animals?

- In plants: Chlorophyll is located in a plant's chloroplasts, which are tiny structures in
a plant's cells. This is also where photosynthesis takes place.
- In animals: Animals do not have the photosynthesis function; thus, do not have
chlorophyll.

4. What is the function of chlorophyll?

- Gives plants their green color.

1
 - Helps to channel energy of sunlight into chemical energy by absorbing energy and then
transforming water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates.
- The process of photosynthesis converts solar energy into a usable form for plants, and
the animals that eat them, forming the foundation of some food chains.
5. Define the terms “transpiration” and “respiration”. What is the difference between them?
- Respiration is the process in which plants (and animals) convert the sugars back into
energy for growth and to energize life processes.
- Transpiration is the process of water movement inside of the plant's system.

Differences between ‘transpiration’ and ‘respiration’:

 While the respiration use water to break the sugar; transpiration carries the water
for the photosynthesis.
 Respiration is the process to use the food and transpiration is the process to form
the food.

6. What are stomata and guard cells? Describe their distribution on the leaf.
- Stomata are tiny holes found in the underside of leaves. They control water loss and gas
exchange by opening and closing. They allow water vapor and oxygen out of the leaf
and carbon dioxide into the leaf.
- Guard cells are pairs of sausage-shaped cells, usually found around the stomata. Guard
cells are adapted to their function by allowing gas exchange and controlling water loss
within the leaf.