aa ell Celera) Power Electronics - III Technical Publications Pune®et Power Electronics - III ISBN 9788184317213 All rights reserved with Technical Publicotions. No part ofthis book should be reproduced in any form, Electronic, Mechanical, Photocopy or any information storage and retrieval system without prior permission in writing, from Technical Publications, Pune. Published by : ‘Technical Publications Pune® #1, Amit Residency, 412, Sheniwar Peth, Pune - 411 030, India. Printer : Alot OTPintes Seno, 10/3,Siohaged Roed, Pree 411 041 >aTable of Contents Chapter «4. Power Semiconductor Devices: > = __(1-1)to (1-70) 1.1_ Introduction... 1.1.1 Applications of Power Electronics 41.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Power Electronic Controllers . 1.1.3 Block Diagram of Power Electronic Controller. 1.2 Types of Power Electronic Converters. 1.2.1 AC to DC Converters... 4.2.2 DC to AC Converters (Inverters) . 1.2.3 DC to DC Converters (Choppers). 1.2.4 AC to AC Converters (Cycloconverters). 1.2.5. AC Regulators . 1.3 Power Semiconductor DeVices ..........ssssssssssssssssssssssnssssssssssssssssssssee 1 = 6G 1.4 Power Diodes..... fon len fen | [Te les Ins Ino Le 1.4.3 Switching Characteristics of Diodes. 1.4.4 Types of Diodes 1.4.4.1 General Purpose Diodes _. 1.4.6 Specifications and Ratings of Power Diodes 1.5 Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) 1.5.1 Construction of SCR........... 1.5.2 Merits, Demerits and Applications of SCR_. 1.6 SCR Characteristics and Modes of Operation .. 1.6.1. Reverse Blocking Mode. 1.6.2 Forward Blocking Mode. 1.6.3 Forward Conduction Mode 1.6.4 Latching and Holding Currents Gv)1.8.4.4 Latching current.) . 1.8.4.2 Holding Curent (\,). . 2 seu ome ‘ 12am fs en ey ut 2 ee ea BR 1.104.2 Operating Modes of Trac 25 teat 1.1043 Mai, Linton and patos of Tie 2 4-43, 1.10.5 MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT) i 1A25.Lteeal Seshan of ACT oa 1.10.5.3 Characteristics of MCT . 4 5a Datong ET Material protegido por derechos de autor1.11.5 Merits, Demerits and Applications of BJT. 1.12 Power MOSFET. 1.12.1 Structure of MOSFETs. 1.12.2 Steady State (V-I) Characteristics of MOSFETs 1.12.3 Switching Characteristics of MOSFET.......... 1.12.4 Merits, Demerits and Applications of MOSFETs: 1.13.1.3 Operation of IGBT. . . . ‘hia 1.13.14 Latchup inIGBT. . . 1.13.1.5 Body-Source-Short and its Reason. 1.13.2 Safe Operating Area (SOA) of IGBT .. 1.13.3 Steady State (V-1) Characteristic of IGBT. 1.13.4 Switching Characteristics of IGBT .. .. 1.13.5 Merits, Demerits and Applications of IGBT. 1.13.6.1 Gate Overvoltage Protection... . ss ee 2. 1-06 | 4.43.7 Comparison of Power Devices... Chapter-2_ Drive and Protection Circuits for Power Devices (2-1) to (2-66) 2.1 Firing Circuits for the SCR 2.1.1 Features of Firing Circuits 2.1.2 R-Firing Circuit. 2.1.3 RC Firing Circuit 2.1.4 Full Wave RC Firing Circuit 2.1.5 UJT Triggering Circuit 2.1.6 Pedestal Circuit with Cosine Modified Ramp . 2.4.7 SCR/TRIAC Triggering using Diac ..............ccsecesseeesseeees = 2.4,7.1 Vel Characteristics of Diack 2 ‘2.1..2 DIAC-TRIAC Phase Control 2 2.2 Drive Circuits for BJT...... 2.2.1 Base Drive Control During Tum-on . 2.2.2 Base Drive Control During Tum-off .2.2.4 Anti-saturation Control ..........cceccsseceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeesee senor 2.2.5 Typical Driver Circuit for Power BJT. 2.3 Drive Circuit for MOSFET...... 2.4 Driver Circuit for |GBT and MOSFET... 2.5 Isolation of Gate and Base Drives 2-28 2.5.1 Necessity of Isolation . 2.5.2 Isolation using Pulse Transformer 2.5.3 Isolation using Optocouplers 2.6 Protection Circuits..... 2.7 Protection Against 4v, “ot and Overvoltage: 2.7.1 Snubber Circuits (Tum-off Snubber) 2.7.2 Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs) 2.7.3 Improving dv/at Rating with the Help of Cathode Short. 2.8 wf, Protection with the Help of Inductor (Turn-on Snubber) .. 2.9 Overcurrent Protection... 2.9.1 Fuse.........65 2.9.2 Semiconductor Fuses. - 2.10 Cooling of Semiconductor Devices. 2-49 2.10.1 Concept of Thermal Resistance. . 2-49 2.10.2 Thermal Model of a Power Device 2-50 2.11 Types of Coolin, 2-55 2.11.1 Natural Convection 2-55 2.41.2 Forced Air Cooling 2-56 2.11.3 Liquid Cooling. 2-56 2.11.4 Vapour Phase Cooling . 2-58 2.12 Series and Parallel Operation of Thyristors .. 2-59 2.12.1 Necessity of Series and Parallel Connection 2-59 2.12.2.3 Dynamic Equalization Circuit... ................... 2-64 2.12.3 Parallel Connection of Thyristors .. . 242:3.2 Equalizing Arangements. Chapter - 3 "Single and Three Phase AC/DC Converters. 3.1_ Introduction3.2_Single Phase Half Wave and Full Converter. 3.2.1 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load 3.2.2 Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL L0@d ss sssssssseseeeseeseseeeeeeeee S28 3.2.3 Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with Freewheeling Diode. 3.2.4 Single Phase Full Wave Converter with Resistive Load. 3.2.5 Single Phase Full Wave Converter with inductive Load Circuit Diagram 3.3 Single Phase Semiconverters (Half Bridge Converter). 3.3.1 Circuit Diagram. 3.3.2 Working with Resistive Load .. 3.3.3 Working with Inductive (R-L) Load 3-18 3-19 333.4 Continuous CurentMode 2... os 3-22 3.2 Discontinuous Current Mode . . 3-24 333: Conthuaus and Rpletee Curent for Large Inductive Load. - 3-8 3.3.4 Asymmetrical Half Bridge Converter . 3-35 33.4.1 Operation with Resistive Load. . ams 3 ine 9-88 ; 4.2 Operation of Asymmetical Ha Bdge Converter wih Level Load. eeas one Sa 3.34.3 Comparison of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Configurations 3-39 3.4 Single Phase Full Converters .. 3-39 3.4.1 Working with Resistive Load 3.4.2 Working with Inductive Load 3.4.2.1 Continuous Load Current 3.4.2.2 Discontinuous Load Current 3.4.2.3 Continuous and Ripplefree Current for Large Inductive Load . 3-48 3.4.3 Inversion in 1 Full Converter . 3-64 3.4.4 Comparison of Half Controlled and Full Controlled Rectifiers 3-63 3.5 Three Phase Half Wave Converters .. 3.5.1 Operation with Resistive . 3.5.2. Operation with Inductive Load . 3.6 Three Phase Semiconverters .. 3.6.1 Operation with Resistive Load. 3.6.2 Operation with Inductive Load. 3.7 Three Phase Full Converters 3.7.1 Operation with Resistive Load. 3.7.2 Operation with Highly Inductive Load 3.7.3 Comparison between 36 and 1 Converters ..........cccsseeseeeeeeesseuee 3-1013.8 Effect of Source Inductance... 3.8.1 Effect of Source Inductance in 1 Full Converter. 3.9 Single Phase Dual Converters... 3.9.1 Circulating Current and Non-circulating Current Dual Converters. 3.9.2 Comparison between Circulating and Non-circulating Current Modes. 3.10 Three Phase Dual Converters 3.10.2 Non-circulating Current Mode 3.11 Power Factor Improvement 3.11.1 Extinction Angle Control... 3.11.2 Symmetrical Angle Control (SAC) . 3.11.3 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) . 3.11.4 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Summary... Chapter-4 DC/DC Converters 4.1 Introduction .. 4.2 Step-down Chopper..... 4.2.1 Chopper Control Techniques. 4.3 Step-down Chopper with RL Load 4.3.1 Continuous Load Current . 4.3.2 Discontinuous Load Current . 4.4 Step-up Chopper.. 4.4.1 Use of Step-up Operation for Energy Transfer 4.5 Chopper Classification 4.5.4 Class A Chopper . 4.5.2 Class B Chopper . 4.5.3 Class C Chopper . 4.5.4 Class D Chopper. 4.5.5. Class E Chopper (Four Quadrant Chopper) 4.6 Applications of Choppers... 4.7 Switching Mode Regulators (SMPS) 4-47 4-53 4.8.1 Buck Regulators . 4.8.2 Boost Regulators.4.10.4 Comparison between Linear Switched Mode and Resonant Converters Summary....Abbreviations and Symbols 2 Anode AC supply current or voltage Base or B-phase voltage Collector or capacitor Diode Freewheeling diode Back emf of the motor, Emitter Back emf of the motor Frequency Ripple frequency Gate Harmonic factor Supply current Peak or maximum current Capacitor current or charging current Output current Inductance current Gate current Base current Anode to cathode current Average current rating (SCR) RMS current rating (SCR) Ripple current Freewheeling current Average current RMS current Circulating current Cathode Inductance, or current limiting reactor Power factor Output, input power Resistance or R-phase voltage Period of the waveform, transistor or SCR On or conduction period of switch fon Turn-on time of switch ter tog Circuit turn-off time t, Turnoff time of switch Tyg Off period of switch t Rise time tp Spread time t, Delay time t, Reverse recovery time ter Gate recovery time V,, 0 Supply voltage Vm Peak value of supply phase voltage V0 Forward break-over voltage Vax Reverse break-down voltage Vy. Supply or load DC voltage Vo, %» Output voltage Vs RMS voltage Vigo) Average voltage ve Gate voltage v_ Base voltage Ue Capacitor voltage Vp, Up Peak voltage in UJT or supply Vpp,V Bias voltage or UJT supply voltage ripple Ripple voltage 2g, Py, Ug 36 supply voltages Vax Anode to cathode voltage 1 _ Intrinsic standoff ratio * Rate of change of voltage 4 Rate of change of current 8 Duty cycle & —__ Piorhalf cycle period of supply & Triggering angle or firing angle o Angular frequency B _ Extinction angleMaterial protegide por derechos de autorPower Semiconductor Devices Objectives ‘ Principle of operation of power converter . Necessity, input, output and controls, Applications of power electonics. Advantages and disadvantages. * Classification of power converters depending upon input and output. * Introduction to power semiconductor devices, their important ratings. # Characteristics of power devices. 11 Introduction * Power electronics is one of the important branch of electronics and electrical engineering. It deals with conversion and control of electric energy. We know that AC voltage and current of fixed frequency is available from mains. This supply cannot be used always directly. For example computer needs SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) for its working. * Fig. 1.1.1 shows the basic functioning of power electronic system. The electric Electric energy in one form is given at the input. = energy The power electronic system converts the none —>} ‘tectonic F=> inthe, electric energy in the other form. For ‘™ Soe form example, the input may be AC and the conversion output can be DC. We know that such conversion is performed by rectifier. Thus Fig. 1.1.1 Basic inputs/outputs of rectifier is a power electronic system. Power electronic systems The power electronic system thus performs conversion of electric energy. It also controls the amount of electric energy to be given to the output. © The word power means high amplitudes of current and voltages. (1-1)Power Electronics - Ill 1-2 Power Semiconductor Devices 1.1.1 Applications of Power Electronics We will briefly present the various applications where power electronic systems are used. There are numerous applications coming up every day in power electronics. Some of them are mentioned below : 1, Uninterruptible power supplies and stand by power supplies (emergency power supplies) for critical loads such as computers, medical equipments etc. 2. Power control in resistance welding, induction heating, electrolysis, process industry ete. . Power conversion for HVDC and HVAC transmission systems. |. Speed control of motors which are used in traction drives, textile mills, rolling mills, cranes, lifts, compressors, pumps etc. se ws . Solid state power compensators, static contactors, transformer tap changers etc. a . High voltage supplies for electrostatic precipitators, and x-ray generators, etc. x . Power supplies for communication systems, telephone exchanges, satellite systems etc. These are some of the important applications of power electronics. 1.1.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Power Electronic Controllers The control and conversion of electric power is performed with the help of power electronic controllers. Thus power electronic systems consists of controllers. The power electronic controllers are also called as power electronic converters. The power electronic controllers have following advantages : Fast dynamic response due to static devices. High efficiency of conversion due to low losses in electronic devices. . Compact size and light weight of the controllers due to electronic devices. Serpe Increased operating life and reduced maintenance since there are no moving parts. 5. Power electronic controllers use digital or microprocessor based control. Hence their operation is highly flexible. 6. Since solid state devices are used, the electromagnetic interference and a acoustic noise is reduced. The power electronic controllers have some drawbacks also. They are as follows : 1, The power electronic controllers generate harmonics. These harmonics affect the performance of other loads.Power Electronics - Ill 1-3 Power Semiconductor Devices 2. The power factor of some power electronic controllers is very low. Hence power factor correction is necessary to reduce reactive power. 3. For very simple conversion requirements, power electronic converters may be costly. Here note that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Hence power electronic controllers are used in large number of applications. 1.1.3 Block Diagram of Power Electronic Controller Fig. 1.1.2 shows the block diagram of the system which uses power controller. Here note that the power controller or converter can use thyristor (SCR), GTO, MOSFET, BJT or IGBT as a switch. Fig. 1.1.2 Block diagram of the system having power controller * The power source can be AC mains, generator or batteries. The power controller converts the input power which is suitable for the load. For example, if the load is DC motor, then it needs dc voltage and current. Then the power controller converts the input AC into controlled DC which is suitable for the motor. * The sensing and feedback circuits monitor the load conditions. For example, speed and output current are sensed in case of motor loads. This feedback is given to the control unit. « The control unit consists of drive circuits of the power controller. The drives of the switches are adjusted according to feedback and the reference settings. In case of motor drives, the reference settings can be; required speeds at different times.Power Electronics - ili 1-4 Power Semiconductor Devices © The control unit adjusts the drives whenever there is difference between feedback (actual) speed and reference speed. The control unit also accepts commands from the user. These commands are given for the proper functioning of the power electronic system and the load. Our major study of power electronics is centered around the study of various power controllers (converters), their performance for different loads, control and drive circuits, design of feedback and sensing circuits etc. 1.2 Types of Power Electronic Converters The power electronic circuits are classified into five broad categories depending upon the input, output and job they perform. These power electronic circuits are discussed briefly as follows : 1.2.1 AC to DC Converters * Fig. 1.2.1 shows the inputs and outputs of AC to DC converters. 1¢or uutoor The input is single phase or three 38 fixed OC phase AC supply normally supply tnt available from the mains. The output is the controlled DC voltage and current. * The AC to DC converters include diode rectifiers as well as controlled rectifiers. The controlled rectifiers mainly use SCRs. Since the input is AC supply, the SCRs are turned off by natural commutation. Hence external commutation circuits are not required. Hence AC to DC converters are also called as line (supply) commutated converters. * These converters are used for DC drives, UPS and HVDC systems. Fig. 1.2.1 AC to DC converters 1.2.2 DC to AC Converters (inverters) * Fig. 12.2 shows the inputs and outputs of DC to AC converters. These converters are commonly called inverters. The input Fixed DOO AC Vadiable voltage to the inverters is fixed DC votege____| converters variable frequency voltage. Normally this DC input Inverters AC omteat voltage is obtained from the batteries. The output of the Fig. 1.2.2 DC to AC converters or inverters inverter is the fixed or variable frequency AC voltage. The AC voltage magnitude is also variable.Power Electronics - II 1-5 Power Semiconductor Devices + Inverters are mainly used whenever mains is not available. For example UPS use inverters inside to generate AC output from batteries. Inverters are also used for speed control of induction motors. The voltage, frequency or both are varied by inverter to control the speed of induction motors. Inverters are also used in standby and emergency power supplies. 4.2.3 DC to DC Converters (Choppers) «Fig. 12.3 shows the inputs and outputs of DC to DC converters or choppers. The choppers take input from fixed voltage DC supply such as battery or output of uncontrolled , DC to DC rectifier. The output of the Fixed voltage earn Fixed or vara chopper is fixed or variable DC supply or wee ut DC voltage. choppers * The choppers are normally Fig. 1.2.3 Inputs and outputs of the DC to DC used in DC drives. The converter or chopper speed of the motor can be controlled in forward and reverse directions. The choppers are also used in switched mode power supplies (SMPS). 1.2.4 AC to AC Converters (Cycloconverters) « Fig. 1.2.4 shows the inputs and outputs teineney mene Variable frequency of — cycloconverters. ‘AC supply ‘oe wanable vemos The input to the (mains) |cycloconverter| put cycloconverters is normally 19 or 36 AC mains supply. It is fixed voltage and fixed frequency. The cycloconverters provide the output which has variable voltage and variable frequency. The output frequency is lower than the input frequency. © The cycloconverters are used mainly for AC traction drives. Fig. 1.2.4 Inputs and outputs of cycloconverters 4.2.5 AC Regulators * Fig. 125 shows the inputs and outputs of AC regulator. The input aoe. to the AC regulator is fixed voltage AC mains. The output is variable — Fig, 1.2.5 Inputs and outputs of AC regulators AC voltage which is Variable voltage AC output