ASME 831.2-2016 range, followed by slow cooling to well below the trans formation temperature range, (6) normalizing: heating a ferrous metal to a tempera- ture above the transformation temperature range, fol- owed by cooling in room-temperature still air to well below the transformation temperature range. (o) quenching: when used as a part of a heat-treating operation, a rapid cooling process that results in micro: structural stabilization or changes in material properties that would not have occurred without rapid cooling. (a) recommended or required heat treatment: the applica- tion of heat to a metal section subsequent to a cutting, forming, or welding operation, as provided in para. 331 (e) solution: heat treatment: heating an alloy to a suit able temperature, holding at that temperature long, enough to allow one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold the constituents in solution, (f) stress-relief: uniform heating of a structure or por- tion thereof to a sufficient temperature below the trans- formation temperature range to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uniform cooling slowly enough to minimize development of new residual stresses. (g) tempering: reheating a hardened metal to a tem- perature below the transformation range to improve toughness, (h) transformation range: the temperature range over which a phase change occurs. (i) transformation temperature: the temperature at which a phase change begins or ends. In metals, phase changes can be solid-state changes. High Pressure Fluid Service: see fluid service High Purity Fluid Service: see fluid service. hygienic clamp joint: a tube outside-diameter union con- sisting of two neutered ferrules having flat faces with a concentric groove and mating gasket that is secured with a clamp, providing a nonprotruding, recessless product contact surface. See also para. U315:3(b). indication, linear: in magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, or similar examination, a closed surface area marking, or denoting a discontinuity requiring evaluation, whose longest dimension is at least three times the width of the indication. indication, rounded: in magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, or similar examination, a closed surface area marking, or denoting a discontinuity requiring evaluation, whose longest dimension is less than three times the width of the indication. inline portions of instruments: pressure-containing por- tions of instruments that are in direct contact with the fluid when installed in a piping system. Permanently sealed fluid-filled tubing systems furnished with instru- ments as temperature- of pressure-responsive devices, e.g, pressure gages, pressure transmitters, and transduc- crs, are excluded. in-process examination: see para. 344.7 inspection, Inspector: see para. 340. integrally reinforced branch connection fitting: see branch connection fitting. joint design: the joint geometry together with the required dimensions of the welded joint. listed: for the purposes of this Code, describes a material or component that conforms to a specification in “Appendix A, Appendix B, or Appendix K or to a stan- dard in Table 326.1, A326.1, or K326.1 ‘manual welding: a welding operation performed and con- trolled completely by hand. ‘may: a term that indicates a provision is neither required nor prohibited, ‘mechanical joint: a joint for the purpose of mechanical strength orleak resistance, or both, in which the mechan- ical strength is developed by threaded, grooved, rolled, flared, or flanged pipe ends; or by bolts, pins, toggles, cor rings; and the leak resistance is developed by threads and compounds, gaskets, rolled ends, caulking, or ‘machined and mated surfaces. ‘miter or miter bend: for the purposes of this Code, two ‘or more straight sections of pipe matched and joined in a plane bisecting the angle of junction so as to produce 1a change in direction greater than 3 deg. ‘nominal: a numerical identification of dimension, capac- ity, rating, or other characteristic used as a designation, not as an exact measurement, Normal Fluid Service: see fluid service. normalizing: see heat treatment. rotch-sensitive: describes a metal subject to reduction in strength in the presence of stress concentration. The degree of notch sensitivity is usually expressed as the strength determined in a notched specimen divided by the strength determined in an unnotched specimen, and. can be obtained from either static or dynamic tests. NPS: nominal pipe size (followed, when appropriate, by the specific size designation number without an inch symbol) orbital welding: automatic or machine welding in which the electrode rotates (orbits) around the circumference of a stationary pipe or tube oxygen-are cutting (OAC): an oxygen-cutting process that uses an arc between the workpiece and a consumable electrode, through which oxygen is directed to the work- piece. For oxidation-resistant metals, a chemical flux or ‘metal powder is used to facilitate the reaction. oxygen cutting (OC): group of thermal cutting processes that severs or removes metal by means of the chemical