Syllabus

POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

Operations in Power System Security:

Introduction, Factors Affecting Power System Security, Contingency Analysis, An Overview of Security
Analysis, Linear Sensitivity Factors, Generation shift sensitivity factor, Line outage Distribution Factor,
Line flow after outage, AC Power Flow Security Analysis, AC Power Flow Security Analysis With
Contingency Case Selection, Concentric Relaxation, Bounding Area method.

State Estimation:

Introduction, Method of Least Squares, Simple DC circuit example with suitable derivation, Maximum
Likelihood Weighted Least-Squares Estimation, Matrix Formulation, Estimation formulae, State
Estimation by Orthogonal Decomposition, The Orthogonal Decomposition Algorithm, Detection and
Identification of Bad Measurements, Network Observability and Psuedo-Measurements.

Optimal Power Flow:

Introduction, Optimal Power Flow (OPF) Formulation, Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problem
formulation, Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch (ORPD), Economic Emission Dispatch (EED), Security
Constrained OPF (SCOPF), OPF solution techniques, Lagrangian Multiplier Method, Linear
Programming Method, Interior Point Method.

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS

Distributed Generation:

Definition and Technologies of Distributed Generation –Solar photovoltaic power-wind-fuel cells-Diesel

Generator- Hydro and Micro turbines –Electricity Generation in Transition- Distributed Generation With
Fossil Fuels- Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)Technologies- Biomass For Electricity - Micro-
Hydropower Systems-Fuel Cells.

Economics of Distributed Resources:

Distributed Resources (DR)- Electric Utility Rate Structures- Energy Economics- Energy Conservation
Supply Curves –Combined Heat And Power (CHP)-Distributed Benefits- Integrated Resource Planning
(IRP) and Demand-Side Management (DSM) – Scheduling and dispatch of DG.
Modelling Of Wind Turbines and Solar Systems:

Power in wind-Average power in the wind- simple estimates of wind turbine energy- Modelling of Wind
turbines- Singly Fed and Doubly Fed Induction Generators (SFIG & DFIG) – Constant and variable
speed wind turbines- Solar energy models- Linear and Non-linear.

State of the art of Hybrid Systems:

Hybrid systems with PV Systems and Fuel cell-Hybrid systems options-Main components of Hybrid
systems- Frequency control methods-Reactive control of hybrid systems-Control and Simulation
Techniques.

Issues of Distributed Generation-Case studies:

Sizing and siting of Distributed Generation-Benefit indices estimation-Contract Pricing -Protection

Planning issues - Optimal Renewable Resources Mix.

POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION

Optimization Techniques:

Statement of an optimization problem – One dimensional minimization- Analytical methods and

numerical methods - Constrained optimization - Kuhn Tucker conditions , Lagrangian method , penalty
function method , dynamic programming – Multi objective optimization.

Optimal Generation Scheduling of Thermal Plants:

Introduction-Generator operating cost- Economic Dispatch (ED) problem - constraints -Optimal

generation scheduling-Newton Raphson method- Transmission loss coefficients-exact loss formula-
incremental transmission loss-ED based on penalty factors.

Optimal hydrothermal Scheduling:

Introduction – Short range hydrothermal scheduling – Model - transmission losses – Solution using
Newton Raphson method – Hydro plant modelling for long term operation-Pumped storage plants- Long
range generation scheduling.

Multi Objective Generation Scheduling:

Introduction – Multi-objective optimisation methods –Multi-objective thermal dispatch problem- ε

Constraint method- Multi-objective dispatch for active and reactive power balance.
Stochastic Multiobjective Generation Scheduling:

Introduction- Multi-objective stochastic optimal thermal power dispatch - Stochastic economic emission
load dispatch-Problem formulation-Solution approach.

POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY

Syllabus Fundamentals:

The General reliability function – The exponential distribution – Mean time to failure – series and
parallel systems – Markov processes – continuous Markov processes – Recursive Techniques, Markov
applications – Simple series and parallel system models

Generation Systems:

Evaluation of Power Generation systems reliability indices – LOLP, LOLE, EENS, Power Interruption
Frequency and Duration & System minutes. Capacity outage probability method - Loss of load
probability method-Load forecast uncertainty, Loss of energy probability method – frequency and
duration approach – conclusion spinning capacity evaluation – Load forecast uncertainty – De-rated
capacity levels.

Transmission and Composite Systems:

Average interruption rate method – The frequency and duration method – stormy and normal weather
effects – The Markov process approach – system studies-Service quality criterion – The conditional
probability approach – simple system application, Two plant-single load system, Two plant – two load
system - networked system approach.

Interconnected System and HVDC System:

The Probability array for two systems – The loss of load approach – Load forecast uncertainty –
Reliability evaluation in more than two systems-interconnection benefits- The system modes of failure –
The loss of load approach – The frequency and duration approach – spare value assessment – Multiple
Bridge equivalents.