Question 1

1.1 For each of the following, give (a) the Lewis structure, (b) the electron arrangement
around the central atom / ion, (c) the shape of the molecule / ion and (d) the polarity of
the molecule / ion.

1.1.1 BrF4+ (4)

(a) ✓

(b) Trigonal Bipyrimidal ✓

(c) See Saw ✓

(d) Polar ✓

1.1.2 XeF₄ (4)

(a) ✓

(b) Octahedral ✓

(c) Square planar ✓

(d) non polar ✓

1.2 The net dipole moment of OF2 and SO3 are 0,297D and O D respectively. Comment
on the polarity and bond angles of the given molecules. (4)
OF2 is a polar molecule, with 2 lone pairs around the central atom causing
 Increased repulsion. Thus reducing the bond angle. This molecule will have a bent
molecular shape. ✓✓

SO3 is a non-polar molecule, with 4 bond pair around the central atom. This molecule will
a have bond angle of 120o and trigonal planar molecular shape. ✓✓

1.3 Use BeCl2 to explain why it was necessary to introduce hybridised atomic
Orbitals in the valence bond approach to chemical bonding. (3)
- The groundstate configuration for BeCl2 is 1s22s2.
- There are no unpaired electrons.
- A 2s electron is excited to a 2p orbital resulting in 1s22s12p1 configuration.
- Which in turn allows for the hybridisation of 2s and 2p orbitals.
- This allows for the formation of 2 equivalent sp hybrid orbitals. ✓✓✓

1.4 Predict the hybridisation around the indicated atoms (the atoms to which the arrows are
Drawn in the structures below) (5)

H H
N 3
1 F 2 4
C
N
N C 5
F S F F Br F C O H
F F F F C C
H N
N
H

1. sp3d1 ✓

2. sp3d2 ✓
 3. sp3 ✓

4. sp2 ✓

5. sp2 ✓

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Question 2
2.1 Briefly explain
2.1.1 with the use of an example, why alloys are used. (2)
By adding one or more elements to the metal to form an alloy to make it stronger
for example Sterling silver is an alloy and is composed of 92,5% Ag and
7,5% Cu. ✓✓

2.1.2 why an increase in temperature will cause a decrease in the electrical conductivity
of a metal. (3)
With an increase in temp., there is an increase in thermal vibrations✓, thus
disturbing the regularity within the metal crystal✓. This leads to increased

resistance, thus lowering the conductivity. ✓

2.1.3 metals have a lustrous appearance (2)

Electrons in metal absorb energy from incident light and electrons is promoted to
higher energy level. On returning to original energy level, electrons emit light ofnthe
same wavelength as that absorbed, thus the shine or lustre. ✓✓

2.1.4 the difference between photoelectric effect and thermionic emission. (2)
Photo-electric effect is when metals emit electrons when exposed to light. ✓

Thermionic emission is when metals emit electrons on heating. ✓

2.2 Specify the oxidation numbers of the metals in the following coordination entities:
2.2.1 Co(H2O)(CN)(en)2]2+ (2)
 Co (H2O) (CN) (en)2] 2+

x +0 + (-1) + 2(0) = +2
x = +3 ✓✓

2.2.2 [PtCl4]2− (2)

[Pt Cl4 ]2−
x + 4(-1) = -2
x = +2 ✓✓

2.2.3 K3[Fe(CN)6] (2)

K3 [Fe (CN)6]
3(+1) + x + 6(-1) = 0
x = +3 ✓✓

2.3 Using IUPAC norms write the formulas for the following
2.3.1 Potassium tetrachloridopalladate(II) (2)
K2[PdCl4] ✓✓

2.3.2 Diamminedichloridoplatinum(II) (2)

[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] ✓✓

2.4 Using IUPAC norms write the systematic names of the following
2.4.1 [Mn(H2O)6]2+ (2)
Hexaquamanganese(II) ion ✓✓

2.4.2 [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 (2)

Hexaamminenickel(II) chloride ✓✓

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Question 3
3.1 Give two gases required in the Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia. (2)
Hydrogen (H2) and Nitrogen (N2) ✓✓

3.2 State the conditions required for high yields of ammonia? (2)
Higher pressure and lower temperature ✓✓

3.3.1 Write down a balanced equation for the reaction of ammonia in air. (2)
4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O(g) ✓✓

3.3.2 What product is formed if a platinum catalyst is used? (1)

NO(g) ✓

3.3.3 The reaction in (3.3.1) is the first step in which process? Name the compound
manufactured in this process. (2)
Ostwald Process for the manufacturing of nitric acid. ✓✓

3.4 Name the three allotropes of phosphorus. Which one is the least stable? (4)
Red , White and black phosphorus. Black is the least stable

3.5 Write down the formula for (3.5.1) phosphoric acid and (3.5.2) phosphonic acid.
Which one is the stronger acid? (3)
3.5.1 H3PO4 Phosphoric acid is stronger ✓✓

3.5.2 H3PO3 ✓

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Question 4
5.1 Explain the formation of ozone layer in the stratosphere (4)
Ozone is formed from oxygen. First an O2 molecule is split into two oxygen radicals by
absorbing energy ✓and then an O2 molecule combines with this free oxygen radical to

form an O3 molecule✓:

O2 + hv O + O ✓

O2 + O O3 + heat ✓

5.2 Name the salts that cause the two types of hardness in water (2)
Temporary hardness is caused by calcium bicarbonate[Ca(HCO3)2] and
magnesium bicarbonate[Mg(CO3)2] ✓

Permanent Hardness is caused by calcium sulphate[CaSO4] and magnesium sulphate

[MgSO4] ✓

5.3 Use equations to explain how the temporary hardness in water can be removed. (4)
Boil water:

Ca(HCO3)2(aq) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) ✓✓

Clark’s process: Addition of correct amount of slaked lime, Ca(OH)2:

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2(aq) 2CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) ✓✓

5.4 Write down the four types of oxides. (4)

Normal oxides ✓
 Peroxides ✓

Superoxides ✓

Mixed Oxides ✓

5.5 State two uses of hydrogen peroxide. (2)

-As a bleaching agent.
- Together with hydrazine, it is used for rocket propulsion.

- Preparation of organic peroxides for initiating polymerization.

- Synthesis of antiseptics. (any two) ✓✓

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TOTAL MARKS = 75