Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

MODULE-1

Introduction to Civil Engineering &Engineering Mechanics

1 Introduction
~
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L Civil engineers have one of the world's most important jobs: they build our quality
J3 of life. With creativity and technical skill, civil engineers plan, design, construct and

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Environmental
Engineering

engineering, where the civil

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@) Providing shelter to people in the form of low cost houses to high rise apartments.
Laying ordinary village roads to express highways.
3. Constructing irrigation tanks, multipurpose dams & canals for supplying water to
agricultural fields.
4. Supplying safe and potable water for public & industrial uses.

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

5. Protecting our environment by adopting sewage treatment & solid waste disposal
techniques.
6. Constructing hydro-electric & thermal-power plants for generating electricity.
7. Providing other means of transportation such as railways, harbour & airports.
8. Constructing bridges across streams, rivers and also across seas.
9. Tunneling across mountains & also under water to connect places easily & reduce
distance.

1.

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2. . e, dam, retammg
J d from a certain
0. ould be thoroughly
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3.

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5. Irrigation & Water resources engineering (Hydraulics Engineering): Irrigation is the
process of supplying water by artificial means to agricultural fields for raising crops.
Since rainfall in an area is insufficient or unpredictable in an area, water flowing in a
river can be stored by constructing dams and diverting the water into the canals &
conveyed to the agricultural fields. Apart from dams & canals other associated structures

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

like canals regulators, aqua ducts, weirs, barrages etc. are also necessary. Hydro electric
power generation facilities are also included under this aspect.
6. Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering (Environmental Engineering): People in
every village, town & city need potable water. The water available (surface water &
ground water) may not be fit for direct consumption. In such cases, the water should be
purified and then supplied to the public. For water purification, sedimentation tanks, filter
beds, etc. should be designed. If the treatment plants are for away from the town or city,
suitable pipelines for conveying water & distributing it should also be designed. In a
town or city, a part of the water supplied returns as sewage. This sewage should be
systematically collected and then dispos~d into the natural environment after providing
suitable ~reatment. The solid ~fJt a ts enyrated in a tow? or locality sho~ld be
systematically collected a~~ ij1 s . 0 e of f rs, -
itabfl· Before disposal, segregat10n of
materials should be don~ , h t . n · al:fia; c · l:, -~ ecycled & we can conserve our
natural resources. ""'-1 ~
7.

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1.1.2 Effects of I
country:

development of a regio

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
·-0\ 6.
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7. Housing facilities
8. Recreation facilities
@) The well being of a nation is dependent on the quality & the quantity of the above services that
are provided to the public. Development of infrastructure has number of good effects which can
be listed as follows.
1. It is a basic necessity for any country or state.
2. It forms a part of business, research & education.
3. It improved health care & Cultural activities.

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

4. It provided housing & means of communication to people.

5. It provided direct employment to many number of skilled, semiskilled & unskilled
laborers.
6. It leads to the growth of associated industries like cement, steel, glass, timber, plastics,
paints, electrical goods etc.
7. It helps in increasing food production & protection from famine.
8. Exporting agricultural goods can fetch foreign currency.
Some ill effects of infrastructure development can also be listed as follows:
1. Exploitation of natural resources can lead to environmental disasters.

3. Slums are created in citie_s.

4. It becomes a huge financ' » B '\je u
£ '{0 TEI£ P,
mept t
2. Migration of people from villages to towns & cities in search of job takes place.

tax payers.

ENGINEERING MECHA

MECHANICS
motion.
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. &)f Fluids

·-0\
·-
0 Concepts of: Physical quantity, Scalar quantity, and Vector quantity
@)
!Particle: A particle is a body of infinitely small volume and the entire mass of the body is
assumed to be concentrated at a point.

2.Rigid body: It is one, which does not alter its shape, or size or the distance between any two
points on the body does not change on the application of external forces.

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3.Deformable body: It is one, which alters its shape, or size or the distance between any two
points on the body changes on the application of external forces.

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·I A B
I· F

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II)
Note: 1 kgf= 'g' N
II)

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urey ,
the force is assumed t'o be actmg ~ta point or o '©- mfinity smafi area.
7.Principle physi I in ~ e~jUff.\, : J t9 ' { 6 ;s © bodies

I fft,r @
f!~ PJ~Uied / not
6

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

8.Principle of superposition of forces: Net effect of forces applied in any

sequence on a body is given by the algebraic sum of effect of individual forces
on the body.

______...._ __ _
(a1+a2)

__..._ __ _
(a2+a1)

~ j:~lication of a force
· ~ n maintaining the
same magnitude and directio
body.

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<CAMJaRITDCGJE
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

.Assumptions made in Engineering Mechanics

i) All bodies are rigid.

ii) Particle concept can be used wherever applicable.
iii) Principle of physical independence of forces is valid.
iv) Principle of superposition of forces is valid.

1.1 Characteristics of a force

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The characteristics oft

1) Magnitude is 10 N.
2) Point of application is A.INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
4) Direction is ho ·z tall IT!.((])
3) Line of action is AL B or AB.
l2
0

Ex.2: Consider a ladcler AB resting .~ 1

floor and leaning against a wa
weighing 750 N stands on the ladder at a point Con the ladder.
·-0\
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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

V,l all

750 N

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·-0\ 2) Coplanar parallel forces: It is a force system, in which all the forces are lying in the same
·-
0
plane and have parallel lines of action.
y
@)

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

----------------------------- X
Ex.: The forces or loads and the support reactions in case of beams.

3) Coplanar Concurrent forces: It is a force system, in which all the forces are lying in the
same plane and lines of action meet a single point.
y

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a.. y
0
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·-
0
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- - - - - - - - --rrr--------- X

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

z
Ex: The forces acting and the reactions at the points of contact of bench with floor in a
classroom.

6) Non- coplanar concurrent forces It is a force system, in which all the forces are lying in the
different planes and still have common point of action.
y

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·-0\ Following are considered as the fundamental laws in Mechanics.

·-
0 1) Newton's Ilaw
@) 2) Newton's II law
3) Newton's III law
4) Principle or Law of transmissibility of forces
5) Parallelogram law of forces.

1) Newton's I law: It states, "Every body continues in its state ofrest or of uniform motion in a
straight line, unless it is compelled to do so by force acting on it."

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This law helps in defining a force.

2) Newton's II law: It states, "The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the
applied force and takes place in the direction of the impressed force."
This law helps in defining a unit force as one which produces a unit acceleration in a body of
unit mass, thus deriving the relationship F = m . a
3) Newton's III law: It states, "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."
The significance of this law can be understood from the following figure.
Consider a body weighing W resting on a plane. The body exerts a force W on the plane and in
tum the plane exerts an equal and opposite reaction on the body.
\Y

Body

Plane

W • Weight of the bod y

R R,• Reaction from plane

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Whenever a number of forces are actmg on a body, it is possible to find a single force, which can
·-0\ produce the same effect as that produced by the given forces acting together. Such a single force
·-
0
is called as resultant force or resultant.
F1 F2
@)

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

In the above figure R can be called as the resultant of the given forces F 1, F 2 and F 3 .
The process of determining the resultant force of a given force system is known as Composition
of forces.
The resultant force of a given force system can be determining by Graphical and Analytical
methods. In analytical methods two different principles namely: Parallelogram law of forces
and Method of Resolution of forces are adopted.

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From the figure OC = ✓oD 2 + CD 2

·-0\ = ✓(OA + AD)2 + CD 2
·-
0 = ✓( F 1 + F2 cose)2 + (F2 sin 8 )2
@) 2
i.e R = ✓ F / + F2 + 2. F 1. F2.C0S8 ---------> I

Let a be the inclination of the resultant with the direction of the Fl, then

a~ tan-1 [ F, sin0 ] -------> 2

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Equation I gives the magnitude of the resultant and Equation 2 gives the direction of the
resultant.
Different cases of parallelogram law:
~ For different values of 0, we can have different cases such as follows:
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Case 1: When 0 = 90°:

R
'{= -, '
, ,,
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,

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a= o0

Case 3: When 0 = 0 :

a= 0°
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

·-0\
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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics l 8CIV14/24

Example De:termi11e tlr ·1111\~nitude of ti, resultant of lh tumfo.rces of tnagnift1de 12 N and 9 N

acti,ig ol a poinl iftlte mtgli! be.twc -11 J'lt two forces j!i 30'\
Solution: P = l2 N
Q=9N
,0~30

R _ulta_nl R = JP 2 +Q 2 + 2PQcos 9
= J(12) 2 + (9) 2 + 2 X 12 X 9 ·COS 30
R'="'20.29N
Qsin8
tano:= ~ - ~ -
.P +QcosO

::,
9 -in30
t2+9·cos 30
tan a = 0.2273
a= l.2.81.
~L..,J~L::::::==~J~L==::J;,.::U~~

Example Find tlut magnitude of two equal forces acting at·a poinJ witb an augte of 60"'bet:rueen
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th ~m, if the n:sultnn t is cq.ual lo 30./3 N.
Soluti,on: P ~ Q ,,. F
0.
C, R=30.fi
a.. 0 = 60° 1

0
CJ) R = JF12 + F22 2F~li cos0

30./3 = J2F1 + 2F 2 oos 60

"" J2(1 + ~OS 60)

~- 30,P,
~- Jj
F =30N.

6x:ample The :res-uJtari t of lnro forces when t/Jey net 11t r:ig11l atigles is 10 N. W11 ·~ mlrm t11ey act
·-0\ al 1U1 anglt: of 60° tire resultard is J145. Determine the .magnitude of t11efarces.
·-
0 Solution:
@) Case H) R=l.ON
Case (ii) R = .J148
\Ve know

R""' Jpi +Q +2PQoo O

when i0 l"'90°

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

R= Jp'l +Qi
10:cJp2+Q~
102= pz + Ql
100= pl +Q2 .... (0
when 9.,,60 11

Jus - JP 2 + Q2 -l- 2PQ cos &o

"" JP 2 ,-. Q 2 -t 2PQ (0. 5)
l4S = f>2+ ·Q'l+ PQ .,.(it)
Fro.m (i)
148 = 100+ PQ
PQ ..: 48,
.2 PQ=96 ., (iii)
Adding (i),and (iii)
100 + 96 =P2+ Q2+2PQ
196 ~ (P + Q}2
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P+Q'= Jt96
0. P+Q = l4
C,
a.. P= 14-Q •.,(iv},

0 From (ii!)
CJ) 2Q (14 - Q).,,, '96
28Q - 2Q'Z=96
2Ql - 28Q + 96 =0
Q 2 -14Q + 48=0

ll l, .b • - 14, t" ""' 48

+ 14 :!: J(- 14),2 ~ 4 x (1) (48)

=-- """'--2(1)
- - - --
14±.Ji
·-0\ =---
2
·-
0 14±2
-' - ---- -
@) 2

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

From (iv}
P.a14-Q'
P1 = 14 - 8 =-6
P2 ,..l4-6.a8
Th fore are
P: ,8 ' Q'a6N,

Q1-_ -
14 -2 -_--16 _- S N'
2 2

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<CAMJaRITDCGJE
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Composition of forces by method of Resolution

Introduction

If two or more forces are acting in a single plane and passing through a single point , such a force
system is known as a

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·-0\ systems.
·-
0 In the Ifig, let fx. 1, fx 2, fx 3, fx 4 be the components of Fx 1, Fx 2, Fx3, Fx 4 be the forces in the X-
@) direction.
Let L Fx be the algebraic sum of component forces in an x-direction
L Fx = fx.1+ fx2+ fx3+ fx4
Similarly,

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

By parallelogram law,

R= ✓{'f, Fx)2 +(I Fy)

2

The direction of resultant can be a

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2.

3.
1
u-vntt\t~ t\e Be~
1 FS)TITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
o thD l· n· s~ the formula

a= tan- (f

Sign Conventio

+ve
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@)

-Ye

3 .1.1 Problems

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Determine the magnitude & direction of the resultant of the coplanar concurrent force system
shown in figure below.

75N

200N

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·-0\
·-
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Let R be the given resultant force system

@) Let a be the angle made by the resultant with x- direction.

The magnitude of the resultant is given as

R= ·,./():, Fx)2 +():, Fy)2 and a= tan-1( ~:~

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

L Fx = 200cos 30°- 75cos70°-I00cos45° + 150cos 35°

IFx= 199.7N
L Fy = 200sin 30°+ 75sin70°-I00sin45° - 150sin 35°
IFy= 13.72 N
R= ✓(I Fx)2 +(I Fy)2
R= 200.21N
a= tan-le I p~
I F✓ t
a= tan- 1(13.121199_12) = 3.93° s,"-~ '{O El£ Pu~
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C, 700k
a..
0
CJ)

150k
lO0kN

·-0\
·-
0
@ Let R be the given resultant force system
Let a be the angle made by the resultant with x- direction.
The magnitude of the resultant is given as

R= ✓(L Fx)2 +(I Fy)2 and a= tan-1( ~:~

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

L Fx = 700cos 40°- 500cos70°-800cos60° + 200cos 26.56°

L Fx = 144.11 kN
L Fy = 700sin 40°+ 500sin70°-800sin60° - 200sin 26.56°
L Fy = 137.55kN

R= ✓(I Fx)2 +(I Fy)2

R= 199.21N

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800N

·-0\ 500
·-
0
@)

Let R be the given resultant force system

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Let a be the angle made by the resultant with x- direction.

The magnitude of the resultant is given as
R= ·,./(I, Fx)2 +(I, Fy) 2 and a= tan-1( E~
r..Px'
~ L Fx = 800cos 35°- 100cos70°+ 500cos60° + 0
~
6 L Fx = 1095.48 N
W I Fy = 800sin 35°+ 100sin70°+ 500sin60° - 600
~ IFy= 110.90N
I-
~ R= ✓(I Fx)2 +(I Fy)2
C,
V) R= 1101.08 N

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0.
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·-0\
·-
0
@)

Let R be the given resultant force system

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Let a be the angle made by the resultant with x- direction.

The magnitude of the resultant is given as
R= ·,./er, Fx)2 +er, Fy)2 and a= tan-1( E~
r..Px'
~ L Fx = 20cos 60°- 52cos30°+ 60cos60° + 10
~
6 I Fx = 7.404 kN
W I Fy = 20 sin 60°+ 52sin30°- 60sin60° + 0
~ L Fy = -8.641 kN
I-
~ R= ✓(I Fx)2 +(I Fy)2
C,
V) R= 11.379 N

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<CAMJaRITDCGJE
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

02= 53.13
·-0\ Let R be the given resultant force system
·-
0 Let a be the angle made by the resultant with x- direction.
@) The magnitude of the resultant is given as
R= ·,./er, Fx) 2 +er, Fy)2 and Cl= 1an-1c EF~
LP:ii

L Fx = 200cos 26.57°- 400cos53.13°- 50cos60° + l00cos 50°

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

L Fx = -21.844 kN
L Fy = 200 sin 26.57°+ 400sin53.13°- 50sin60° -100 sin 50°
L Fy = 289.552 kN

~ R= ✓(I Fx)2 +(I Fy)2

6 R=290.374N
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6. A hook is acted u on b

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Let R be the given\ esu tant
IFx=?

IFy=?
Let a be the angle made · · r
lD) TT ID
-i-.~-x-1-k~dton.
-tan_..~,H·
G JE
The magnitude of the reJ~~1"!'1i\iTJ aP F TECHNOLOGY
R=

L Fx = 80 cos 25°+ 50cos50 °+ l0cos 45°

·-0\
·-
0
IFx=lll.71kN

@) L Fy = 80 sin 25°+ 50sin 50 °- l0cos 45°

I Fy = 65.04 kN

R= ✓(I Fx)2 +(I Fy)2

R= 129.26 N

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Cl= tan-1( L 1:1~

L ll:r<
a= tan- 1(65.04 /l l 1.71) = 30.20

7. Two forces are acting on a structure at a point ' O" , as shown in fig. Determine the resultant
force on the structure.
Let R be the given resultant force system

AC= 6cos60°
AC =3 m, BC= 6m
InA1e AOC
Sin 60°= OC/ 6
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OC = 6sin60°
0. OC = 5.196m
C,
a.. InA1e OBC,
0
CJ) 0 = tan- 1(OC/BC)
= tan- 1(5.19 /6 =

IFx=346.41 N ~ f.\. ~ L\ Tm lli)[ "TN\~- JE

L Fy = 0 - 600 sin 40_8}~ iffi JLW\l. l.D)~ 1.U) ~
I Fy = - 392.76 kN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
R= ✓(I Fx)2 +(I , f
R= 523.7N
tan-1( L fl~)
·-0\ Cl=
:E !:ix-'
·-
0 Cl= tan- 1(-392.76 /346.41) = 48.58

Note:

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

From the above two figures, we can write

IFx=Rcosa
i.e The algebraic sum of all horizontal component forces is equal to the horizontal component of
the resultant.
IFy=Rsina
i.e The algebraic sum of all vertical component forces is equal to the vertical component of the
resultant.

has a magnitude of 1000N, makin

Let F3 be the required third u.nknOl.~--~~;:=====:;::;;!::;l!:!t

F3=? 83=?

-
L
~
We know that

0.
Reos a= L Fx
C,
a..
0
CJ)
Rsina=IFy

M JR-Rli fl G JE
. -~ OF TECHNOLOGY

= 61.08
·-0\ From (1)
·-
0 F 3 cos 03= -225.906N
@) F 3 =-225.906 I cos 61.08 = -467.14 N
Here, we have -ve values from both F3 cos 83 and F3 sin 83 ( X & Y components of force F3 ).
Thus the current direction for force F3 is represented as follows.

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9. Two forces of magnitude SOON and IOON are acting at a point as shown in fig below.
Determine the magnitude & direction of a 3 rd unknown force such that the resultant of all the
three forces has a magnitude of IOOON, making an angle of 450 & lying in the second quadrant.
F3=?, 03=?
Let F 3 be a required third unknown force making an angle 03 with the x-axis to satisfy the given
condition.
Let us assume F 3 to act as shown in fig.
We known that

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03= tan- 1(0.3 ~ :::,,== - - - - '
.----~
= 17.29
From (2)
F3 sin 03= 370.SON <CAMJaRITDCGJE
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·-0\
·-
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COMPOSITION OF COPLANAR NONCONCURRENT FORCE

SYSTEM

~ If two or more forces are acting in a single plane, but not passing through the single point, such a
~
L force system is known as coplanar non concurrent force system.
C,
W Moment of Force:
~
~
I-
~
C,
V)

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C,
a..
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CJ)

Mo=Fxd

·-0\
·-
0
@)

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Let" F" be a force in a plane and 0 1, 0 2, and 0 3 be different points in the same plane
Let moment of the force" F" about point 0 1 is Mo,
Mo1=Fxd1
Let moment of the force" F" about point 0 2 is Mo,
~ Mo2=F x d2
~
L
C, Let moment of the force" F" about point 0 3 is Mo,
w Mo= 0xF
~
~
I-
~
c, Note; The points 01, 02, 03 about w. ic
V) moment centre.

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~
0.
C,
a..
0
CJ)
Thus the magnitud~f::- h .
0

Mo=(Fxdl)+(
-----
d2)

·-0\ If a number of coplanar forces are acting simultaneously on a particle, the algebraic sum of the
·-
0
moments of all the forces about any point is equal to the moment of their resultant force about
the same point.
@) PROOF:
For example, consider only two forces F1 and F2 represented in magnitude and direction by AB
and AC as shown in figure below.

Let O be the point, about which the moments are taken. Construct the parallelogram
ABCD and complete the construction as shown in fig.

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

By the parallelogram law of forces, the diagonal AD represents, in magnitude and

Direction, the resultant of two forces F 1 and F2, let R be the resultant force.
By geometrical representation of moments
the moment of force about 0=2 Area of triangle AOB
the moment of force about 0=2 Area of triangle AOC
the moment of force about 0=2 Area of triangle AOD

-
L
~
0.
C,
a..
0
CJ)

·-0\
·-
0
@)

a s = tan
-I LIY .]
l
L ix .
I

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

5. Compute 1mon1ent a rm

6. Al O 0 1:npute x- in t ercept as XR- 17L ,Mol

fx,

-
L
~
0.
C,
a..
0
CJ)

<CAMJaRITDCGJE
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

·-0\
·-
0
@)

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 25

 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

3.3.1.Problems

Example 1: Compute the resultant for the system of forces hown in Fig 2 and hence compute
the Equilibrtant.

.:....,
f x, = 44.8 - 32 COS 60°
= 28.8KN

L.,fy, = 8 - 14.4 - 32 in 60°

= -34. 11 KN
R = 44.6KN
aR = 49.83°
~ + 2._ M =- l4.4(3) + 32co 60° 4) - 32sin60°(3)
0

=-62.34KNM
62.34
dR = -- = 1.396 m
44.64
6 __ 34
XR = - - = J.827 Dl

-
L
~
34. l l
62.34
YR = - - = 2.164m
28.8
0.
C,
a..
0
CJ)
'' -

( o, 4) Cl1

l•:927~
- C
cc:i.,0-> '~
Ffu · 2~) E~i..

·-0\
·-
0
@)

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Example 2: Find the Equilibdant for the rigid bar shown in Fig 3 when ii is subjected to forces.

A 1m c 11')'\ D 2m B

~+ L MA=-430(1) +172(2) - 344(4)

A I 0
=-146 KNM
,..v I~

2•.4a, M
R%iilla11~

-
L
~
0.
C,
a..
0
CJ)

• &e 11.ltant and Equilibriant

~ RIT I[)(G JE
I: fx , = 0 OF TECHNOLOGY
L f ,I = - -16KN
a.R =90°,
·-0\
·-
0
@)

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 27

 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Example 3: A bar AB of length 3.6 m and of negligible weight is acted upon by a vertical force
FJ = 336k:N and a horizontal force F2 = J68kN shown in Fig 4 . Tbe end of the bar ar in
comact with a mooth vertical wall and smooth incline. Find the equilibrium po ition of the bar
by computing tl1e angle 0.

tana = 0.9/
/ J.2
a = 36.87°

'~ f 'x, - 0
H rF1 - Rncos53.1"" = O..... ..... .. l)
L... f }•1 - 0
~
R8 sln 53. J3" - F. = 0
R8 = 420KN:

• Eg. I give HA=420 KN

-
L
~
+LMJJ = O·
- H A 3.6sin0 + 336(2.Lcos B - 168 (1.2 in0) = O
0.
C, -1310.4 in0+705.6 co 0 = 0
a.. tan 0 = 0.538
0
CJ) 8 = 28.3"

l ON SN

·-0\
·-
0 3m
@)
B
14.14N
20 N

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 28

 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

IFx = 5cos30° + 10cos60° + 14.14cos45°

= 19.33N
IFy=5sin30°- IOsin60°+ 14.14sin45°
= -16.16N
R = ✓(IFx + IFy ) = 25.2N
2 2

~
t 0= Tan- 1(IFy/ IFx)
J3 0= Tan- 1(16.16/19.33) = 39.89°

~
~
I-
D C
'.!{'ff~~
UL{!)\
I •••·•••~~-..,. LFx
·•.... I}
.,
'• ..'•..
B ..'•
-
L
·~ R

~
)'Fy
1 6. 16N -

0.
C,
a..
0
CJ)

A~otan39.89=y/6.83
y- 5.586m.
CAM Ja R[ TI) (G JE
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

·-0\
·-
0
@)

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 29

 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

,.__
700N

-
L
~
0.
C,
a.. 0
0
CJ) 1
0 = Tan- (IFy/ ~llk7==-----'
0 = Tan- 1(2633/4 ) .----
0 = 80.30° (Direct10!=!
-1- ===:::::i

z0\
·- 4.F or the system of parallel forces shown below, determine the magnitude of the resultant
·-
0 and also its position from A .
@)

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

100 00 -oN 400

t .___
l ______.!_ _______.__
! _ tH
____.f _._._._._. _
A-<- -)B< >c _ _ D
Im 1.5m

IFy = + 100 -200 -50 +400

=+250N
ie. R = IFy =250N ( t
Since IFx= 0

L
~
0.
C,
a..
0
CJ)
100 F 600N 300

t t ~ t
A B '
iC D
.e-<--,<t......-..m- - - - - - )~~<-------)
·-~5m
~IT I[) CG JE
• • :CHNOLOGY
X 0
Let x be the distance
Here R= L Fy
600=100+F+300

·-0\ F =200N

·-
0 Taking moments of forces about A and applying varignon's principle of moments,
@) We get
600 x 4.5 = 300 x 7 + F x
200 X = 600 X 4.5 -300 X 7.
X = 600/200 = 3m from A

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

6. A beam is subjected to forces as shown in the figure given below. Find the magnitude,
direction and the position of the resultant force.

17:kN fil OkN OkN lOk.N SkN

I t J, 6;
e~
A
• C
-4k
D.-..E
< 2m >B, m
)
(2m
)
]m

-
L
~
0.
C,
a..
O Let x = distance fro
CJ)

·-0\
·-
0
@)

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 32

 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Exatnple Tln\'-:e forces of n:in311itude 30 kN, 10 k nnd 15 kN tU'i! acting a, fl pofrzt O. Tire angles
nmde by 30 kN far-ce; 10 kN force and 15 .kN faro . witlr x-q::ds are 6(l ', 120° and 146° respec.tively;
Determine the 1t1JJgnitrJde aml direction of t11e m11ltant Jore.:.
,V V
10kN

15 kN
y
y
F.8.D

Solution:· !H = - 30 cos 60 + 10 ,COS 60 + 15 COS: 60

""-2. - kN
.: EV= - 0 stn 60 ·- 10 sin .fiO + 15 sin 60
= ... 21.6SkN
-
L
~
R ~ J('£.,H) 2 + ·(I.V)z - J(-2.5) 2 + 1(21.65} 2
= 21..79 kN
0.
C, I- . -
~ana- :EV
- - 21.65
- - ·- - - -~ u.03· 0A1'
•.1. .
a.. IH - 2.5
0 Exilmple A tUl!ight o/800 NI$ 11 pt1Jfied by two chaim; a· olwum injig1ut!. D t •nnine J'/r I nsicm
CJ) in ,u11:l:1 ch11 in.

BOON
F.8.D.

Solution: !,H :,, 0

- T2 ro.-. 20 + T.1 o 70 = ,
·-0\ Tl cos 70 :, T2 cos 2U
·-
0 T = T1 cos 70
@) ro 20
... (f)

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 33

 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

rv = O
T1 sin 20+ T 1 in 70;..; 00
sin 20 T1 (0.364), + T1 sjn. 70 800
i:::

1.3 Tl= 800

T1 =75ll.75N
From, (i)
T1 ~ 751.75 (0.364)
T1 =27364 N.

Example .A,,, dtcil'k Ugltl/ixtitt-e weighi11 . W N 1umg jTOm 11 po.int , by two 5.f-rings AC arid
BC AC is inclined at 60° to l11e lwrfarmtal .and .BC at 30'1> to the verHcn! ns sliown in Fi . Determine O,r
forces in ti,£ strin, · A.C mrd .BC.
A

-
L
~
B

0.
C, 20 N
a..
0 F.B.D.
CJ)
Soh1lion: !N=O
- f:2. s in 30 T 1 cos 60 ,: O
T 2 sin 30 == T 1 os 0
cos 60
T=T1 - -
:t Slll 0
_ 0.5
T,_= T1 - --
0.5
::! = T,
l:V=O
'f2 eos 30 Tl sin •~ = 20
·-0\ r1co~ 30 + Tl ~in 60 = 20
·-
0
1.7 T1 =20

@)

Tl .; -
20- : 1t.S47N'
1.73
T1 =T2 =U547

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 34

 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Exaimple Two Jom-s of magnitudtr 1S N nnd 12 .N .arn ac.tlng ,at n poiut. If Hie ang.l bw..1:u.reen flre
two forces is 60°1• d,etcrmir,e· lhe resultant of llw farces hi ,nngrdlude tmd direction.
Solution: .P "" 1 N
Q=12N
,9 = 60°

RcsuHan't => R = Josf2 + (12) 2 2x 15x l2x co:s60

;2J..43N
,Q i.nO
Lanac::: - - - -
. P Qcose
12.sin 60
""
'15 + 12cos 60
=0.A-95
a = 26.:n.

---------------------------~ ----
-
L
- ~ ~JJ
Example- Foitr force of rnagn.i.tud P. 2P, J 3 P drtd 4P tUt! a1.'tiug at n point O. Tlit tmgl , m,ide·
~
0. by .tlrl!Sejorces witl1 x-ar-is art!' 0°, 60'°, 1'50° and JOOg resp.: •ifoe-ly; Find the rna,gr1.it11.dt nn.d dirtu:ti<m of the
C, result,ml fan:t.
a..
0
CJ)

·-0\
·-
0
@)

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 35

 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Solution: I,H = - P 2P co 60 + 3 J3 P co 30 - 4P cos, 60

~u
~· ,1 P ;;: 10-. SP
=~ ·' '
2
I;V =-2P sin 60-3J3 P in 30 + 4P •in 600,
=- 0.87 P

R = PJ(o.5) 2 (- ,o .87) 2

R ""'PN

- ~{'\ TI.J'h
I.an~ "' IV = - 0.87 = 1_74
T.H 0.5,

EX.amp.le .Four forces ofmtrg11itruie 20 N, 30 N, 40 .N and 50 .N are a.cti11g respi.>t' tively almrg fat, r
-
L
~
sidt>s ofa s-qunro tnketi i,1 ordl'r. Determine the ma 11il:1ut.e, direction and position tJ/ lhe rt ul tan t force.
30N
0.
C,
a.. 40 N----.-- --
D
--........i G

0
CJ)
(Cl'OCkwls&J

30N
SotuUon: r.H "" 20 - 40 =- 20
IV= 30 - 50 = -20
R = J(- 20) 2 : (- 20)2
R =28.28 N
·-0\
·-
0
@)

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Direclion of the resuJt·ain l

EV - .20
tan =r.H= - 20
tan~i=1
ii, :4S 0
Since I.Hand I Vare - e ¢ has between 180° an.d: 270 i.e., ,Q,= 180 + 45 .. 225.

-+

Posili,m ,of.the n·sultari t force:

The: pos iUon of the:· resu ltan l force ' obtained by -equ.at.ing the dockwise momen Is and
anticloc:kw ise·momen't about A.
-C:: /111 11111 f ~ \ 111111 llr\ ';)__,,
-
L
~
Lt x=p rp ndicu lil!'d~ tan heh en.A and]ine of .a -t.i n Ith • J:'i ultantf,-,ro
0. ,a = slde o.f U1e squ. re ABCD
C, ki.ngm ment ab utA
a.. 50 0 20 0 0 x a - 0 x a = R x Perpend.kular distanc--e o.f R from A
0
CJ) ~ ' - 301, - 40 r1 = 28.28 I ~

\ _____ - 70 a ""' 28 . 28 x
700 .
/
" ~- - -
2 .28

/ ~Jl .jJ))2j;;~l11id ~wt0r 1E ------------------------

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

·-0\
·-
0
@)

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 37

 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Exampl - A lritmgle ABC h11.'i ils id,~ AB= 40 rll'm idong po ilit . x-axis and -~ide BC = 30 mm
Tllrr!c forcY!.s of 4JJ kN, 50 kN tmd 30 kN ad- 11·loug lht! .s:ide:;"A B, BC '1nd CA r&.:pectir •h .
t1lo11fl posi.tiv.e r/1:tft,.
Deletmin • 01e rr·11lttml of S!lc1t" ystem of/ore •s, ·
, 50,l!!'N

1T
30mm

---40mm-----•I
30kN
olu lion:
0
.I m figui'e tan0 - - - 0.75
lO
0 = (an- l 0,7 '
a=36°.87'
IH-= 4.0-30 cos 8
= 4U- ,0 .R7'
-
L
~
!H :e::l
I:V.a:: 50-30:,;in O·
0. =50- sin 36".S.7' x 30
C,
a.. IV- 2k_N
0
CJ)
R -= Jrr. H) 2 ·. (I v)i "'",k1 )2 (32)2
'R =- 35:_78 kN.
Exampl,e T/1 /rn,; r c •plm wfiNc nw 11clin - al 11 poll, t as shrmm i11 Ji 71ln'~ Deten,riue tlte m-ultmit
mid di ~ti n of Ille- res1 mm1 t
Solution: Ill"" 1000 2000 cos 60 -5196 cos 30 4.000 cos 60
= - 49 ·.Si'N
IV~ 2000 sin 60 + 5196 in 30- 4000 sin 60
= 865.95N

·-0\
·-
0
@)

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 38

 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

V
I F = 2000N
F:,"' 5196N

x·

f 4 ,,, 401JON.
V'

R = J(-499 .87) 2 (865 .95)1

R.= !ODON

tan , = ~- = 65.95 = 1.'7..,

!.H -49 .87 -
q,=60".

-
L
~
0.
C, +-
a..
o Example Tltefourooplmrorfi1rcesactfogntapaintlll shOi 11 tnflgureomofl'h forces.ism1b1ow11
CJ) and its mng11itud1? .is shornu bi . P. The n.•sultau t 1s lumf11..,. a 111a.gnU11d,e of soon and' is acti11g alon,g x-axis.
Dete-rmme tlJt! imblown fem P n111l it im:lim1.ti 011 with x-axis.
y
200 !N

- -.............-,1".....1.--_., Resullant =- 500 N

X

60() N!
200N

(J

·-0\
·-
0
@)

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 39

 Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 18CIV14/24

Solution:: '.EH ::: 200 COS, 45 P OS 9 - 500 COS 2U + 500 "" 0

Pco 8::::::::171 7 ... (f)
I.V""' 200 in 45 + P sin 0 - 500 ,in 20 - 200 = Cl
P sin O.., 500:sin.20 + 200-200 sin4S
P sin 9 = 229.6 ... (ri)
Squa.dng and add in (i) and (ii)
.r2(s·in 2 0 + cos2 8) = (171.57}2 + (229.6)
pl= 82152.4
P = 286.61 N

P sine= 22.9.6 = 1.338

.P cos O 171 . .57
tan 9 = 1.338 0 "'53°.23'~
•.:,;,.~~:ffffi~- ;...,--~ _-) ___________________________________ _

-
L
~
0.
C,
a..
0
CJ)

<CAMJaRITDCGJE
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

·-0\
·-
0
@)

Department of civil engineering, Ci Tech Page 40