Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61 (2016) 258–265

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Design and state of art of innovative wind turbine systems

Vlastimir Nikolić a, Shahin Sajjadi c, Dalibor Petković a,n, Shahaboddin Shamshirband b,
Žarko Ćojbašić a, Lip Yee Por b
a
University of Niš, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department for Mechatronics and Control, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18000 Niš, Serbia
b
Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
c
Department of construction management, college of technology, university of houston, Houston, Texas, USA

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Wind energy using increased dramatically in the last years. Because of that wind turbine design should
Received 21 April 2015 be improved to increase efficiency. To make wind turbine with the best characteristics and with the
Received in revised form highest efficiency it is suitable to analyze factors that are truly relevant to the converted wind energy.
21 October 2015
Wind turbine innovative design is investigated in this paper by the theory of inventive problem solution
Accepted 25 March 2016
Available online 13 April 2016
(TRIZ) as a systematic methodology for innovation. TRIZ methodology should provide creative conceptual
design ideas of wind turbine. The main aim of this work is to show a systematic methodology for
Keywords: innovation as an effective procedure to enhance the capability of developing innovative products and to
Inventive principles overcome the main design problems. The TRIZ method will be used in order to eliminate the technical
TRIZ method
contradictions which appear in the wind turbine systems.
Technical contradictions
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wind turbine
Wind power

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
2. TRIZ method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
2.1. Resolving the wind turbine design contradictions by TRIZ approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
2.2. TRIZ recommendations for wind turbine design innovations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
2.2.1. Solution-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
2.2.2. Solution-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
2.2.3. Solution-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
2.2.4. Solution-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
2.2.5. Solution-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
2.2.6. Solution-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
2.2.7. Solution-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
2.2.8. Solution-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
2.2.9. Solution-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2.2.10. Solution-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2.2.11. Solution-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2.2.12. Solution-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2.2.13. Solution-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
3. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

n
Corresponding author at: University of Niš, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department for Mechatronics and Control, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18000 Niš, Serbia.
Tel.: þ 381643283048.
E-mail address: dalibortc@gmail.com (D. Petković).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.052
1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 V. Nikolić et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61 (2016) 258–265 259

1. Introduction 2. TRIZ method

Innovation process is ability to solve inventive problems. The TRIZ is a methodology for solving creative problems [51–56]. It
standard procedure is to utilities trial and error steps [1,2]. In 1946, is problem solving method and the main TRIZ findings are:
Genrich Altshuller started a statistical analysis of more than two
million worldwide patents [3] and he found the main principles on  Evolutions in technologies trends.
which the technical systems are based. Since then, an algorithm  A small number of inventive principles for all innovations
for solving inventive problems has been established. This algo- starting.
rithm leads to the theory of inventive problem solution (TRIZ) [4–  To remove conflicts in system by inventive solutions.
6] for all kinds of technical problems.
TRIZ is an algorithm for technical and technological contra- TRIZ methodology suggests solving technical contradictions
diction solving [7]. TRIZ principles provide guidelines for the which may be expressed as conflict between two parameters. One
engineers to think. Although TRIZ can be used as a problem defi- parameter could be improved and other could be damaged. 39
nition tool, its greatest strength lies in resolving contradictions [8– parameters are identified as it shown in Table 1 [51–56]. By
10] and solving problems defined using other techniques. expressing the contradiction with two defined parameters many
One of the most popular TRIZ tools is the “40 Inventive Prin- solutions can be generated. The interpretation of the parameters
ciples” which consists of a group of deducted generic solutions of depends on engineering field.
technical contradictions across many fields [11–13]. Altshuller
matrix organizes the principles depending on the contradiction
2.1. Resolving the wind turbine design contradictions by TRIZ
they solve, which makes for an easy handling and positioning of
approach
the intrinsic contradiction in the forefront of the problem defini-
tion [14–16].
Technical contradictions always occurred in any engineering
This investigation deals with the elimination of the contra-
systems. It happens when one system characteristics need to be
dictions that appear in wind turbine systems using inventive
improved which degraded other characteristics. A TRIZ method
principles recommended by the TRIZ method.
Renewable energy and especially wind energy is very promis- offers the solving of the technical contradiction by contradiction
ing alternative energy [17–22]. One of the crucial factors for high matrix. There are four steps in solving of the technical
conversion rate of wind energy is wind turbine design. There is a contradictions:
growing tendency toward a new design of wind turbine in order to
adapt itself for the landscape while it becomes popular [23,24]. In  Step 1: Analyze the problem parameters to determine “feature
scientific literature, it is possible to find different approaches to to improve” and “undesired result”. For wind turbine design the
study and design wind turbines [25–27]. main goal is to improve stability, ease operations, adaptability,
In wind turbine design, the maximization of the power coeffi- automation and etc. In the same time some features must
cient is of fundamental importance in order to optimize the remain constant. For example wright of wind turbine blades,
extraction of energy from the wind [28–30]. The development of complexity of wind turbine and etc.
new, more reliable and efficient turbines is one way to answer this  Step 2: Identification of the parameters in Table 1.
competitive pressure. The wind turbine structure design includes
many considerations such as strength, stability, cost and vibration The following featured are identified to improve in wind tur-
[31–33]. Wind towers have to sustain continuous vibration- bine design according to Table 1:
induced forces throughout their operational life [34]. In article
[35] was shown that the optimum solutions showing significant – Stability of the object
improvements in the overall system performance as compared – Shape
with a reference or baseline design. It is crucial to perform the – Area of moving object
optimization procedure of the wind turbine design and especially – Ease of manufacture
wind turbine tower to minimize vibration-inducted forces [36].
Efficient model for optimizing frequencies of a wind turbine blade Table 1
39 Engineering parameters of TRIZ.
in pitching motion was presented in article [37] in order to avoid
resonance of the wind turbine design. Reduction of vibration is a 39 Engineering parameters of TRIZ
good measure for a successful design of blade structure [38]. In
article [39] was developed a highly efficient small wind energy 1. Weight of moving object 21. Power
2. Weight of stationary object 22. Loss of Energy
portable turbine (SWEPT) in order to reduce vibration. The blades
3. Length of moving object 23. Loss of substance
of wind turbine are the most important component of the wind 4. Length of stationary object 24. Loss of Information
turbine system [40–44]. Because of its special functions, such as 5. Area of moving object 25. Loss of Time
high specific stiffness and specific strength, better design ability, 6. Area of stationary object 26. Quantity of substance
high performance of ant fatigue and ant failure, easy integral 7. Volume of moving object 27. Reliability
8. Volume of stationary object 28. Measurement accuracy
molding of large-area and wonderful corrosion resistance, rein- 9. Speed 29. Manufacturing precision
forced composite material is widely applied in large scale wind 10. Force (Intensity) 30. Object-affected harmful
turbine blades [45–48]. 11. Stress of pressure 31. Harmful side effect
The analysis, design, and optimization of different aspects of a 12. Shape 32. Ease of manufacture
13. Stability of the object 33. Ease of operation
wind turbine designs have been conducted for several decades
14. Strength 34. Ease of repair
[49,50]. Tools like the TRIZ method can help to gain new insights 15. Durability of moving object 35. Adaptability of versatility
into a highly constrained and complex design space represented 16. Durability of non-moving object 36. Complexity of device
by wind turbine development. The main task of this study is to 17. Temperature 37. Complexity of control
investigate the application of new inventive principles in wind 18. Illumination intensity 38. Level of automation
19. Use of energy by moving object 39. Productivity
turbine design to ensure high wind energy conversion and safe 20. Use of energy by stationary object
operation.
260 V. Nikolić et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61 (2016) 258–265

– Ease of operation – Another dimension

– Adaptability or versatility – Copying
– Extent of automation – Composite materials
– Power. – Flexible shells and thin films
– Parameter changes
By improving these features of wind turbines some undesired – Local quality.
features should be avoided to harm and these are list of features:
2.2.1. Solution-1
– Ease of repair The TRIZ principle “Partial or excessive actions” suggests the
– Adaptability or versatility following solution:
– Productivity
– Extent of automation – If 100% of an object is hard to achieve using a given solution
– Ease of manufacture method then, by using ‘slightly less’ or ‘slightly more’ of the
– Weight of moving object same method, the problem may be considerably easier to solve.
– Ease of operation
– Device complexity This principle suggests that the wind turbine actions should
– Reliability vary according to environmental conditions. In other words there
– Speed is no need for full wind turbine operations always but the wind
– Power turbine should be adaptable. One of possible solution should be
– Length of moving object that the wind turbine transmission ratio could change according to
– Stress or pressure the wind speed in order to work in optimal conditions. If a con-
– Object-affected harmful tinuously variable transmission (CVT) is added between a wind
– Weight of stationary turbine and a generator it will make the turbine operate along the
maximum efficiency (Fig. 1). The aim of the CVT was to change the
 Step 3: Use the TRIZ Contradiction Matrix [51–56]. This contra- transmission ratio between the wind turbine and the generator at
diction matrix should enable resolving the technical contra- different wind speeds so that the turbine may be kept running at
dictions which are detected in the previous step.
maximum efficiency levels at all wind speeds. The CVT could be
 Step 4: Attempt to solve the technical conflict by using the
added just before the generator, avoiding the need to change the
inventive principles recommended by TRIZ matrix (Table 2).
main gearbox and the aerodynamic tip brake control pipes. The
CVT is automatically regulated and adjusted its transmission ratio
2.2. TRIZ recommendations for wind turbine design innovations to the torque applied on the driving pulley.

To resolve the technical contradictions, the used TRIZ principles 2.2.2. Solution-2
from the Table 2 are: The TRIZ principle “Pneumatics and hydraulics” suggests the
following solution:
– Partial or excessive actions
– Pneumatics and hydraulics – Use gas and liquid parts of an object instead of solid parts (e.g.
– Segmentation inflatable, filled with liquids, air cushion, hydrostatic, hydro-
– Taking out reactive).
– Feedback
– Dynamics This principle suggests that the pneumatics or hydraulics
– Universality principle in wind turbine design. One of the solutions is to use CVT
unit with fluid-coupled transmission. There are two types of fluid-
Table 2 coupled CVT: hydrodynamic and hydrostatic transmissions (HSTs).
The 40 TRIZ principles as solution to solve contradiction. Hydrodynamic transmissions use fluid inertia to transmit power.
They are commonly used in automatic transmissions in vehicles.
The 40 TRIZ principles
The generator is directly connected to the grid without the use of
1. Segmentation 21. Skipping power electronics.
2. Taking out 22. ‘Blessing in disguise’ or ‘Turn Lemons into Hydrostatic transmissions on the other hand use fluid flow to
Lemonade’
transmit power. Hydrostatic transmissions are a reliable, proven
3. Local quality 23. Feedback
4. Asymmetry 24.‘Intermediary’ technology that has been used in demanding duty cycles in
5. Merging 25. Self-service mining, forestry, construction and agriculture vehicles for more
6. Universality 26. Copying than half a century. HSTs have the highest power density among
7. Nested doll 27. Cheap short-living objects
all transmission technologies. This makes it compact and lighter
8. Anti-weight 28. Mechanics substitution
9. Preliminary anti-action 29. Pneumatics and hydraulics compared to gearbox or other drivetrain of similar rating.
10. Preliminary action 30. Flexible shells and thin films A hydrostatic transmission can be defined as the transmission
11. Beforehand cushioning 31. Porous materials of power by using positive displacement pumps and motors. Fig. 2
12. Equipotentiality 32. Color changes
shows a HST with a positive displacement pump and motor. For
13. The other way round 33. Homogeneity
14. Spheroidality – Curvature 34. Discarding and recovering each revolution of a positive displacement pump there is a fixed
15. Dynamics 35. Parameter changes
16. Partial or excessive action 36. Phase transitions Variable power input Power output
17. Another dimension 37. Thermal expansion (Variable rotor speed) (Constant generator speed)
18. Mechanical vibration 38. Strong oxidants Continuously variable
19. Periodic action 39. Inert atmosphere unit
20. Continuity of useful action 40. Composite materials
Fig. 1. Continuously variable transmission (CVT).
 V. Nikolić et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61 (2016) 258–265
amount of fluid is delivered and similarly for each revolution of
the motor there is a fixed amount of fluid it accepts.
2.2.3. Solution-3
The TRIZ principle “Segmentation” suggests the following
solutions:
– Divide an object into independent parts.
– Make an object easy to disassemble.
– Increase the degree of fragmentation or segmentation.
This principle suggests segmentation of the some units in wind
turbine design. For example it can be applied for transmission unit
of wind turbine. Instead of using only CVT unit as defined in
previous steps the transmission unit can be in the same time CVT
and with constant speed ratio. In other words the transmission
would be constant and CVT unit should be activated only in special
cases. For example the hydrostatic transmission has very small
efficiency because of the energy conversion. On the other hand,
the fixed speed mechanical transmission has high efficiency.
It suggests that the highest efficiency cannot be achieved only
with CVT. Therefore it is suitable to merge CVT and mechanical
transmission systems. In other words the power will be trans-
mitted partially in both branches in order to increase efficiency
Hydraulic Hydraulic
pump motor
Fig. 2. Wind turbine drive train components with hydraulic pump and
hydraulic motor.
CVT unit
Power input
Power split Power
Mechanical shaft power summation
Fig. 3. Power split CVT.
Fig. 4. Layout of the mechanical-hydrostatic transmission.
261
(Fig. 3). Total transmission will be still continuously variable
transmission but with increased efficiency since mechanical
transmission increases the efficiency. This is power-split trans-
mission. This transmission is very practical since many config-
urations can be generated. One of the example if the configuration
is shown in Fig. 4.
2.2.4. Solution-4
The TRIZ principle “Taking out” suggests the following solution:
– Separate an interfering part or property from an object, or single
out the only necessary part (or property) of an object.
This principle suggest the separate some units of wind turbine
to make easy operation. For example the flexible nature of the HST
makes it possible to place the motor and generator assembly of a
wind turbine at the base of the tower while the pump remains in
the nacelle (Fig. 4). This reduces both the nacelle weight and the
costs by not having to use a crane to service the generator and
associated electronics in the nacelle. Rotor vibrations are also
decoupled from generator and it is easier to service the generator
(Fig. 5).
2.2.5. Solution-5
The TRIZ principle “Feedback” suggests the following solutions:
– Introduce feedback (referring back, cross-checking) to improve a
process or action.
– If feedback is already used, change its magnitude or influence.
This principle suggests using of feedback scheme to improve
performances of wind turbine. For example feedback control
scheme could be implemented to capture maximum energy from
the wind or operate the turbine in peak coefficient of power. It is
known that to maintain peak power as the wind fluctuates the
rotor speed must also be changed. Thus if the wind speed is
known, the rotor speed is also known at which the turbine should
be rotating to capture maximum power from the wind. The
desired rotor speed can be achieved by controlling the reaction
torque of the turbine rotor.
When the wind speed changes the torque due to the wind also
changes and hence the acceleration. The reaction torque is pro-
vided by the generator and this can be controlled. By varying the
reaction torque the rotor speed of the turbine can controlled to
Power output any desired value. If the wind speed is accurately known then the
desired rotor speed to capture maximum power is given by
function ωðvÞ. Thus the goal of the controller is to control the
speed of the turbine to follow a reference trajectory set by function
262 V. Nikolić et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61 (2016) 258–265

ωðvÞ by varying the reaction torque. A basic feedback controller to
achieve this objective is shown in Fig. 6.
Another feature of the wind turbine which could be controlled
to enable optimum rotation of the wind turbine rotor according to
the wind speed is the blade pitch angle.
2.2.6. Solution-6
The TRIZ principle “Dynamics” suggests the following
solutions:
– Allow (or design) the characteristics of an object, external
environment, or process to change to be optimal or to find an
optimal operating condition.
– Divide an object into parts capable of movement relative to
each other.
– If an object (or process) is rigid or inflexible, make it movable or
adaptive.
This principled suggests using of control scheme which was
confirmed in the previous step. The concept of power-split
hydrostatic CVTs needs control algorithm since the coordination
between two branches should be automatically controlled. This
principle suggests that that the control algorithm could be added
in the power-split hydrostatic CVTs to increase the efficiency
(Fig. 7).
The blade pitch angle could be controlled to achieve maximal
power coefficient in depend on wind speed. A characterization of
the power coefficient C p for the wind turbine is shown as contour
plot in Fig. 8 for different values of blade pitch angle β . It is seen
that the optimum or maximum value of power coefficient C p is
achieved with β ¼ 01.
2.2.7. Solution-7
The TRIZ principle “Universality” suggests the following
solution:
– Make a part or object perform multiple functions; eliminate the
need for other parts.
This principle suggests that the some units of wind turbine
should perform universal or multi-task actions. For example wind
turbine could be used to measure wind speed instead of anem-
ometers since anemometers may be a source for inaccurate wind
speed measurements. The main anemometers problem is accuracy
adjustment and cost. This principle suggests that to replace the
anemometers by the wind speed estimator based on the turbine
attributes.
The wind speed can be determined as a function of wind tur-
bine parameters like wind turbine power coefficient, blade pitch
angle and rotor speed as it shown in Fig. 9. As a regression scheme,
adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference (ANFIS) system can be used.
2.2.8. Solution-8
The TRIZ principle “Another dimension” suggests the following
solutions:
– To move an object in two- or three-dimensional space.
– Use a multi-story arrangement of objects instead of a single-
story arrangement.
– Tilt or re-orient the object, lay it on its side.
– Use ‘another side’ of a given area.
This principle suggests increasing of some wind turbine fea-
tures. For example multi-rotor wind turbine can be used instead of
using wind turbine with one rotor (Fig. 10). One of the examples of
the multi-rotor wind turbine could be counter-rotating wind tur-
bine. This turbine has two rotors rotating in opposite direction.
The maximal power coefficient of the wind turbine increased
about 64%. One of the problems with this turbine is difficult to
optimize aerodynamics phenomena of the rotors.

Control

Hydraulic
Hydraulic pump
pump

Control

Hydraulic Hydraulic
motor motor

Fig. 5. Hydraulic motor and electrical generator are located at surface level. Fig. 7. Power-split hydrostatic CVT with additional control blocks.

Fig. 6. Feedback control scheme for reaction torque adjustment of the wind turbine generator.
 V. Nikolić et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61 (2016) 258–265
Fig. 8. Wind turbine power coefficient C p as function of tip-speed ratio λ and blade
pitch angle β.
Fig. 9. Wind speed estimation system based on wind turbine parameters.
2.2.9. Solution-9
The TRIZ principle “Copying” suggests the following solutions:
– Instead of an unavailable, expensive, fragile object, use simpler
and inexpensive copies.
– Replace an object, or process with optical copies.
– If visible optical copies are already used, move to infrared or
ultraviolet copies.
This principle suggests that because the wind turbine is big and
expensive, it is not convenient to do the research in the practical
wind farm. It is necessary to simulate to experimental cost and
shorten research and development cycle of the new technologies.
To develop a wind turbine simulator which can simulate the real
wind turbine in the steady state and dynamic state is very
meaningful for laboratory research. It can improve research
effectiveness and efficiency.
2.2.10. Solution-10
The TRIZ principle “Composite materials” suggests the follow-
ing solution:
– Change from uniform to composite (multiple) materials.
This principle suggest the using of composite materials for the
wind blades construction since the main goal of the wind turbine
designing is reducing of wind turbine weight and increasing of
reliability.
2.2.11. Solution-11
The TRIZ principle “Flexible shells and thin films” suggests the
following solutions:
– Use flexible shells and thin films instead of three dimensional
structures
263
Control
Hydraulic
pump
Control
Hydraulic
motor
Fig. 10. Multi-rotor wind turbines with power-split hydrostatic CVT and control
architecture.
– Isolate the object from the external environment using flexible
shells and thin films.
This principle suggests that the main emphasis in the future
could be in development of smart sensory membrane for wind
turbine blades. One of the advantage of using the smart membrane
for blades is decreasing of fatigue loading.
2.2.12. Solution-12
The TRIZ principle “Parameter changes” suggests the following
solutions:
– Change an object's physical state (e.g. to a gas, liquid, or solid.)
– Change the concentration or consistency.
– Change the degree of flexibility.
– Change the temperature.
This principle confirms the previous solution-11 for composite
materials application for wind blades design. Moreover the prin-
ciple suggests also the changing of elastic performances to
enhance the efficiency. This approach can be implemented in
adaptive or smart blades. One of the main advantages of the blades
is cheaper and lighter than conventional blades.
2.2.13. Solution-13
The TRIZ principle “Local quality” suggests the following
solutions:
– Change an object's structure from uniform to non-uniform,
change an external environment (or external influence) from
uniform to non-uniform.
– Make each part of an object function in conditions most suitable
for its operation.
– Make each part of an object fulfill a different and useful function.
The ultimate strength of a wind turbine is mainly governed by
the tower structure. This principle suggests independently
designing wind turbine tower as an economical and feasible
solution for wind turbine resisting strong winds for example
typhoon.
3. Conclusion
The research showed in this paper demonstrates that the
development of innovative design for a wind turbine system was
264 V. Nikolić et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61 (2016) 258–265

achieved within the framework of TRIZ methodology. TRZI is
theory of inventive problem solution as a systematic methodology
for innovation. The main goal was to detect technical contra-
dictions in wind turbine design by the TRIZ methodology. For such
a purpose 39 engineering parameters were used according to TRIZ
theory. Four steps of evolution of the wind turbine design were
achieved by contradiction analyses in TRIZ. TRIZ methodology
offers the solutions as inventive principles. The final design of the
wind turbine system was derived from the 13 inventive principles
of TRIZ in the following order:
1. Partial or excessive actions
2. Pneumatics and hydraulics
3. Segmentation
4. Taking out
5. Feedback
6. Dynamics
7. Universality
8. Another dimension
9. Copying
10. Composite materials
11. Flexible shells and thin films
12. Parameter changes
13. Local quality
The obtained inventive principles for the wind turbine design
can be used in any future wind turbine design. For further analysis
each of these principle needs to be deeply investigated and
applied in wind turbine design.
TRIZ is knowledge based logical methodology which should be
used in every design process. The application TRIZ enables search-
ing for new solutions and to increase performances of products.
Acknowledgment
This project was supported by Fundamental Research Grant
Scheme (FRGS) - FP071-2015A from the Ministry of Higher Edu-
cation, Malaysia. This paper is supported by Project Grant ТР35005
"Research and development of new generation wind turbines of
high-energy efficiency" (2011-2015) financed by Ministry of Edu-
cation and Science, Republic of Serbia.
References
[1] Duran-Novoa R, Leon-Rovira N, Aguayo-Tellez H, Said D. Inventive problem
solving based on dialectical negation, using evolutionary algorithms and TRIZ
heuristics. Comput Ind 2011;62:437–45.
[2] Cortes Robles G, Negny S, Le Lann JM. Case-based reasoning and TRIZ: a
coupling for innovative conception in chemical engineering. Chem Eng Pro-
cess: Process Intensif 2009;48:239–49.
[3] Tong LH, Cong H, Lixiang S. Automatic classification of patent documents for
TRIZ users. World Pat Inf 2006;28:6–13.
[4] Altshuller GS, Shapiro RB. On psychology of inventive creativity. Probl Psychol
1956;6:37–49.
[5] Fey V, Rivin E. Innovation on Demand: New Product Development Using TRIZ.
United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
[6] Jovanović D, Petković D, Banić M. TRIZ method application in development of
a solar tracker. J Mech Eng Des 2009;12(1):41–50 ISSN 1450-5401.
[7] Justel D, Vidal R, Chiner M. TRIZ applied to innovate in design for disassembly.
In: Proceedings of the 13th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle engi-
neering; 2006, pp. 377–382.
[8] Stratton R, Mann D. Systematic innovation and the underlying principles
behind TRIZ and TOC. J Mater Process Technol 2003;139:120–6.
[9] Kim J, Kim J, Lee Y, Lim W, Moon I. Application of TRIZ creativity intensifica-
tion approach to chemical process safety. J Loss Prev Process Ind
2009;22:1039–43.
[10] Yang CJ, Chen JL. Accelerating preliminary eco-innovation design for products
that integrates case-based reasoning and TRIZ method. J Clean Prod
2011;19:998–1006.
[11] Filippi S, Motyl B, Ciappina FM. Classifying TRIZ methods to speed up their
adoption and the ROI for SMEs. Procedia Eng 2011;9:172–82.
[12] Berdonosov V, Redkolis E. TRIZ-fractality of computer-aided software engi-
neering systems. Procedia Eng 2011;9:199–213.
[13] Nakagawa T. Education and training of creative problem solving thinking with
TRIZ/USIT. Procedia Eng 2011;9:582–95.
[14] Maarten Bonnema G. TRIZ for systems architecting. Procedia Eng 2011;9:702–7.
[15] Shirwaiker RA, Okudan GE. Contributions of TRIZ and axiomatic design to
leanness in design: an investigation. Procedia Eng 2011;9:730–5.
[16] Ogot M. Conceptual design using axiomatic design in a TRIZ framework.
Procedia Eng 2011;9:736–44.
[17] Li Z-Q, Chen S-J, Ma H, Feng T. Design defect of wind turbine operating in
typhoon activity zone. Eng Fail Anal 2013;27:165–72.
[18] Arakawaa C, Ariga S, Iida M. Proposal of vernacular design for wind turbine. J
Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 2002;90:1731–41.
[19] Ameku K, Nagai BM, Roy JN. Design of a 3 kW wind turbine generator with
thin airfoil blades. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 2008;32:1723–30.
[20] Gutierrez JE, Zamora B, García J, Peyrau MR. Tool development based on FAST
for performing design optimization of offshore wind turbines: FASTLognoter.
Renew Energy 2013;55:69–78.
[21] Daima TU, Bayraktaroglu E, Estep J, Lim DJ, Upadhyay J, Yanga J. Optimizing the
NW off-shore wind turbine design. Math Comput Model 2012;55:396–404.
[22] Belouda M, Jaafar A, Sareni B, Roboam X, Belhadj J. Integrated optimal design
and sensitivity analysis of a standalone wind turbine system with storage for
rural electrification. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;28:616–24.
[23] Singh RK, Ahmed MR. Blade design and performance testing of a small wind
turbine rotor for low wind speed applications. Renew Energy 2013;50:812–9.
[24] Saeidi D, Sedaghat A, Alamdari P, Alemrajabi AA. Aerodynamic design and
economical evaluation of site specific small vertical axis wind turbines. Appl
Energy 2013;101:765–75.
[25] Mahmood M, Bhutta A, Hayat N, Farooq AU, Ali Z, Jamil Sh R, Hussain Z.
Vertical axis wind turbine – a review of various configurations and design
techniques. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012;16:1926–39.
[26] El-Samanoudy M, Ghorab AAE, Youssef ShZ. Effect of some design parameters
on the performance of a Giromill vertical axis wind turbine. Ain Shams Eng J
2010;1:85–95.
[27] Henriques JCC, Marques da Silva F, Estanqueiro AI, Gato LMC. Design of a new
urban wind turbine airfoil using a pressure-load inverse method. Renew
Energy 2009;34:2728–34.
[28] Jansuya P, Kumsuwan Y. Design of MATLAB/simulink modeling of fixed-pitch
angle wind turbine simulator. Energy Procedia 2013;34:362–70.
[29] Lee S, Kim H, Son E, Lee S. Effects of design parameters on aerodynamic per-
formance of a counter-rotating wind turbine. Renew Energy 2012;42:140–4.
[30] Chong WT, Fazlizan A, Poh SC, Pan KC, Hew WP, Hsiao FB. The design, simulation
and testing of an urban vertical axis wind turbine with the omni-direction-guide-
vane. Appl Energy 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.12.064.
[31] Ekonomou L, Lazarou S, Chatzarakis GE, Vita V. Estimation of wind turbines
optimal number and produced power in a wind farm using an artificial neural
network. Simul Model Pract Theory 2012;21:21–5.
[32] Ata R, Kocyigit Y. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system approach for pre-
diction of tip speed ratio in wind turbines. Expert Syst Appl 2010;37:5454–60.
[33] Galdi V, Piccolo A, Siano P. Exploiting maximum energy from variable speed
wind power generation systems by using an adaptive Takagi–Sugeno–Kang
fuzzy model. Energy Convers Manag 2009;50:413–21.
[34] AlHamaydeh M, Hussain S. Optimized frequency-based foundation design for
wind turbine towers utilizing soil–structure interaction. J Frankl Inst
2011;348:1470–87.
[35] Negm HM, Maalawi KY. Structural design optimization of wind turbine tow-
ers. Comput Struct 2000;74:649–66.
[36] Zwick D, Muskulus M, Moe G. Iterative optimization approach for the design
of full-height lattice towers for offshore wind turbines. Energy Procedia
2012;24:297–304.
[37] Maalawi KY. A model for yawing dynamic optimization of a wind turbine
structure. Int J Mech Sci 2007;49:1130–8.
[38] Maalawia KY, Negm HM. Optimal frequency design of wind turbine blades. J
Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 2002;90:961–86.
[39] Anant Kishore R, Priya S. Design and experimental verification of a high effi-
ciency small wind energy portable turbine (SWEPT). J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn
2013;118:12–9.
[40] Lanzafame R, Messina M. Design and performance of a double-pitch wind
turbine with non-twisted. Renew Energy 2009;34:1413–20.
[41] Stensgaard Toft H, Sørensen JD. Reliability-based design of wind turbine
blades. Struct Saf 2011;33:333–42.
[42] Dias do Rio Vaz DAT, Pinheiro Vaz JR, Amarante Mesquita AL, Pinho JT, Pinho
BrasilJunior. Optimum aerodynamic design for wind turbine blade with a
Rankine vortex wake. Renew Energy 2013;55:296–304.
[43] Cox K, Echtermeyer A. Structural design and analysis of a 10 MW wind turbine
blade. Energy Procedia 2012;24:194–201.
[44] Ronold KO, Christensen CJ. Optimization of a design code for wind-turbine
rotor blades in fatigue. Eng Struct 2001;23:993–1004.
[45] Lanting Z. Research on structural lay-up optimum design of composite wind
turbine blade. Energy Procedia 2012;14:637–42.
[46] de Goeij WC, van Tooren MJL, Beukers A. Implementation of bending-torsion
coupling in the design of a wind-turbine rotor-blade. Appl Energy
1999;63:191–207.
 V. Nikolić et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61 (2016) 258–265
[47] Schube PJ, Crossley RJ. Wind turbine blade design. Energies 2012;5:3425–49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en5093425.
[48] Vitale AJ, Rossi AP. Computational method for the design of wind turbine
blades. Int J Hydrog Energy 2008;33:3466–70.
[49] Kim B, Kim W, Lee S, Bae S, Lee Y. Developement and verification of a per-
formance based optimal design software for wind turbine blades. Renew
Energy 2013;54:166–72.
[50] Mohamed TH, Morel J, Bevrani H, Hiyama T. Model predictive based load
frequency control design concerning wind turbines. Electric Power Energy
Syst 2012;43:859–67.
[51] Abramov O, Kogan S, Mitnik-Gankin L, Sigalovsky I, Smirnov A. TRIZ-based
approach for accelerating innovation in chemical engineering. Chem Eng Res
Des 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2015.06.012.
265
[52] Li Miao, Ming Xinguo, He Lina, Zheng Maokuan, Zhitao Xu, TRIZ-based A.
Trimming method for patent design around. Comput-Aided Des 2015;62:20–30.
[53] Chen Jahau Lewis, Jiao Wei-Su. TRIZ innovative design method for eco-leasing
type product service systems. Procedia CIRP 2014;15:391–4.
[54] Jung Kyujin, Park Han Woo. A semantic (TRIZ) network analysis of South
Korea's “Open Public Data” policy. Gov Inf Q 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
giq.2015.03.006.
[55] Russo D, Rizzi C, Montelisciani G. Inventive guidelines for a TRIZ-based eco-
design matrix. J Clean Prod 2014;76:95–105.
[56] Albers Albert, Wagner Daniel, Kern Lisa, Höfler Thomas. Adaption of the TRIZ
method to the development of electric energy storage systems. Procedia CIRP
2014;21:509–14.