Biological Classification class 11 plants, enaima and anaima.

Aristotle

Notes Biology classification.

Biological classification is the scientific Natural system of classification–

procedure of arranging organisms into Takes into consideration comparable

groups and subgroups on the basis of study of a number of characters so as to

their similarities and dissimilarities and bring out natural similarities and

placing the group in a hierarchy of dissimilarities and hence natural

categories. relationships among the organisms.

Bentham and Hooker classification, etc.

Importance of classification- Phylogenetic System of

Classification– Based on the

 It is not possible to study every evolutionary relationship of organisms.

organism. Study of one or two In this system organism are classified on

organism of a group gives sufficient the basis of their evolution on earth from

information about the essential primitive to highly evolved. Engler and

features of the group. Prantl classification and Hutchinson

 It helps in identification of new classification, etc.

organism. Depending upon the type of system of

 Classification helps in knowing the classification organism are classified into

relationship amongst different following kingdom system.

groups of organisms.

 The organism of past cannot be Kingdom system of classification

studied without a proper system of  Two kingdom : Plantae Animalia

classification.  Three kingdom : Plantae Protista

Classification Animalia

 Artificial system of classification  Five kingdom : Monera Protista

 Natural system of classification Fungi Plantae Animaila

 Phylogenetic system of classification  In two kingdom system of

Artificial system of classification– classification organisms are grouped

Only one or two morphological on the basis of presence and

characters for grouping of organism is absence of cell wall as proposed by

used. Flowering and non-flowering Linnaeus( father of taxonomy).


 Three kingdom systems- Haeckel
separated unicellular animals, algae
and fungi on the basis of lack of
tissue differentiation and new
kingdom Protista was introduced.
 Five kingdom systems-
R.H.Whittaker divided all the
organism into five kingdom in order
to develop phylogenetic
classification.
1. Monera– The kingdom includes all
prokaryotes- mycoplasma, bacteria,
actinomycetes and cyanobacteria.
1. Unicellular, prokaryotes and contain
the most primitive of living forms
2. The cells are microscopic and cell
wall is generally present.
3. Genetic materials are not organized
into nucleus and contain naked
DNA.
4. Membrane bounded organelles are
absent.
5. Reproduction is asexual except gene
recombination.
6. Flagella may be present and are of
single stranded.
Example- Blue-green algae, Bacteria,
etc.
Bacteria are the most abundant micro-
organism that can survive in all kinds of
climate.
 They are group of most primitive
prokaryotes which live under most
hostile conditions like extreme salty
area (halophiles), hot springs
(thermoacidophiles) and marshy
area (methanogens). They differ
from other bacteria in having
different cell wall structure (absence
of peptidoglycan). Methanogens are
present in the gut of several
ruminant animals like cows and
buffalo, which is responsible for
production of biogas (methane)
from dung of these animals.
Eubacteria – They are called as true
bacteria. They contain rigid cell wall, if
motile contain flagellum. Cyanobacteria
or blue-green algae are gram positive
photosynthetic bacteria. They contain
chlorophyll a and carotenoids. They may
be unicellular, colonial or filamentous,
fresh water, marine or terrestrial. Some
of them have specialized heterocyst cells
to perform nitrogen fixation (Nostoc and
Anabaena).
Chemosynthetic bacteria oxidize
inorganic substances like nitrate, nitrite,
ammonia etc. to produce energy and
help in recycling of nitrogen,
phosphorous, sulphur etc.
Heterotrophic bacteria are most
abundant and act as decomposer. They
are helpful in production of curd,
antibiotic and fixing nitrogen in
leguminous plants. Some of them are
pathogenic and cause disease like
cholera, typhoid, tetanus and citrus  They includes diatoms and golden

canker. algae (desmids) found in fresh

water as well as marine water.

 In diatoms cell wall forms two thin

overlapping cells which fit together

as in soap box.

 The siliceous indestructible cell wall

pile up at the bottom of water

reservoirs and form big heaps

Mycoplasma – they are the simplest called diatomaceous earth. It may

free living prokaryotes. They are also extend for hundred meter and used

known as PPLO (Pleuropneumonia like for polishing, filtration of oil and

organism). They lack cell wall and can syrups. They are chief producer in

survive without oxygen. They cause oceans.

disease in plants and animals.  They are basically unicellular,

Protista– Kingdom Protista includes motile, biflagellate and

Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, photosynthetic protists.

Eugleoids, slime mould and Protozoans.  Predominate colour is golden brown

1. It includes all unicellular and but yellow, green, red and even

colonial eukaryotes. blue also exists.

2. Most of them are aquatic forming  Some Dinoflagellates

plankton. like Gymnodinium and Gonyaulax gr

3. Mode of nutrition may be ow in large number in the sea and

photosynthetic, saprophytic, make the water look red and cause

parasitic or holozoic. the so called “red tide”.

4. Flagella if present are 11 stranded  They are Euglena like unicellular

with 9+2 arrangement of flagellates which possess pellicle

microtubules composed of tubulin. instead of cell wall which make their

5. Genetic material consists of 2 or body flexible.

more DNA molecules.  They have two flagella, one short

and other long.

 They are photosynthetic in presence  Sporozoans includes organism that

of sunlight and act as predators in have infectious spore like stage in

absence of sunlight. their life cycle.

 Example- Euglena, Peranema.

Slime Moulds

 They are saprophytic protists and

feeds on decaying twigs and leaves.

 Under favorable condition, they

form an aggregation called

plasmodium which produce fruiting

bodies bearing spores.

 The cell wall of spores contain

cellulose. Kingdom Fungi–

 The spores are dispersed by air  They are achlorophyllous,

currents. heterotrophic, spore forming, non-

 Example- Physarum, Fuligo. vesicular eukaryotic organisms.

Protozoans  Cell wall is made up of chitin or

 All protozoans are heterotrophs and fungal cellulose.

live as predators or parasites.  Reserved food is glycogen.

 They are considered as primitive  Mode of nutrition is saprophytic,

relatives of animals. parasitic or symbiotic.

 Amoeboids move and capture food  Reproduction may be vegetative

by pseudopodia. Some are parasitic (fragmentation, fission or budding),

also. asexual (conidia, sporangiospores or

 Flagellated protozoans are free- zoospores) or sexual reproduction

living or parasitic. They have by oospores, ascospore and

flagella. basidiospores.

 Ciliated protozoans are aquatic and  Sexual cycles involves the following

have cilia all over the body for steps-

movement. 1. Plasmogamy, fusion of male and

female gametes.

2. Karyogamy, fusion of two nuclei.

3. Meiosis in zygote to produce haploid  The mycelium is branched and

spores. septate.

Phycomycetes–  Vegetative reproduction is by

 They are found in aquatic habitat fragmentation. Asexual spores are

and on decaying wood in moist and not found. Sexual reproduction is by

damp places. two vegetative or somatic cells

 The mycelium is aseptate and forming basidium.

coenocytic.  Basidiospores are produced in

 Asexual reproduction by zoospores( basidium by developing a fruiting

motile) or aplanospores (non- body called basidiocarps.

motile).  Example- Agaricus, Ustilago,

 Example- Mucus, Rhizopus, Albugo Puccinia.

etc. Deuteromycetes (The fungi imperfect)

 Only vegetative and asexual phase

is known.

 Mycelium is septate and branched.

Some members are saprophytes or

parsites.

 Example- Alternaria, Trichoderma,

Colletotrichu.

Ascomycetes (The sac fungi) Kingdom Plantae

 They are saprophytic, decomposers, 1. Eukaryotic, chlorophyll bearing

parasitic or coprophilous (growing organism.

on dung). 2. Life cycle is divided into diploid

 Mycelium and branched and septate saprophytic and haploid

and asexual spores are conidia. gametophytic, which alternate with

 Sexual spores are called ascospores each other.

produced inside the fruiting body 3. Kingdom Plantae includes Algae,

called ascocarps. Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,

Example- Neurospora, Asperigillus, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Claviceps etc. Kingdom Animalia

Basidiomycetes (The club fungi)

1. Heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms  Bacteria feeding virus are called

that are multicellular and cell wall is Bacteriophage.They are usually

absent in the cell. double stranded DNA viruses.

2. Mode of nutrition is holozoic and  The protein coat called capsid is

reserve food is glycogen or fats. made of small subunits called

3. Sexual reproduction is by copulation capsomeres, protects the nucleic

between male and female followed acid. These capsomeres are

by embryological development. arranged in helical or polyhedral

Virus, Viroids and Lichens geometric forms.

Five kingdom system of classification do  Viroids are discovered by T.O.Diener

not includes Virus, Viroids and Lichens. as new infectious agent smaller than

virus causing potato spindle tuber

 Viruses are non-cellular organisms disease. They are free RNA without

having inert crystalline structure protein coat.

outside the living. When they enter Lichens are symbiotic association

the living cell, they take over the between algae and fungi. The algal part

machinery of living cell to replicate is called Phycobiont and fungal parts

themselves. are called Mycobiont. They are good

 D.J.Ivanowsky recognized certain pollution indicator as they do not grow in

microbes as causal organism of polluted area.

mosaic disease of tobacco.

 In addition to proteins, viruses also

contain genetic material that could

be DNA or RNA. In general, virus

that infect plants have single

stranded RNA and virus that infect

animals have double stranded DNA.

 Some common diseases caused by

virus are common cold, influenza,

AIDS, small pox, leaf rolling and

curling.