Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Altruism
Altruism
1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
2 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................3
3 Literature Review...................................................................................................................................................3
5 Methodology .........................................................................................................................................................4
6 Findings ..................................................................................................................................................................7
6.1 Frequency and Percentage method for the Analysis of Demographics .......................................................7
8 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................................................21
9 Bibliography .........................................................................................................................................................22
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2 INTRODUCTION
As part of my statistics course, with the help of my honorable teacher Mr. Abdul
Mannan who is teaching me statistics, I am going to conduct survey on altruism.
The purpose of this survey is to understand the behavior of university students
about positivity, personal responsibility and to know how much they are willing to
help others.
Altruism:
Altruism is the principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others. It is a
traditional virtue in many cultures and a core aspect of various religious traditions
and secular worldviews, though the concept of "others" toward whom concern
should be directed can vary among cultures and religions. Altruism or selflessness
is the opposite of selfishness. The word was coined by the French
philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as altruisme, for an antonym of egoism. He
derived it from the Italian altrui, which in turn was derived from Latin alteri,
meaning "other people" or "somebody else".
2.1 OBJECTIVES
3 LITERATURE REVIEW
In literature altruism is identified as donating behavior, helping behavior, rescue
behavior related welfare act, sacrificing behavior and behavior related with social
service. The man who exerts influence in others through altruistic act is attributed
with benefactor and his action of altruism indicates his positive mental health.
Therefore altruism may be an indicative factor of an individual’s mental health
3.1 VARIABLE
It is a resource characteristics such as cost and reward of helping behavior
(Piliavin and Rodin, 1975; Freeman, 1977; Kerber, 1984 ;)
It is a personality variable such as social responsibility of self-esteem (Aronoff and
Witson, 1984)
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Hypothesis
5 METHODOLOGY
It is a science of studying how research is to be carried out. Essentially, the
procedures by which researchers go about their work of describing, explaining
and predicting phenomena are called research methodology. It is also defined as
the study of methods by which knowledge is gained.
5.3.2 DIMENSIONS:
There is no dimension in my research.
5.3.3 SCALING:
I have given directions to a stranger. Never………..Very Often
5.4.4.1 POPULATION:
The entire set of individuals or objects of interest or the measurement obtained
from all individual or objects of interest.
I targeted “Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bughdad Campus”
Inferential Methods
T test
F test
ANOVA
Correlation analysis
Regression analysis
6 FINDINGS
Gender of Students
Graph:
Interpretation:
We collected data from 60 students. In our sample the males are in large number.
Males are 39 and females are 21. We have 65% males and 35% females. Because
sometimes females feels some sort of hesitation filling the questionnaire because
of their insecurities so I preferred to collect my data more from males.
Education of Students
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Intermediate 24 40.0 40.0 40.0
Bachelor 36 60.0 60.0 100.0
Total 60 100.0 100.0
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Graph:
Interpretation:
We collected data from 60 students. On the basis of education level many belongs
to Bachelor. The number of students belongs to Bachelor level of education are
36 and remaining 24 belongs to Intermediate level of education. We have 40% of
students whose education level is Intermediate and 60% of students are Bachelor.
Age of Students
Graph:
Interpretation:
We collected data from 60 students. In our sample everyone belongs to the
interval of 15-25. It is because we collected data from university students and in
university most of students are under 25.
Language of Students
Graph:
Interpretation:
We collected data from 60 students. In our sample we have 16.7% of students
whose language is Urdu, 40% of students are Punjabi and 43.3% of students are
Saraiki. Saraiki’s are more in number because most of the people lives in
Bahawalpur are Sariki.
Interpretation:
The maximum number of people responded “Never” on one question with high
percentage of 98.3%. The question is “I have delayed an elevator and held door
open for stranger.” Because most of the students belongs to Bahawalpur which is
not well developed and have no such buildings having elevators.
The maximum number of people responded “Very Often” with the percentage of
16.7% on the question “I have helped a classmate with an assignment.” Because
in university every student try to be cooperative with class mates.
The maximum number of people responded “Often” with the percentage of 55%
on the question “I have helped a classmate with an assignment.”
The maximum number of people responded “Once” with the percentage of 40%
on the question “I have allowed someone to go ahead of me in a lineup.” Because
many people done this practice once of more than once in life time.
The maximum number of people responded “More than once” with the
percentage of 55% on the question “I have pointed out a clerk's error (in a bank,
at the supermarket) in undercharging me for an item.” Because human error in so
common and it’s because of lack of concentration.
Interpretation:
Q2. What is difference between average level of altruism between male and
female included in my sample?
On the scale of gender, CV of males is 11.74 and females CV is 15.47. The average
of male category is less than average of female in gender variable. It shows that
males are more Altruistic than females. So we concluded that the data of male is
more consistence.
Q3. What is difference between average level of altruism between education
groups included in my sample?
On the scale of education Intermediate level of student’s mean is 40.25 and
Bachelor level of student’s mean is 42.47. The average of Intermediate students is
higher than the other. It shows the students of intermediate students are more
altruistic than Bachelor. The data of Bachelor is more reliable. It is because at
Bachelor level the students are more mature and they have sense of responsibility
because helping others is also our social responsibility.
Q4. What is difference between average level of altruism between age groups
included in my sample?
In my sample all the students belongs to same age group. It shows that the
students belongs to 15-25 age group are very much altruistic. The other reason is
that in this age students are more energetic and they like to help other people.
Q5. What is difference between average level of altruism between language
groups included in my sample?
The average of the Punjabi speaking people are higher than Urdu and Saraiki.
Thus, the data of Punjabi and Saraiki people are more reliable and consistence. It
shows that the Punjabi and Saraiki people are more altruistic and they have a
nature of helping other people.
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7 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1- Formulation of hypothesis
2- Level of significance
3- Choose test statistics
4- Critical value
5- Decision regarding null hypothesis
i. Formulation of Hypothesis
Ho: µ1 = 41.58
H1: µ1 ≠ 41.58
iv. P test
Sig= 0.997
v. Decision
0.997>0.05
Assumption No. 1
Male and female are independent. So the first assumption is completed.
Assumption No. 2
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Gender of
Students Statistic Df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Interpretation:
In the above table we see the normality on the basis of Shapiro-Wilk and
Kolmogorov, the values of sig is greater than 0.05. It means the data sets are
normal.
Assumption No. 3
F test
Sig = 0.603
0.603>0.05
Sig is greater than 0.05 so we fail to reject Ho and variance is equal.
i. Formulation of Hypothesis
Ho: µ1 = µ2
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2
iv. P test
Sig= 0.001
v. Decision
0.001<0.01
Assumption No. 1
Intermediate and Bachelor are independent. So we concluded that our 1st
assumption is completed.
Assumption No. 2
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Education of
Students Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Interpretation:
In the above table we see the normality on the basis of Shapiro-Wilk and
Kolmogorov, the values of sig is greater than 0.05. It means the data sets are
normal.
Assumption No. 3
F test
Sig = 0.558
0.558>0.05
Sig is greater than 0.05 so we fail to reject Ho and variance is equal.
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i. Formulation of Hypothesis
Ho: µ1 = µ2
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2
iv. P test
Sig= 0.156
v. Decision
0.156>0.01
7.3 ANOVA
ANOVA is used for comparing three or more means. Therefore, for comparing two
or more means we use analysis of variance. Variance follow F-distribution which is
a positively skewed distribution.
Assumption No. 1
Urdu, Punjabi and Saraiki are independent variables. So our first assumption is
completed.
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Assumption No. 2
Tests of Normality
Interpretation:
In the above table we see the normality on the basis of Shapiro-Wilk and
Kolmogorov, the values of sig is greater than 0.05. It means the data sets are
normal.
Assumption No. 3
Homogeneous Test
Sig = 0.538
0.538>0.05
Sig is greater than 0.05 so we fail to reject Ho and variance is equal.
i. Formulation of Hypothesis
Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3
H1: At least one mean is different
iv. P test
Sig= 0.619
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v. Decision
0.619>0.01
7.4 CHI-SQUARE
The chi-square test of independence is used to test the hypothesis that two
Categorical variables are independent of each other.
i. Formulation of Hypothesis
Chi-Square Test
Altruism
Terms Gender Education Language
Chi-Square 25.568 14.340 39.627
Sig. (2-sided) 0.223 0.855 0.576
v. Decision
0.223>0.05
As shown in above table, the p-value is greater than our chosen significance level
(α = 0.05), we do not reject the null hypothesis. Rather, we conclude that there is
not enough evidence to suggest an association between gender and altruism.
0.855>0.05
As shown in above table, the p-value is greater than our chosen significance level
(α = 0.05), we do not reject the null hypothesis. Rather, we conclude that there is
not enough evidence to suggest an association between education and altruism.
0.576>0.05
As shown in above table, the p-value is greater than our chosen significance level
(α = 0.05), we do not reject the null hypothesis. Rather, we conclude that there is
not enough evidence to suggest an association between language and altruism.
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8 CONCLUSION
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Rushton, J. P., Chrisjohn, R.D., & Fekken, G. C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the
self-report altruism sale. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 292-302.