Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IgA deficiency is associated with autoimmune diseases (celiac disease) and atopy (asthma,
eczema)
in every immunodeficiency
please calculate the B cells, T cells, and check the levels of immunoglobulins.
the two sample t test is a statistical method that is commonly employed to compare the
means of two groups of subjects.
similar to alcohol withdrawal delirium tremens. but remember alcoholic seizures occur suring
12-48 hours after last intake
so if it is after 5 days - do not think of alcoholic seizures
ADHF:
normal or elevated blood pressure - LMNO
lasix morphine nitroglycerin oxygen (NIV)
treat viral myocarditis on the ICU due to risk of shock and arrhythmias
treat viral myocarditis by diuretics and inotropes
a difference in blood pressure measurements in upper and lower extremity is due to CoA
and generally diff in BP between two upper limbs is considered a clue of aortic dissection
photo toxicity is due to the reactive oxygen species that are formed due to the drug
photoallergic reaction is due to UV light changing the structure of the drug molecule
this leads to activation of immune symptoms and eczematous lesions
1. no ulcer
2. ulcer
3. ulcer shows subcutaneous fat
4. ulcer shows bone
non stage-able. ulcer is covered by an eschar which has to be removed for staging
so basically
TBG increases
free T decreases
B hCG acts on TSH receptors
Total T increases and Free T comes back to normal
negative feedback
TSH decreases
QId: 4756 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
QId: 15189 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
QId: 14197 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
so
if lichen sclerosus
and abnormal PAP --
it is ca vulva
QId: 4766 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
NAAT is used
QId: 12479 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
chalo
smoker lesbians at least get this one
bacterial vaginosis
QId: 8903 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
QId: 3757 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
QId: 12052 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
so first
there is an adnexal mass
we do a pelvic ultrasound
we know that there is an ovarian mass
then we do CA 125 (which is not done here)
then we predict the risk of cancer
(in this case there was ovarian mass with ascites, so there is a high chance of malignancy)
if it is high risk for malignancy
exploratory laparotomy and staging
QId: 12063 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
it is very important to differentiate between vulvovaginal atrophy and vulvar lichen sclerosus
QId: 2299 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
so to detect mets
do not do Chest CT do X ray
interesting
QId: 15128 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
QId: 2392 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
OCPs increase the risk of cervical cancer
QId: 4768 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
QId: 12161 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
vaginal atrophy and vulval lichen sclerosus may present with dryness and pruritis
QId: 12111 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
gartner duct (remnant of wolfian duct) cyst is found in the upper anterior vagina
QId: 2408 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
generally for post menopausal osteoporosis Bisphophonates are used and is more efficacious
than SERMs
then what are the indications of raloxifene ?
1. intolerance (e.g. pill esophagitis)
2. high risk of invasive breast cancer which can be prevented by giving raloxofene
QId: 12499 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
QId: 2416 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
PID Rx
OPD: i.m. ceftriaoxone + oral doxy
QId: 15136 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
sometimes the only difference between sertoli leydog cell tumor and PCOS is the testosterone
levels
QId: 4792 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Female Reproductive System & Breast
suspect syphilis
RPR + TPHA
if negative
the only solid liver mass that you diagnose by its appearance on imaging and not by history is
focal nodular hyperplasia
presence of a central scar, arterial flow
associated with anomalous arteries
rest of them
hepatic adenoma (OCPs), etc ...
so,
if bilirubin is high
think if it is conjugated or unconjugated (directly by looking at lab values or urinalysis)
if it is conjugated, do LFT
if it is AST ALT >ALP -- do serology etc
if it is ALP > AST ALT -- do abdominal USG and antimitochondrial antibodies
if stable
use heparin/warfarin/factor Xa inhibitors
now
which test do you do to diagnose the condition? HB elec or Iron studies
Iron studies . why ?
1. she may be having thal but it may be superadded by IDA
2. you can to some extent differentiate between thal and IDA in Iron studies
3. best is: if there is IDA, due to the already less production of Hb, you will get falsely low
HbA2 result.
your test of Hb elec would be false negative.
so first treat the IDA and then diagnose thal
an interesting finding is
the high platelet count as a marker of inflammation or stress
and unusually even in the presence of inflammation the leukocyte count is normal
in this case
what is weird is
vancomycin is being used to cover the cephalosporinase resistant pneumococci and not the
MRSA which we usulally use it for.
in children
the most common cause of pneumonia in CF
staph aureus
until 20 years
where pseudomonas has become the major cause
HIV testing
<18months - DNA PCR
>18 months- HIV antibody persistence
Bottom line
In the management of hydatid cyst - the threshold for surgery is very low
And the first line management is albendazole plus percutaneous aspiration (if more than 5 cm
or septations present which is most of the times). Make sure use u avoid spillage
While in the management of amobeic liver abscess - surgery is only considered if there has
been a rupture or pressure symptoms or the diagnosis is not clear . And the first line
management is only albendazole plus paramomycin
QId: 3131 Medicine - Infectious Diseases
if not
is the patient pregnant/immunocompromised/neonate ?
give VZIG
HIV is the only sexually transmitted disease that is screened for in general population (15-65)
It has 3 types of screenings
initial screening (for general population 15-65) (before starting treatment for another STD or
TB)
annual screening (for high risk patients)
additional screening (pregnancy, exposure)
Other STDs are tested only when there has been an exposure. Syphilis is also screened only
in pregnant
women and when there has been exposure. It is not screened in the general population
because VDRL has many false positives
RF is such a bitch
It can be present in IE as well
It's a part of the immunologic manifestations
even if you do not suspect any ICSOL and the raised ICP is due to pseudotumor cerebri
the next step
is
imaging
CT/MRI
the difference from sturge weber syndrome is the location of the stain
in SWS it is in the trigeminal nerve V1 V2 distribution
On the other hand memantine - NMDA receptor antagonist is approved for use in moderate
dementia
I mean
What
The
Fuck
Contrast enhanced is not preferred over NCCT not because the contrast is harmful or
anything ...lol
It's just that the contrast will be confused for ACUTE BLOOD which is as hyper dense
this periodic breathing may be due to MECP2 mutation leading to abnormal neuromodulation
in the respiratory center.
QId: 4072 Medicine - Nervous System
Good functional performance status, stable extracranial disease, age less than 65 presents
with any kind of brain mets --) do treat it
Now depending on the following factors choose either surgical resection, stereotactocic radio
surgery, or whole brain radiation therapy
If single lesion and If surgically accessible and good surgical candidate --) surgical resection
followed by SRS and/or WBRT
Very interesting
The patient presents with sharp short lasting pain in the CHEEKS
Which means the pain is bilateral ..... woah
And the most common cause of bilateral trigeminal neuralgia is MS.
This is supported by the history of sensory loss a few weeks ago which would have been the
first symptom of MS
may be because the risk of cancers due to CT increases with decreasing age
GCS < 13/ FND, s/o sbasilar skull fractures/seizures..... - admit, CT, close neurological
obsservation every 2 hours
GCS 13-15 - head ache vomiting, brief LOC - no admission - HeadCT to r/o concussion -
send home
or 4-6 hourly neurological examination - if improvement - send home
1. female gender
2. caucasian
3. HLA DRB1
4. cold climate
5. USA, Europe
6. Low vitamin D level
7. smoking
After confirming SAH(due to aneurysm), next best step after stabilisation is Cerebral
angiography to detect the aneurysm and coiling, etc
If the abscess is single - due to spread of infection from otitis or sinusitis or mastoiditis
If there are multiple abscesses, it is due to hemtaogenous spread or septic emboli (e.g. IE)
if the FVC <20mL/kg it indicates impending respiratory failure and therefore proceed with
endotracheal intubation
1. frequent reorientation
2. trained sitter
3. reducing noise and disturbances
4. avoiding physical constraints
cognitive impairment
risk of falls
paradoxical agitation
parkinson's only
can have dementia
parkinsonism first then dementia
but less likely to have dementia
+/- visual hallucinations
But if headache and other symptoms of increased ICH like blurring of vision worsen on
leaning forward/valsalva/coughing... then that's due to the increased ICH
if there is increased minute ventilation from let us say hyperventilation and even then there is
hypercarbia in ABG
the treatment of infant botulism (descending flaccid paralysis from ingestion of C. botulinum
spores from environmental dust) is human derived botulism immune globulin
the treatment of food borne botulism (descending flaccid paralysis from ingestion of
preformed botulinum toxin) is equine derived botulism antitoxin
abdominal pain
hematemesis
metabolic acidosis
hypovolemic shock
iron poisoning
isopropyl alcohol doesn't increase anion gap but increases the serum osmolar gap
but in the setting of tca overdose, >100ms qrs is an indication for iv. sodium bicarbonate
QId: 12038 Obstetrics & Gynecology - Pregnancy, Childbirth & Puerperium
>/= 1cm cervical dilatation every 2 hours is normal labour progression in the active phase of
labor
no cervical change even after 4 hours of adequate uterine contractions or
no cervical change even after 6 hours of inadequate uterine contractions is termed as labor
arrest disorder
should be managed by cesarean delivery
dont think that now that the uterus is out, let us remove the placenta XD XD
to isiliye har patient jiska bloody discharge per-vag ho, pelvic USG nahi karna hota
complement levels are low in lupus and associated symptoms like arthralgias, malar rash
whatever
in Intrahepatic cholestasis
there are no maternal complications
there can be fetal complications but
cervical length
if oligohydramnios
but should not be used unless there is active suicidality or refusal to eat or drink
otherwise
just cognitive behavioral therapy
step 1/FA taught us that conversion disorder is strongly associated with la bella indifferentiae
but it has been shown that this occurs with almost same frequency and hence is not reliable
to differentiate between the two
2nd generation antipsychotics have serotonin antagonism apart from dopamine antagonism
which makes them different from the 1st gen antipsychotics
probably why the risk of EPS is far lesser than in 1st gen antipsychotics
catatonia is treated by ECT ( or BZDs) and actually worsened by clozapine or any other
antipsychotic
OCD
SSRI
QId: 3759 Psychiatry - Psychiatric/Behavioral & Substance Abuse
diagnosis is clinical
positive urine drug screen is just supportive
but
selegelline
pseudo ephedrine
bupropion
can give false positive drug screen
to prevent such side effects - start SSRIs at 1/2 dose in such people
pediatric (<18) depression presents with irritability rather than depressed mood
parkinson disease can have psychotic symptoms like visual hallucinations and even more
that does not mean you put it under the category of lewy body dementia
if the patient has bradykinesia + resting tremor or cogwheel rigidity you call him parkison -
simple
if the patient has visual hallucinations and dementia you may call him LBD
also in PD with psychosis - dopamine agonists worsen the symptoms more than
levodopa/carbidopa
if psychotic symptoms are predominant - you can use 2nd generation antipsychotics -
quetiapine, pimavanserin
in childhood if there are symptoms similar to gender dysphoria, the child may probably grow
out of it and no further evaluation is required
in adolescence if it occurs
it requires a multidisciplinary evaluation
because it is likely to be persistent
generally teenagers
usually euphoria, incoherence
sometimes - loss of consciousness - which is very brief
one of the characteristic features of dementia with lewy bodies is its extreme sensitivity to
antipsychotic medication
depression is associated
increased s. cortisol levels
decreased hippocampal volume
decreased REM latency
decreased slow wave sleep
and it is given in the question stem about the intent and plan of suicide. choose the option
psychiatrichospitalization
if there is no such mention and no details are given - choose the option - perform suicide risk
assessment
another similarity between MDD and GAD is the occurrence of somatic symptoms
and hence somatic symptom disorder is also treated the same way
but this occurs at the age of 6 years as opposed to similar symptoms in Rett syndrome at the
age of 1-2 years and especially in girls
people with depression can come to you with complains of physical symptoms
psychiatric evaluation of symptoms is necessary
lithium
valproate
lamotrigine
quitiapine
BMI <15kg/m2
marked vital signs
cardiac failure
electrolyte abnormality
acute suicidality
acute food refusal
lack of response to outpatient treatment
recurrent major depressive disorder/ single episode >= 2 years/ single or multiple episodes
with suicide attempts
maintenance phase X 1-3 years @ continuous phase dose
and then start taper
BZD withdrawal presents with anxiety, insomnia, tremor, psychomotor agitation and
dysphoria.
but half life is just 12 hours
so they can have withdrawal even if a day's meds are missed
akathasia
propanolol
benztropine
benzodiazepines (not 1st line)
parkinsonism
benztropine
amantadine
QId: 15083 Psychiatry - Psychiatric/Behavioral & Substance Abuse
in ARDS
PaO2/FiO2 ratio <300 mmHg
A-a gradient is high (intrapulmonary shunting)
P-arterial pressure is high
PCWP is normal
LCP disease can also result in proximal thigh atrophy and trendelenburg sign may be positive
transient synovitis
QId: 12059 Medicine - Rheumatology/Orthopedics & Sports
low back pain (no other diagnosis) : if its <3 weeks moderate activity and NSAIDs are
enough, because the pain is going to go away
but if the pain is >12 weeks - it is more likely to persist and recur
they need proper exercise therapy