“If you wish to converse with me, Voltaire, “define your terms." How many a debate would have been deflated into a paragraph ifthe disputants had dared to define their terms! Will Durant: The Story of Philosophy “Néu ban mudn dam dao vai toi." Voltaire ndi, “hay dinh nghia cde thudt ngit ban ding." Sé diu di bao nhiéu but chién néu cac bén tranh ludn dém dink nghia nhimg thudt ngit cia ho! Will Durant; Céu chuyén wriét hoc Chuong 3 PHUONG PHAP DICH THUAT NGU’ 1. TONG QUAN VE DICH THUAT NG’ Ngén ngir khoa hoc cé hé théng ti vung dic trumg. Co nhieu thuat ngit chuyén cho mét sé nganh khoa hoc, cing nhu cé nhing tir mang tinh thuat ngit mat phan (semi-technical words) nhu hypothesis (gia thuyét), experiment (thit nghiém), analyse (phan tich), description (m6 ta). v.v. ding, chung cho tt ca céc tinh vuc khoa hoc. Nhiing thuat ngir mai thudng xuyén xuat hign va dugc dua vao tiéng Anh cing nhu cac ngén ngit khic Su chuan héa trong phién dich thuat ngé can thiét cho nghién ctu khoa hoc va su phat trién khoa hoc, cing nhu cho trao déi va hop téc vé hoc thudt, Newmark noi rng dich thudt khoa hoc phan biét vai céc dang dich thuat khdc chi yéu dua vio thuat ngit, di ring thudt ngir chudng chi chiém khoang 5-10% ndi dung vin ban khoa hoc (Newmark 1995: 151). Theo Nguyén Van Dan (?), trong khi dich thuat van hoc phai chu y dén y 43 tham my cla téc gid, thi dich thuat khoa hoc phai chit trong dén tinh chinh x4c ciia cdc thuat ngit chuyén mén. Thudt ngit co thé 1a thir théch déi vei ngudi 176dich khi tir dién song ngit, ngay ca tr dién song ngi chuyén nganh khong phan biét nghia khoa hoc va nghia thong thug cia nhimg tir thoat nhin hinh nhu déng nghia. D6 1a trudng hop cia hai ti “perspiration” va “sweating”, ma ti dién y ne Anh-Anh-Vigt ciia Lam Phuong Théo (2003: 179, 236) déu dich Ta “ra *. Tuy ca hai tir déu chi “tinh trang tiét md hdi qua tuyén mé hoi”, song tir perspiration” 1a mét qua tinh wr nhién, con “sweating” chi nhimg truémg hop tiét mé héi do lao déng nang nhoc. so hai, bénh ly hay ding thuéc. Su khdc bigt vé ¥ nghia dé cing dua dén su “kde biét vé cap dé phong cach: tr “perspiration” trang trong hon, con “sweating” néu chi trudng hop do bénh ly hay thudc ~ ngit canh y hoc ~ sé mang misc dé phong c4ch trang trong, song néu chi trudng hop do lao déng gang site hay so hai thi mang mite d6 phong cach binh din hon. Tir dién y hoc Anh-Hoa cia Trung Quéc da phan biét 2 nghia nay va chuyén ngir tr “perspiration” 14 “chuhan” (xudt han) va chuyén ngir tir “sweating” 1a “fahan” (phat hin) (theo Fang Mengzhi 1999). Vi thé tir dién y hoc Anh- Viét cing nhu ngudi djch cin lu y su khéc biét ngir nghia nay va nén chuyén ngft nhu sau: Tw Nghia Cap do Ynghia | Chuyén __| phong cdch | khoa hoc ngit Qué trinh tiét Hinh thtrc/ | Binh Tiét / bai Perspiration | m6 hoi wrnhién | trang trong | thudng vit /ra mé (trung hoi tinh) Tiétmé héido | Hinh thic/_| Bat thang | D4 / va md bénh ly hay trang trong | (tigucyc) | hai , thudc Sweating — - - Ti&t mé hi do | Binh din | Bat thudng | DS / va / lao déng gang | (tiéu cuc) | todt mé héi suc hay tam ly Theo bang trén, c4ch chuyén ngir sang tiéng Viét phir tap hon nhiéu so véi tiéng Trung Hoa, vi tinh chat binh thudng (1rung tinh) hay bat thudmg (tigv cuc) ciia qué trinh ciing chi phdi viée chon tir dé chuyén ngir. Tuy “sweating” thé hign mic 6 phong cach trang trong trong trudng hop “tiét mé héi do bénh ly hay thud”, song y nghia tiéu curc cia tur khong cho phép 177chuyén ngi 1a “bai tiét mé hoi” ma phai chuyén nga 1a “dé md héi”. Cang khdc véi tiéng Trung Hoa khi chon tir “xuat han” dé dich tir “perspiration”, song trong tiéng Viét, cach néi “xudt md héi” nhu trong “sg xudt mé hdi han” lai thé hién phong c4ch binh dan. Diéu wa trén sinh vién y khoa cing phan anh mét thuc té thiéu kha nang khdm phé nghia wr ngit, nhat 1d khdm ph4 nghia thuat ng, 6 nguoi dich. Cau tra di cho c4u héi 5 cho th4y 78,05% sinh vién luén tim dén tir dién y hoc Anh-Viét khi gap thuat ngir mdi, va mét ti 1é cao sé sinh vién chua c6 théi quen tra cifu tu dién y hoc don ngtt Anh-Anh (78,05%), hay chua cé ky nang phan tich géc tr (85,36%) hay suy nghia tir ngi canh (90.24%), 1a nhimg ky nang quan trong trong khém ph nghia tlr ngit, nhdt la thuat ngi. Céing do thiéu kha nang phan tich thuat ngit cd vé mat cau tao lan cap d6 phong cach, & cau héi 6, tuy 41,46% sinh vién chon ding nghia cha thuat ngit aphasia, song cé dén 46,34% sinh vién cho ring thuat ngtt aphasia cé thé chuyén ngtt thanh 2 thugt ngit kh4c nhav trong tiéng Viét: “chimg that ng6n” va “chimg khong néi dugc”, trong khi 46, trong tiéng Anh thuat ngir “speechlessness” moi c6 nghia 18 “ching khong néi dugc”, con “aphasia” mang nghia “chimg that ng6n”, Do ¥ nghia quan trong ca viéc chuyén ngi chinh xdc thuat ngit trong dich van ban khoa hoc, ddi héi déi chiéu cau tao thudt ngt Anh-Viét, tir dé dua ra nhing nguyén ly cing nhiing phuong phdp dich thuat ngit, mang lai cho ngudi dich cdi nhin hé thong vé dich thudt ngit. Hl. TONG QUAN VE THUAT NGU’ 1. Dinh nghia “thuat ng” Dé wa loi céu hoi: “Thudt ngo 1a gi?", nha thudt ng hoc Nga Réformatxkiy, A. A. (1961) khang dinh {4 can phai viét hin mét cudn sdch. Trong céng inh cua minh “Vé mét vai hién neong cdu tao trong thudt ngit Afi thugt Nga”, Vindcua, G. O. (1939) di cho ring “thudt ng, 46 khong phai 1a mét tir dic bigt ma chi IA tte c6 chire nang dic biét. chite nang dic biét ma tir véi tr cach 1a thuat nga dim nhiém dé 1a chic nang goi ten” (tr. 5-6). Richards va céng su (1992: 376) thi dinh nghia “thuat ngi 1a nhimg don vj tir vung dac biét xudt hién trong mét mén hoc hay mét chi dé chuyén ngaah. Té chite qudc té vé tiéu chudn héa (The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)) dink nghia thuat ngi 1a“... su dinh danh mt khéi 178