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How I Do CMR Scanning Safely PDF
How I Do CMR Scanning Safely PDF
Elisabeth Burman
Research Sister
Royal Brompton Hospital, London UK
Outside field
0.5 Tesla
1.5T
Magnetohydrodynamic effect
seen as augmentation of T-wave
• Caused by the effect of the static magnetic field on
moving blood (systole) as a conducting fluid.
Foreign bodies
• Maybe situated near vascular or nervous tissue
• If in doubt – x-ray
Pacemakers
Highly specific guidelines are required
• General rule has been “absolute contra-indication”
• All 3 electromagnetic fields effect pacemaker
function
• patients
• staff remaining in the scanner room
• relatives accompanying children or patients
Radiofrequency (RF) fields
Thermogenic effects - health & safety concern
Physiological tissue heating response
• most of the transmitted RF power is transferred into heat
within the patient’s tissue
• all MR systems have safety thresholds to avoid
dangerous levels
• Patients with compromised thermoregularory systems are
at greatest risk
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
• Contrast agents
• Claustrophobia
Contrast agents
• all gadolinium chelates
• overall patient tolerance high
• incidence of adverse reactions very low
Possible reactions:-
• headache, nausea and vomiting, pain if extravasation occurs
• anaphylaxis 1:100,000
Contraindications
•GFR<30ms/minute
• pregnancy (risk versus benefit ratio)
• breast feeding mothers
• infants < 2 years
Caution
• asthmatics, history of previous reactions
Critically ill patients
AICU and High Dependency Patients
• Assess patient the day before
• Lengthen and prime IV lines on ward
• Replace electrodes - carbon studs
• Lengthen chest drains
• Check intubation circuits for metal
• Educate nursing staff in preparing patient
• Ensure status of patient has not changed since referral
• Screen all accompanying personnel
Sedated patients
• Departmental ‘sedation protocol’ with anaesthetic
approval
• Nil by mouth for 6 hrs (food & milk) 2 hrs water
• Medical examination
• Informed consent
• Tipping trolley, piped oxygen, full resuscitation
equipment
• Responsible adult to collect from department and remain
with for 24 hours
Resuscitation
• Alert cardiac arrest team
• Call for help
• BLS only can be performed in scanner room
• Keep MR Compatible ‘tipping trolley’ adjacent to
scanner
• Patient must be moved to designated resuscitation area as
quickly as possible
• Appoint non-clinical person to prevent access to scanner
room
• Practice regular ‘cardiac arrest’ scenarios to identify
potential problems
Monitoring
Equipment must be MR Safe or MR Conditional
• MR Safe
Device when used in the MR environment, has been demonstrated
to present no additional risk to the patient BUT may affect the
quality of diagnostic information
• MR Conditional
The object may or may not be safe for the patient undergoing an
MR procedure or an individual in the MR environment, depending
on the specific conditions that are present.
Causes - physical
- human error (accidental)
- intervention (elective)
Causes
• restrictive dimensions of the interior of the magnet
• duration of the examination
• gradient coil induced noises
• the ambient condition within the imaging bore
Factors to reduce anxiety
• education and explanation
• trial visit to the department
• maintaining physical and verbal contact
• presence of a relative or friend
• use of a mirror, prism glasses
• good communication system
• alarm
• good light and ventilation
• music
• pleasant thoughts
Ensuring Safe Practice
• Safety Checklist – comprehensive but concise
• Restricted access to magnetic field area
• MR Compatible equipment – monitors, wheelchairs,
syringe pumps, stethoscopes
• Awareness of medication common to patient area –
contrast agents, stress agents
• Staff Induction
• Education and training of staff of all disciplines
• Risk Assessments
• Policies and Procedures – cardiac arrest, quench
This could be you!
References
• Shellock F.G. and Kanal E. (2001)
- Magnetic Resonance Bioeffects, Safety, and Patient
Management
• Health Protection Agency (HPA)
(was National Radiological Protection Board -NRPB)
• International Electrical Committee (IEC)
• Medical and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
(MRHA) (was Medical Devices Agency - MDA)
• http://www.mrisafety.com (Shellock and Kanal)
• http://www.imrser.org/
• http://www.magneticresonancesafetytesting.com/