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It is used to measure the quantity of various gas. The amount of gas is determined by amount of a
particular frequency of light absorbed by the gas when the light is passed through the gas.
Different molecules in the air absorb different frequencies of light, measuring the absorbed
frequency clearly gives the relation to the amount of particular gas in the air.
Two types:
• Dispersion infrared analyzers - used in laboratories as spectrophotometers
• Non-dispersion infrared analyzers- used for continuous measurement in industrial
applications specifically for measuring the concentration of carbon oxides (CO & CO2).
Advantages:
• Gas molecule doesn’t interact directly with the gas.
• Non-destructive analysis.
• Standard detectors for the measurement of gas in any given environment.
• Monitors emission levels over longer periods of time.
Disadvantages:
• simple measurement becomes a complex measurement
• Higher cost of measuring gas normalization parameter is greater than the cost of primary
dust measurement
It is a radiant energy (optical) analyzer that uses ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic
radiation spectrum. The UV radiation will pass through the gas inside the gas cell then to the
measurement detector. Thermopiles are used as detectors. The simplest style of non-dispersive
analyzer uses a single light source, shining continuously through a single gas cell, and eventually
falling on a small thermopile which converts the received UV light into heat, and then into a
voltage signal.
In-situ analyzers have sensors to take measurements directly in the gas stream. This allows for a
reading without any time delay. In-situ analyzers contain infrared , ultraviolet , or
electrochemical sensors. The analyzer probe sits directly in the gas stream, and the probe sensors
detect the concentration of the species of interest. For this particular in-situ analyzer, the
concentration of the species is measured by using a spectrometer and a xenon flash light beam.
The analyzer units can be configured to relay this information to a variety of devices, such as
computers, strip charts, or modems. A purge air unit is included to keep the sensors from
overheating and prevent contamination.
In extractive measurement a gas sample is taken from the stream, prepared and then evaluated.
Composition of the gas stream sample is determined using one of three sensors: infrared ,
ultraviolet , or electrochemical.
Two ways of sample taking:
• Full Extractive Method- Measurements made can be done either with the moisture still
present in the sample called hot or wet basis or, with a 'dried' sample called cool or dry
basis.
• Dilution Extractive Method- It extracts a very small representative portion of a gas
stream and very accurately dilutes the sample with air before transportation to an
analyser.
Two ways of dilution:
In-stack dilution- dilution of gas sample takes place within the sample probe itself or
dilution mechanism is part of the probe.
Out of stack dilution- dilution takes place after the probe, right at it’s discharge
Advantages
• Can detect extremely low concentrations.
• Many applications possible.
• Can handle a variety of flow rates and pipe sizes.
Disadvantages
• Larger than in-situ analyzers.
• Delayed analysis of gas because it must pass from stream to sample unit to analyzing
unit.
• Analyzers must be calibrated to specific ranges.
SPECTROMETERS
- Instruments that measure or analyse a range of a given characteristic or wavelength of
a substance
1. SPECTROPHOTOMETER
- An optical device that measures the concentration or particles in a solution.
- Light with a pre-selected wavelength is allowed to pass through the sample. The
amount of light absorbed will be determined. The amount of light absorbed increases
with the increase in amount of particles present in the sample.
Beer’s Law – also referred to as Beer-Lambert law or the Bouguer-Beer law. It was
named after August Beer. It states that the quantity of light directly proportional to the
concentration of the substance and the path length of the light through the solution.
A=εcl
where A is the absorbance, c is the, l is the path length, and ε is a constant of
proportionality known as the molar extinction coefficient.
Single-beam instrument - the absorbance of control is determined followed by the
sample
o Advantages: low cost, high throughput and high sensitivity
o Disadvantages: prone to drift, dilution is required
Double-beam spectrophotometers - the light beam is split into two beams by means of
mirrors. One light path goes through the sample chamber and the other light beam passes
through what is referred to as the reference cell or chamber
o Advantages: less prone to drift
o Disadvantages: high cost, low sensitivity, dilution is required
Components of a spectrophotometer
o Radiant Source
Ultraviolet Radiation - hydrogen lamp, deuterium lamp
Visible Radiation - Tungsten filament lamp, carbon arc
Infrared Radiation - Nernst glower
o Monochromator -breaks polychromatic radiation into component wavelength. The
types of prisms usually employed in commercial instruments are a 60° cornu
quartz and a 30° Littrow prism.
Diffraction Grating – used in pairs
Ruled Gratings
Holographic Gratings
Prisms
2. Mass Spectrophotometer
- Developed by Francis William Aston
- Identifies the chemical composition of a sample based on the mass-to-charge ratio of
charged particles and identifies the isotopic composition of its constituents
- Determines the structure of the compound by observing its fragmentation
Applications
o Isotope ratio MS: Isotope Dating and Tracking
o Trace Gas Analysis
o Atom Probe
o Pharmacokinetics
o Protein Characterization
o Space Exploration
Advantages
o Sensitive
o Excellent toll for identifying unknown components in a sample or confirming
their presence
Disadvantages
o Cannot identify hydrocarbons that produce similar ions
o Unable to tell optical and geometrical isomers apart
o Cannot distinguish components with the same molecular formula
o Cannot distinguish between isomers of a compound having the same charge-to-
mass ratio
3. Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometer
- Deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum
- Analyzes samples based on reflection, emission and absorption
- The two main components are
o Sources – Nernst glower –a rod of a sintered mixture of the oxides of
Zirconium, Ytterbium and Erbium.
o Prism - Sodium chloride or other alkali metal halides are the best material to
form prism and cell container
o Cell container
o Detector – converts IR energy to electrical energy and is amplified by an
amplifier
Applications
o Identification of functional group and structure elucidation
o Identification of structure substances
o Study of the progress of a chemical reaction
o Detection of impurities via infrared
o Quantitative analysis
Advantages
o Provides qualitative and quantitative analysis without destroying the sample
o The sample does not need any particular preparation
o Very sensitive, thus, it requires a minimum sample quantity
o Solid, liquid, gases, and semi-solid samples can be analyzed
o Peak intensities, peak positions, peak widths, shapes, and functional groups
provide all helpful information
Disadvantages
o Difficult handling procedures and maintenance of the sample cells
o There are no infrared spectra in atoms or monoatomic ions
o Requires very sensitive and properly tuned devices
o Aqueous solutions and complex mixtures are complicated to analyze via IR
spectroscopy
In early 1900s, Gas chromatography (GC) was discovered by Mikhail Semenovich
Tsvett as a separation technique to separate compounds. Gas chromatograph uses a flow-through
slender tube called the column, through that totally different chemical constituents of a sample
pass in an exceedingly gas stream (carrier gas, mobile phase) at totally different rates counting
on their varied chemical and physical properties and their interaction with a selected column
filling, referred to as the stationary part.
Instrumental components
Carrier gas
The carrier gas should be with chemicals inert. Ordinarily used gases embody atomic
number 7, helium, argon, and CO 2. The selection of carrier gas is usually dependent upon the
kind of detector that is employed. The carrier facility additionally contains a molecular sieve to
get rid of water and alternative impurities.
Sample injection port
For optimum column potency, the sample mustn't be large, and may be introduced onto
the column as a "plug" of vapor - slow injection of enormous samples causes band broadening
and loss of resolution.
Column
There are a unit 2 general styles of column, packed and capillary (also referred to as
open tubular). Packed columns contain a finely divided, inert, solid support material (commonly
supported diatomaceous earth) coated with liquid stationary part. Most packed columns area unit
one 0.5 - 10m long and have an interior diameter of two - 4mm.
Column temperature
For precise work, column temperature should be controlled to at intervals tenths of a
degree. The optimum column temperature is dependent upon the boiling purpose of the sample.
As a rule of thumb, a temperature slightly on top of the typical boiling purpose of the sample
ends up in associate extraction time of two - half-hour.
Detectors
There are several detectors which may be employed in gas activity. Totally different
detectors can offer differing kinds of property. The response of a mass flow dependent detector is
unaffected by make-up gas. Have a glance at this tabular outline of common rate detectors
Applications
Identification of the oil elements by GC/MS
Skin samples analysis
Environmental monitoring
Food, beverage, flavor and fragrance analysis
Forensic and criminal cases
Biological and pesticides detections
Security and chemical warfare agent detection
Astro chemistry and Geo chemical Research
RNA isolation
Limitations
1. Not suitable for detecting semi-volatile compounds
2. Only indicates if volatile organic compounds are presents.
3. High concentration so methane is required for higher performance.
4. Frequent calibrations are required.
5. Units of parts per million range
6. Environmental distraction, especially water vapour.
7. Strong electrical fields Rapid variation in temperature at the detector and naturally
occurring compounds may affect instrumental signal.
Advantages:
The colorimeter is a simple instrument and requires little maintenance. An example of the
simplest form of colorimetry is the use of litmus paper to determine acidity or basicity.
The quantity of material used is generally very small, but if the material is costly it is
frequently possible to use dilutions in a solvent such as water. If a unit cell is utilized
through which light is passed, it is generally simple, little in size, and low in cost. Some
colorimeters used in non-critical applications don’t require the use of a standard for
comparison at all.
Sample testing in the laboratory can take minutes to hours for sample preparation testing
to be run, but colorimetry using hand-held devices can take minutes or even seconds to
run. In such instances, colorimetry offers obvious advantages.
Very well applicable to the quantitative analysis of colored compounds
Disadvantages:
They are not able to identify metamerism or colorant strength, are not ideally suited for
color formulation, and cannot be used under variable illuminant/observer conditions.
It does not work in Ultraviolet and Infrared regions.
In using colorimeter similar colors from interfering substances can produce errors in
result.
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Instrumentation Tools. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://instrumentationtools.com/infrared-
non-dispersive-co2-analyzer-working-principle/
Infrared Gas analyzer & it’s advantages & disadvantages. (n.d.). Retrieved from
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